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BADHAMIA UTRICULARIS Berk.
Plasmodium spreading on glass, magnified 15 times,

Part of the same, showing nuclei, magnified 400 times,
(Photo. by W. T. LISTER.)

British museum (N:H)-- Dept 07 botany

| A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

MYCETOZOA

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
OF THE SPECIES IN THE

HERBARIUM OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

BY

Avie LISTER) F.R.S.; F.L.6:

THIRD EDITION, REVISED BY

GULIELMA LISTER, F.LS.

WITH TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY-THREE PLATES
AND FIFTY-SIX WOODCUTS

LONDON

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PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

HE collection of specimens of Mycetozoa in the

Herbarium of the British Museum has been greatly
increased in recent years. The additions include the large
collection of the late C. E. Broome, bequeathed by him to
the Museum, and that of H. W. Ravenal, purchased from
his widow.

It was necessary to make a critical examination of the
whole of the materials in the Herbarium. Mr. Arthur
Lister, who has devoted much attention to these organ-
isms, was fortunately able to undertake this work ; and
he agreed at the same time to prepare a monograph of
the whole class based on this examination.

This volume, the result of his labours, contains descrip-
tions not only from the specimens in the Museum, but
also from types in various public and private Herbaria, and
from his own rich collection. Mr. Lister has generously
presented a large series of specimens to the Museum, so
that the Herbarium now contains types of all the species
described by him in this monograph.

The volume is fully illustrated with plates mechanically
reproduced from faithful water-colour drawings by the
author and by his accomplished daughter, to whom in the
Introduction Mr, Lister acknowledges his obligations.

WILLIAM CARRUTHERS.
November, 1894.

OG HAS

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION

\HE widespread interest aroused in the study of the
4 Reeaameaes by the publication of Mr. Lister’s work
has found expression in a large influx of material, the
study of which has led to the recognition of new genera
and species, and an extension of our knowledge of the
geographical distribution of known forms; and has in
some instances rendered necessary a re-consideration of
views previously held. These considerations, together
with the revision of the nomenclature in conformity with
the International Rules, practically necessitated re-
writing the book when the need arose for a new edition.
In the preparation of this edition Miss Lister has con-
tinued the work in which she was for so long and so
intimately associated with her father, and for which she
is so eminently well equipped.

A special feature of the second edition is the replace-
ment of the collotype plates by a new and more complete
series. A large proportion have been reproduced by the
three-colour process, and greater justice has thus been
done to the original drawings by Mr. and Miss Lister, than
was possible by the method of reproduction formerly
employed ; that so large a proportion are reproduced in
colour is due to Miss Lister’s generosity. <A bibliography
has been added, and also a short glossary which supple-
ments the explanation of terms given in the Introduction.

In order to make the National Collection as complete
as possible, Miss Lister is generously presenting a large
series of specimens to the Museum.

A. B. RENDLE,

DEPARTMENT OF BoTany,
November, 1911.

PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION

HE present edition embodies a careful revision of
-B the text in the light of the increase in our knowledge
of the Mycetozoa during the interval since the publication
of the second edition.

Three additional genera have been described, and forty-
six additional species ; some of the latter are, however,
due to the promotion of varieties.to the rank of species.
Twenty-two new plates have been added, eight of which
are coloured.

A. B. RENDLE.

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
January, 1925.

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CONTENTS

PAGE
Nore To SEcoND EDITION . ; ; ; ; ix
Note to Tuirp Epition : ‘ ; : : : ae <i
INTRODUCTION ; : ; ; ‘ i : PS ahh
SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES AND LIST OF GENERA ‘ F : 1
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT . ; , ; : : : : 4
ERRATA AND ADDENDA ; : ; ; : wr 25S
List oF SPECIES TO BE DISCARDED ‘ : : : . 259
BIBLIOGRAPHY : : : | , : . : ‘ AOS
GLOSSARY. : ‘ : : ; : : : Hela
INDEX. : ; : : : : : : : . 214

INDEX OF PLATES ; 3 ‘ ‘ : , : pu 200

NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION

Iv was my father’s intention to have brought out the second
edition of this Catalogue himself, and the book in its present
form has been largely compiled from material collected by
him. In the many alterations now introduced, his views have
been for the most part embodied.

I had the privilege of being associated with him both in the
preparation of the first edition and in the work undertaken in
anticipation of the second. In bringing this edition to com-
pletion since his death in 1908, I have endeavoured to follow
the conclusions arrived at in discussing with him the different
points as they arose.

In the first edition of the present work the custom was
followed, by which the first authentic specific name published
under the genus in which the species now stands takes prece-
dence of all others. When the Rules of Nomenclature were
revised in 1905, it was agreed to follow in this respect the
‘Laws of Botanical Nomenclature ’, drawn up by Alphonse
de Candolle in 1867, namely, to adopt the earliest specific name
under whatever genus it may have been published ; and at the
recent International Botanical Congress at Brussels (1910) it
was decided that the starting-point for these names, as well as
for those of the genera of Mycetozoa, should be the * Species
Plantarum ’ of Linnaeus, published in 1753. This principle
was observed by Prof. T. H. Macbride in the compilation of his
‘Slime-Moulds of North America’, and the results of his
researches, and moreover, his friendly correspondence, have
been of much service to me in making the numerous changes
in familiar names in the present edition of the British Museum
Catalogue necessitated by the adoption of a new rule of
nomenclature. I have traced the history of the species in
the library of the Department of Botany at the Museum,
a task which in the former edition was kindly undertaken by
Mr. Carruthers, who was then at the head of the Department.
I cannot be too grateful to Dr. Rendle and the present staff of
the Department for their unfailing kindness and courtesy in
facilitating the labour involved in this part of the work.

In the introduction to the first edition my father expressed
his thanks to those from whom he had received assistance,
and I here quote his own words: ‘I offer my grateful acknow-
ledgements to those through whose courtesy I] have been
enabled to study the various herbarium specimens that have
come under my notice ; to the Director of the Royal Gardens
at Kew for giving me special facilities for investigating the

x MYCETOZOA

collection under his care, which includes Berkeley’s precious
series, containing a great number of original types from India,
New Zealand, and America, that supplied Rostafinski with
a large part of the material introduced into the Appendix to
his Monograph. These types are to a large extent duplicated
in Broome’s and Ravenel’s collections in the British Museum.
To Professor Bayley Balfour I return my thanks for much
friendly assistance and for the opportunity of inspecting the
specimens in the Royal Herbarium at Edinburgh, including
Greville’s collection and an almost complete set of type
examples supplied by the late Professor de Bary ; to Professor
van Tieghem for the inspection of the collection of the Paris
Museum ; to Professor A. Blytt for an opportunity of examin-
ing the most important types in the Museum at Christiania ;
to Dr. Boerlage for giving me access to the Leyden collections ;
and especially to Graf zu Solms-Laubach for the privilege
afforded me of inspecting de Bary’s invaluable collection at
Strassburg, containing a large proportion of the type specimens
referred to by Rostafinski in his original Monograph ; to
Dr. Rex, of Philadelphia, for a nearly complete series of the
species found in the United States of America, now represented
in the British Museum collection, and for the communication
of his views on a group to which he has devoted many years
of careful research. I am also grateful to my friend Professor
Farlow for many valuable specimens and useful suggestions ;
and to Professor Macbride, of Iowa, and Mr. Morgan, of Ohio,
for a fine series of the Mycetozoa from their respective districts ;
also to Dr. Haviland for specimens of great interest from
Borneo. Mr. Camm, of Smethwick, and Mr. Saunders, of
Luton, have supplied me with many scarce British species ;
and to Mr. Phillips and Mr. Massee I am obliged for kindly
entrusting me with their collections for examination.’

I should like to add my grateful thanks to those who, since
the publication of the first edition, have greatly assisted both
my father and myself by sending us specimens, as well as by
their correspondence.

Dr. W. C. Sturgis, of Colorado Springs, has, for fourteen
years, been a fellow-worker on whose friendly co-operation
we could always depend ; Dr. Jahn, of Berlin, has generously
placed the results of his work on the life-history of the group
at our disposal. In studying the distribution of the different
species we have been greatly indebted to the collections made
by the Rev. W. Cran and also by Professor Raunkiaer in the
West Indies, by Dr. R. E. Fries in Sweden and Bolivia, by
Professor Penzig in Java, and by Mr. Hugo Bilgram in Penn-
sylvania. The observations of our friend Mr. Petch on the
Mycetozoa of Ceylon have been of great value, and our know-
ledge of those of Japan has been much increased by the

NOTE TO SECOND EDITION x1

unwearied labours and graphic correspondence of Mr. K.
Minakata, from whom we have received nearly three hundred
specimens. The numerous gatherings made by Dr. C. Torrend
in Portugal are the first examples of this group recorded from
that ,country and have been. kindly sent us for inspection.
Dr. Celakowsky has presented us with a valuable collection
of his Bohemian gatherings ; we have also had the advantage
of receiving many Swiss specimens from our friend Professor
Hans Schinz, of Ziirich, and, recently, from M. Meylan from
the Jura Mountains. There are many others whose names
I have not mentioned to whose contributions we have been
greatly indebted.

I should like to repeat on my own account the acknow-
ledgement given above to Professor Farlow for his continued
assistance and sympathy, and to Mr. James Saunders for his
_ constant assiduity not only in reporting his own investigations
but in arousing the interest of others in the subject.

I cannot close without saying how invaluable it has been to
me to have the counsel and experience of my brother Mr. J. J.
Lister to rely on in continuing our father’s work.

The plates at the end of the volume are reproductions of
water-colour drawings made under the camera lucida by my
father and myself, and are here reduced to half the diameter
of the originals.

G. LISTER.

NOTE TO THIRD EDITION

SIncE the publication of the second edition of this Catalogue
in 1911 I have received invaluable assistance from correspon-
dents both old and new. The Rev. W. Cran in Aberdeenshire,
M. Ch. Meylan in Switzerland, and Mr. K. Minakata in Japan,
have continued to send many interesting specimens. Mr. A. R.
Sanderson in Malaya, and the late C. O. Farquharson in South
Nigeria, have given much valuable information on the habitats
of Mycetozoa in the tropics. The collections made by Mr.
‘W.N. Cheesman in Australia and New Zealand, by Miss A. V.
Duthie in the Cape Province, and Professor M. Brandza in
Roumania, have extended our knowledge of the range of
many species. To Professor Brandza, students of Mycetozoa
are especially indebted for the remarkable fine series of
Roumanian specimens he has generously distributed. Mrs.
Stelfox, Miss M. Rea, and Mr. W. F. Gunn have done much
to increase our information with regard to Mycetozoa in
Ireland. Mr. N. G. Hadden in the west of England, Dr. W. T.
‘Elliott in Warwickshire, Mr. H. J. Howard in Norfolk, and the
Rev. P. J. Alexander in Surrey, have supplied me with very
interesting field notes and specimens from their respective
districts.

To Dr. Rendle and the staff of the Botanical Department
of the British Museum I am indebted for much help in the
preparation of the present edition. Mr. J. Ramsbottom has
done me great service by reading the proofs and offering many
useful suggestions. To these and to many other correspondents
and friends who have aided me I offer my sincere thanks.

G. LISTER.

INTRODUCTION

THE Mycetozoa as described in the present work are charac-
terized by having spores which on hatching in water give rise
to amoeboid bodies, the swarm-cells or zoospores ; these
assume a flagellate form, divide, change to amoebulae, and,
after further division, unite in pairs as gametes to form
zygotes; the zygotes grow by feeding into a plasmodium
exhibiting an internal rhythmic circulation; from this
vegetative stage the aerial spore-bearing bodies, sporangia or
sporophores, are eventually formed.

By the earlier naturalists these organisms were regarded as
fungi from the resemblance some of the sporangia bear to
minute puff-balls. Apparently the first undoubted reference
to one of them is made by Panckow (25), who in 1654 figures
and briefly describes what is now known as Lycogala epiden-
drum under the name Fungi cito crescentes. Micheli (23), in
1729, brought recognition to the group by describing and
illustrating several of the genera amongst which Mucilago is
distinguished as passing through a ‘ mucilaginous stage’.
During the next hundred years considerable advance was made
in identification of the varied forms of mature sporangia, and
a number of genera and species of Mycetozoa were described,
the results of which were ably summarized in systematic
works on fungi by Persoon (26), and later with wider scope by
Fries (8). As the result of careful observations made in the
field, Fries realized the importance of the plasmodium stage
in the development of the group, which he emphasized by
establishing the sub-order, Myxogastres, for its reception,
while retaining it among fungiin the order Gasteromycetes. In
1833 Wallroth substituted the term Myxomycetes (Schleimpilze,
slime-fungi) for the older name, and this came to be the
designation generally accepted. It was de Bary (1) (1860-4)
who introduced the modern view of the position of the Myce-
tozoa (or Fungus-animals, as the name he gave these creatures
may be translated); he cultivated the spores and saw them
give birth to a naked mass of protoplasm, the swarm-cell ; he
watched the swarm-cells swim about, divide, and later
withdraw their flagella and creep as amoebulae ; he inferred
that it was by the union of such amoebulae the young plas-
modia abounding in his cultures were formed ; he observed
the rhythmic circulation of the plasmodium and described the
development and structure of the sporangia. Cienkowski

(1863) saw the union of amoebulae and first gave the name

X1V MYCETOZOA

plasmodiwm to the resulting mass of naked protoplasm (4); he
also watched the ingestion of solid food by.the plasmodium (5).

Under the heading Mycetozoa, de Bary retained the term
Myxomycetes for the section so named by Wallroth, but linked
with it a small group of simpler organisms, the Acrasieae of
Van Tieghem (Sorophora Zopf). In this group the spores
produce swarm-cells which do not pass through a flagellate
stage. According to the observations of Skupienski (31) in
Dictyostelium, a genus of the Acrasieae, the swarm-cells, after
feeding on bacteria, fuse in pairs to form zygotes; these
become massed together and unite to form a temporary
plasmodium preparatory to building up a sporangium: the
latter consists of a septate stalk crowned by a naked cluster of
spores. It would appear that the ‘ plasmodium ’ in this case’
is associated only with spore-production, and is hardly com-
parable with the vegetative plasmodium with rhythmic
circulation characteristic of the main mass of Mycetozoa ; the
name Huplasmodida was applied by Delage and Hérouard to
the main group of Mycetozoa, thus emphasizing one of the
chief characters which distinguishes it from the Sorophora
(22, p. 39).

Rostafinski, the pupil of de Bary, produced (1875) an
elaborate and fully illustrated Monograph of Mycetozoa
(Sluzowce Monografia), which at once took its place as the
classic systematic work on the subject. He followed de Bary
in the view that the formation of a plasmodium indicates a wide
separation in the natural position of the J/yxomycetes from the
fungi, but he suppressed that name entirely, adopting de Bary’s
class name Mycetozoa in its place; at the same time, he
admitted the genus Dictyosteliwm into his Monograph, and
excluded Ceratiomyxa. The present book deals only with the
EKuplasmodida, the higher Mycetozoa, but in other respects
follows mainly the arrangement of families and genera given by
Rostafinski. The work of later writers on Mycetozoa will be
referred to in connexion with the more detailed account of the
life-history.

The Mycetozoa may be divided into two sections, the
Endosporeae, in which the spores are developed within a spore-
case or sporangium, and the Hxosporeae, containing a single
genus, Ceratiomyxa, in which the stalked spores are borne on
the surface of gelatinous bodies, the sporophores.

ENDOSPOREAE. Spore and swarm-cell.—The spores of
the Hndosporeae are usually spherical when moist; their
size is so uniform as to afford a valuable character for
classification ; should they be found to vary much in size
within a sporangium it may be concluded that conditions
of development have been unfavourable and the spores are
not normal. The spore-wall is a firm membrane composed

INTRODUCTION » a

of a substance allied to cellulose (33), and consisting of two
layers, the inner hyaline, the outer variously coloured, and
marked with minute warts or ridges; a thinner area where
dehiscence takes place is often evident.

The spores while remaining in a dry state retain their
vitality for several years. The length of time that elapses
before the germination of the spore after it has been placed
in water varies from a few hours to several days according to
the species, and often in different gatherings of the same
species. Observations on the darker spores of Stemonitis fusca
showed germination after nine or twelve hours, while in the
pale-spored variety it occurred in twenty-eight minutes. In
Reticularia Lycoperdon it usually takes place in less than an
hour in fresh gatherings ; spores from a specimen which had

Fig. 1.—Didymium difforme Duby.

a. Spore.

b. Swarm-cell escaping from the spore-

case.

e, Newly hatched swarm-cell containing
a nucleus and three vacuoles.

d. Flagellated swarm-cell.

e. Swarm-cell, with two vacuoles con-
taining bacteria, and produced at
the posterior end into pseudo-
podia, to one of which a bac-
terium is attached.

f. Amoeboid swarm-cell.

Magnified 720 times.

been stored for nearly three years began to germinate in four
hours after moistening, and in twenty hours the contents of
nearly every spore had emerged.

The spore-wall is ruptured by the swelling of the contents,
which slowly emerge and lie as a nearly pellucid globule by
the side of the empty spore-case (fig. 1, b, c).* After remaining
quiescent for a few minutes amoeboid movements begin to
take place, and shortly afterwards a flagellum is produced.
This is at first a somewhat tentative process, and the flagellum
is frequently withdrawn ; but within a quarter of an hour
it acquires its full length of about 15 », and by its lashing
Strokes the swarm-cell swims off with a dancing movement.
At this stage the cell is pyriform; the interior protoplasm

* Pinoy (27, 28) considered that the presence of certain bacteria was necessary for
the germination of the spores of Mycetozoa. This view is rejected by Skupienski
(31, 32), in whose experiments the spores of Didymium nigripes germinated in distilled
water in a few hours, when the possible action induced by the growth of bacteria
adhering to the spore-walls would have been reduced to a minimum. Experiments

by Buller, and Constantineanu (6) with the spores of other species of Mycetozoa gave
similar results.,

Xvi MYCETOZOA

is granular and contains a contractile vacuole, and often one
or more vacuoles in addition which do not usually show con-
traction. At the narrow end is situated the nucleus, which
can easily be recognized by its lighter and more homogeneous
appearance and central nucleolus (fig. 1, d).. The nucleus does
not alter its position, though constant movement is observed
among the constituents of the granular part. Connecting the
nucleus. with the base of the flagellum is a bell-shaped tract
free from granules, which takes when stained a rather darker
colour than the surrounding cytoplasm.* In addition to the
dancing motion, which is maintained as long as they are free
in the water, the swarm-cells when they come to rest exhibit
movements of an amoeboid character, and spread with an
irregular outline; or they assume a linear form and creep
over a level surface with a snail-like motion, the flagellum
being extended in advance. In this position the movement
of the interior protoplasm is seen to advantage. In the large
swarm-cells of Amaurochaete fuliginosa it may almost be
described as circulation, the granules passing from one end
to the other in constant flow. After a time the creeping move-
ment is again exchanged for the dancing. In all cultivations
of germinating spores, if the food-supply is insufficient, the
swarm-cells, after a short period of activity, withdraw the
flagellum and become encysted in a globular form (the micro-
cysts of Cienkowski). On being dried and re-wetted, the
contents burst the membranous cyst-wall, which remains as
an empty hyaline sac, and emerge to resume their activity.
If bacteria are introduced into a cultivation of swarm-cells,
they are seen to be laid hold of by slender pseudopodia extended
from the posterior end of the body where they are enclosed in
a digestive vacuole (fig. 1, e). Several bacteria are brought
in turn to the same chamber, or fresh captures are conveyed |
into one or more additional vacuoles. The protrusion of
pseudopodia usually ceases for a time after such ingestion, and
the hinder end of the swarm-cell takes a rounded form. In the
course of an hour or two the bacteria are assimilated, and the
digestive vacuoles disappear. Unicellular algae and inorganic
matter are sometimes taken in, which are subsequently dis-
charged. Both ingress and egress are observed to take place
only at the posterior end (20).** De Bary, to whom this mode
of feeding was unknown, considered that the swarm-cells
obtain nutrition entirely from matter in solution (2, p. 452),
and it may be that they are to some extent nourished in this
manner.

Division of the swarm-cells begins a few hours after they
leave the spore-case, and is many times repeated in the

* Verbindungsstiick, Plenge (30), Geisselglocke, Jahn (13),
** This process was first described by Saville Kent (17),

INTRODUCTION XVii

course of the three or four succeeding days. The process
begins with the withdrawal of the flagellum and the swarm-
cell taking a spherical form.* The nucleus then divides by
karyokinesis ; the swarm-cell becomes ellipsoid, and later
a constriction appears in the middle. As bipartition proceeds
the nuclear plate divides and the two halves separate, the
connecting achromatic fibres being discernible. The daughter-
nuclei at length retreat to the opposite poles of the swarm-cell,
which in about a quarter of an hour from the beginning of the
process of constriction is completely divided (fig. 2). A
flagellum is in a short time produced by each daughter cell,
which then assumes the original form of the parent. Jahn
has shown that the bell-shaped tract crowning the nucleus is
formed again after mitosis from the spindle fibres of the

Fig. 2.— Amaurochaete fuliginosa Macbr.

ato f. Suecessive stages in bipartition
of swarm-cell, accompanied by
the division of the nucleus by
karyokinesis. Magnified 1,200
times.

Drawn from stained preparations in
Canada balsam.

dividing nucleus, and that the flagellum is produced from its
apex (13, p. 89).

After a time the swarm-cells withdraw the flagellum,
and creep about as amoebulae. They divide repeatedly and
then, after collecting in groups, begin to unite in pairs as
gametes to form zygotes, their nuclei also uniting (16). It has
been observed that in this union the gametes do not fuse
indiscriminately with one another, but appear to exercise a
selective faculty, suggesting that although outwardly similar
they possess some primitive sexual distinction (31, p. 61).

Skupienski describes an experiment in which he isolated a
single spore of Didymium nigripes, and from its offspring
obtained, by suitable nutrition, abundant amoebulae which
united in pairs to form zygotes, from which were produced
plasmodia, and, eventually, a group of healthy sporangia. By

* Skupienski describes a division of flagellate swarm-cells by longitudinal fission,
preceded by the division of the flagellum and the nucleus (31, p. 60).

b

XViil 3 MYCETOZOA

a still more delicate experiment, several times repeated, he was
able to isolate in one case a single flagellate swarm-cell, and in
another case a single amoebula ; although both swarm-cell and
amoebula continued to divide and appeared healthy for a time,
in neither case did they form zygotes or plasmodia. From this
he infers that a single spore is capable of producing both kinds
of gametes, and also that the presence of both kinds is needful

for the formation of zygotes (31, p. 63).

The Plasmodium.—The zygotes when they begin to feed
are called plasmodia. They grow rapidly, for they now have
the faculty of ingesting unpaired amoebulae which are con-
veyed into large digestive vacuoles and there dissolved and

Fig. 3.—Didymium squa-
mulosum Fries.
a. Amoebula or gamete.

b. Zygote with a single
large diploid nucleus
and several vacu-
oles.

. Zygote or young plas-
modiumwith a single
nucleus undergoing
mitotic division, and
a large digestive
vacuole containing
the remains of an
amoebula.

d. Young plasmodium
with two resting
nuclei, and a diges-
tive vacuole contain-
ing an amoebula.

e, f. Young plasmodia
with four and five
nuclei respectively.

Magnified 930 times.

From stained prepara-

tions lent by Dr. Jahn.

+

absorbed ; by this characteristic a zygote may be distinguished
from a gamete in cultures under the microscope ; the young
plasmodia also fuse readily with one another when they come
into contact, their nuclei remaining separate. Several of the
phenomena which are met with in the swarm-cell may be seen
on an extended scale in the plasmodium. The latter is endowed
with power of locomotion, and advances over the substratum
with a creeping movement in search of food. Ifasmall plas-
modium has been induced to creep on to a glass cover-slip,
and is protected in a moist chamber it can be easily examined
microscopically. The interior substance is seen to consist of
granular protoplasm, containing numerous nuclei and vacuoles.
The vacuoles vary in size, and frequently contract and dis-
charge their contents, which are either watery or contain refuse
matter. The movements in the interior of the swarm-cell are
extended into a systematic circulation in the plasmodium,

INTRODUCTION xix

which spreads in a network of veins with a few principal
channels. Through these the granular protoplasm streams
in a rapid torrent which gradually comes to a pause in the
space of a minute and a half to two minutes, and then imme-
diately reverses its course. A rhythmic flow is thus maintained
backwards and forwards at nearly equal intervals, but always
of somewhat longer duration in the direction in which the
plasmodium is creeping. The flow is continued from the
larger to the smaller veins which branch with increasing
intricacy till they are lost in the broad tumid margin of the
advancing plasmodium (see Frontispiece). The whole is
invested by a layer of hyaloplasm devoid of granules but
merging imperceptibly into the inner granular part. The
hyaloplasm exhibits amoeboid movements, projecting and
withdrawing pseudopodia, and is unequal in thickness over
different parts; it is generally abundant at the advancing
margin. The hyaloplasm appears to be a more firm condition
of the protoplasm assumed when exposed on the surface.
How far it may have a relation to the rhythmic streaming of
the plasmodium, or what causes that movement, has not been
ascertained. By means of this circulation all parts of a
plasmodium are kept in communication. The track where
a plasmodium has passed is marked by a double line of dis-
charged refuse matter, and thus a map is left showing where
it has been.

The description given above applies to plasmodia which
creep over dead leaves or the surface of logs or woody fungi.*
Those which inhabit the interior of rotten wood usually
- emerge only at the time of spore-formation, and then appear
as cushion-like masses or as scattered globules. The plas-
modia of the Calcarineae contain granules of calcium carbonate
(designated ‘lime’). The granules vary in abundance in
different species, being small and inconspicuous under the
microscope in some, while in the opaque white plasmodium
of Diderma hemisphericum they appear like crowded glass
beads 2 or more in diameter, and tend to impede the stream-
ing movement. The colour of the plasmodium is usually either
white, yellow, or pink ; in some cases it is purple or green ;
it is generally constant in each species.

A series of observations was made by Pinoy (29) on the
plasmodium of Didymium nigripes. ‘This is normally pale
grey in colour, but, in his cultures from spores, he obtained
strains that were yellowish and blackish-violet respectively,
as seen by transmittent light: although both the light. and
dark plasmodia appeared to be perfectly healthy, they

* Hymenobolina is exceptional among Mycetozoa in having small plasmodia which
exhibit no rhythmic circulation of protoplasm ; they occur on living lichens and dead
wood and are usually almost stationary in habit.

b2

xX MYCETOZOA

produced no sporangia. He then brought fragments of the
two strains together in one culture, and obtained from their
union a grey plasmodium which formed normal sporangia in
ten days. Pinoy suggested that the two strains of plasmodium
might possess a kind of sex differentiation, and their union
might be regarded as a process of conjugation. Since the
publication of Pinoy’s observations, however, Jahn has proved
that it is at an earlier period of the life-history that the sexual
stage occurs, namely, when the amoebulae fuse in pairs to
form zygotes. Pinoy’s results are interesting in showing how
an increase of vigour may be brought about by the blending
of different strains of plasmodium.

De Bary’s statement that ‘ union never takes place between
plasmodia of different species’ is fully borne out by the
experience of others, and no satisfactory evidence to the
contrary has been obtained (2, p. 426).

The food of plasmodia varies according to the species.
Those which live among dead leaves spread with veins which |
are brown from the incorporation of decayed vegetable matter.
The plasmodium of Badhamia panicea thrives on the inner
bark of felled elms, and is difficult to discern on the red-brown
substratum owing to the fragments of bark with which it is
densely charged ; it becomes pure white by the rejection of
enclosed matter before fruiting. Occasionally the question
of food is somewhat obscure : for example, the plasmodium of
Amaurochaete fuliginosa rises in cushions from half an inch
to two inches in diameter from the hard and apparently sound
wood of Scotch firs ; that of Stemonitis splendens may also be
found emerging from the sawn surface of fir stumps which
show no sign of decay, and covering an area of six to seven
square inches. Whatever solid matter these plasmodia may
have ingested has been parted with before leaving the wood,
but it appears possible that their food was absorbed in a state
of solution. The plasmodium of Badhamia utricularis is one
of the few we are acquainted with that feed on living fungi.
It is capable of being cultivated without limit on Sterewm
hirsutum and allied species, and can be observed under the
microscope to dissolve fungus hyphae as the hyaline border
of a wave of the yellow plasmodium advances over them.
Plasmodia are strongly attracted to suitable food, which they
perceive apparently by contact only. They avoid harmful
substances. If fresh food is placed so as to touch one point
of a plasmodium widely extended in a network of veins,
a stimulus is sent to the remotest parts, the streaming of the
circulation is quickened towards the food, and on it in a few
hours the whole plasmodium concentrates.

Plasmodia have often been cultivated successfully on
artificially prepared nutritive media (see Constantineanu (6),

INTRODUCTION XI

Pinoy (29)). Experiments made by Miss Greenwood and
Miss Saunders show that the digestive vacuoles of the plas-
modium, in which sclerotium-cysts and other proteids are
dissolved, contain an acid fluid, whereas the reaction of
the plasmodium as a whole is alkaloid (9). Pepsin was
found by Krukenberg to be present in the plasmodium of
Fuligo septica (18).

In their vegetative stage plasmodia require moist surround-
ings ; in exceptional cases they have been found not only to
feed under water but to form sporangia there ; usually it is
moist and not wet places that form their feeding grounds.
Such places are apt to be shady, and it has been said that
plasmodium avoids light. It has been seen, however, that
cultures of Badhamia kept moist under a glass cover, thrive
equally in light or shade, and even when exposed to direct
sunlight.

The Sclerotiwm.—Plasmodia are able to withstand exposure
to dry weather or great cold, by passing into a sclerotiwm or
resting stage. Im some cases, however, the change into
sclerotium occurs when water and apparently food material
are present, and the cause is then difficult to discover. As the
plasmodium of Badhamia utricularis becomes dry, the stream-
ing movement gradually ceases, and the granular protoplasm
becomes aggregated in discrete masses surrounded by hyalo-
plasm ; the refuse matter is thrown out, and a membranous
cyst-wall forms round each mass, which also includes 10 to
20 nuclei ; the cysts become packed into thick agglomerations
of irregular shape, drying to a horny consistency (19). The
changes of outline seen in the maturing sclerotia cannot be
merely the effect of shrinking from drying, and as under the
microscope we frequently observe the cysts along the margin
of a forming sclerotium creep among each other with amoeboid
movement, it is probable that the change in shape of the mass
may thus be accounted for. The sclerotium of this species
can revive after preservation in a dry state for three years, on
being placed in water. Recently formed sclerotium resumes
the creeping condition in a few hours, but after remaining
dry for more than a year it requires to be kept wet for some
days before movement begins again ; the cyst-walls are then
absorbed, and their contents coalesce. It frequently happens
that parts of old sclerotia are incapable of resuscitation, but
they afford a pabulum for the newly awakened plasmodium,
through whose veins the cysts may be seen to be carried along
and broken up. The sclerotium of Didymium squamulosum
is sprinkled over with a deposit of crystals of lime, and after
being revived the cyst-walls are not dissolved as in Badhamia,
but remain as empty hyaline sacs when the contents have
crept out. The formation of sclerotium in plasmodia inhabit-

X¥X11 MYCETOZOA

ing the interior of rotten wood is less easy to follow, but it-is
probably of frequent occurrence. A plasmodium of Stemonitis
fusca, cultivated from spores in a moist chamber, passed.into
the resting state a few days after it had formed, spreading in
a single layer of crowded cysts on the surface of the glass.
This sclerotium was dried and re-wetted, when it revived,
and the cyst-walls were dissolved ; the cultivation-was con-
ducted with pure water, with no attempt to supply nourish-
ment, and the plasmodium returned to the encysted condition
in about twenty-four hours; it was again dried and again
revived, but afterwards it reassumed the sclerotium state,
from which it could not be reawakened.

Nuclei.—As a plasmodium grows the nuclei within it increase

Fig. 4.—Badhamia utricularis Berk.
Division of nuclei by karyokinesis in the
streaming plasmodium.
From a preparation stained in safranin, and
mounted in Canada balsam, made
by J. J. Lister.

Magnified 1,200 times.

iar aes aie, oy 6;
oN 5 -Oe nes oaks
PR ee: as rd o7
4 A Ae ny
Baie Td
aS: - ZAR. OT wt

sei ines a G a! "1 S
NY a
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ange Ab Be on YA

in number, keeping pace with its growth by repeated division.
“This division has been observed repeatedly to take place by
karyokinesis both in very young plasmodia, when one out
of several nuclei may divide while the others remain in a
resting stage, and also in large plasmodia where a wave of
division has been seen to pass over a considerable area,
affecting many hundreds of nuclei simultaneously (21) (fig. 4). *
Jahn first drew attention to the fact that in this division
the nuclei of the plasmodium are seen to contain twice as
many chromosomes as those counted in the dividing nuclei of
the amoebulae ; thus proving that in the process of conjugation

* Tt must be admitted that the records of such mitotic divisions of nuclei in prepara-
tions of plasmodium are surprisingly few, considering the many attempts that have
been made to observe the process ; and it appears possible that the nuclei may increase
also by direct division, a suggestion supported by the following experiment. A rapidly
growing plasmodium of Badhamia utricularis, feeding on the fungus Auricularia, spread
over it, increasing in size nearly fourfold in fourteen hours. During this time a small
portion of the plasmodium was removed every quarter of an hour, smeared on a cover-
slip and stained. Each of the fifty-two stainings shows nuclei in the usual vast abun-
dance and in none of them is there any appearance of karyokinetic division, That
process occupies from one to one and a half hours in the division of nuclei which occurs

INTRODUCTION XXill

the haploid nuclei of the amoebulae united to form the diploid
nucleus of the zygote, of which these nuclei in the plasmodium
are the descendants (16, p. 244). Jn the genera Badhamia,
Physarum, Trichia, and Arcyria sixteen chromosomes have
been counted in the dividing nuclei of the plasmodium, and
eight in those of the swarm-cells ; while Harper counted twelve
chromosomes in the diploid nuclei of Fuligo (10).

The Sporangium.—The formation of the sporangium has
been minutely described by de Bary (2, p. 424), and a brief
notice of the general characters will be sufficient here. In

_many_cases_as long as the supply of food is sufficient so long
will the plasmodium continue to feed and grow; when the
nourishment is exhausted it prepares to pass into the fruiting
stage: but in other cases sporangia develop when the food
supply appears to be still abundant, and the cause of the
change is then obscure. Preparatory to sporangia being
formed the plasmodium usually leaves the moist surroundings
where it has been feeding and creeps to some drier place more
suited to the dispersion of the spores. It concentrates at
certain points and develops into sporangia of the forms
characterstic of the species.

In examining the rising sporangia of Physarum nutans in
a moist chamber under the microscope, the projecting masses
of plasmodium are seen to pulsate, swelling or shrinking as the
rhythmic flow advances or retreats, but gradually growing with
the advancing movement. As the sporangia develop, an
envelope, the sporangiwm-wall, is secreted by the protoplasm
at the surface. It is at first of a gelatinous consistency, but
ultimately becomes membranous. The basal walls of the
young sporangium in this species usually form a stalk, a tube
of tougher substance, through which the protoplasm continues
to flow until the surrounding veins have emptied their contents
into the spherical head ; the walls of the stalk then contract
upon themselves and provide a firm support for the sporan-
gium. The stalks of adjacent sporangia, or the sporangia
themselves when sessile, are often connected at the base by
a membrane or membranous strands secreted by the remains
of the plasmodium ; this is termed thehypothallus. During the
formation ot the sporangia all waste mattér which may have
been ingested by the plasmodium is discharged, some of it
being often deposited in the cavity of the stalk or within the
hypothallus.

Soon after the formation of the sporangium-wall, a system
before spore-formation; assuming that it occupies an equal time in the growing
plasmodium, and that during those fourteen hours the nuclei had increased fourfold
(an increase corresponding with the growth of the plasmodium), it is difficult to see how
mitosis could have escaped detection if it had been widespread and affecting many
nuclei simultaneously. The size of the nuclei varied from 2-5 to 5m, and occasionally

there were appearances suggestive of direct division taking place, but these may possibly
have been due to the overlapping of one nucleus on another (21).

xXX1V MYCETOZOA

of tubes, or slender tubular threads is usually developed
within the sporangium forming the(apillitium,) a structure
which eventually aids in the dispersion of the spores. It is
secreted in vein-like vacuoles or invaginations traversing the
protoplasm (3) (12). .

In the Sitemonitaceae the stalk and its upward continuation,
the columella, are axial structures secreted in the interior of
the young sporangium ; this at first consists of a short pillar
of plasmodium within which the base of the stalk is secreted,
in a vacuolar cavity, as a hollow tube; as the tube grows in
length it forms a support up which the protoplasm climbs and
gradually builds up the sporangium. The capillitium threads
are formed later in a system of vacuoles spreading outward from
the columellaand inwards from the surface of the sporangium (8).

In the group Calcarineae, the granules of carbonate of lime.
which abound in the plasmodium are incorporated in various
parts of the sporangium, either in the sporangium-wall, in the
tubes of the capillitium or in expansions of the capillitium-
threads (lime-knots),,in the stalk, or in all these parts.
In the genus Didymium the lime-granules of the plasmodium
are dissolved in the sporangium, and the salt is deposited on
the outer side of the sporangium-wall in the form of stellate
crystals. The capillitium often shows adaptations for spore
dispersion of considerable complexity and great beauty. On
the characters of the varied forms many of the generic and
specific distinctions have been based ; they are fully described
in the text.

The sporangia are either scattered or clustered; or they
unite to form an aethalvum, a cushion-like structure consisting
of numerous sporangia closely combined and having the
sporangium-walls within the cushion more or less imperfectly
developed ; common examples of such aethalia are seen in
Fuligo and Reticularia. The simple forms are either stalked
or sessile, or they may spread on the substratum with an
irregular outline, when they are called plasmodiocarps.

Spore Formation.—The formation of spores is preceded by
the division of the nuclei by karyokinesis, each daughter nucleus
becoming the nucleus of a spore. The process of division
was first recorded by Strasburger in the genus T'richia (32).
Jahn has shown that this is a reduction division, by which the
number of chromosomes is reduced to one half. Thus it
comes about that the nuclei of the spores and of the swarm-
cells formed from them on germination are haploid, that is
they have half the full number of chromosomes. As stated
above, this full number is restored later by the fusion of the
haploid nuclei of pairs of amoebulae in the formation of the
zygotes. A small proportion of the nuclei do not take part
in spore-formation but degenerate, the number of such

INTRODUCTION xxXV

degenerating nuclei being much increased if the sporangia are
not healthy. Jahn observed fusions taking place among these
nuclei, but concludes that this occurs only in unhealthy

Fig. 5.—Comatricha nigra
Schroeter.

From a stained preparation of
a young sporangium, show-
ing the spore-plasm separ-
ated into rounded masses
about groupsoft nuclei, which
are dividing by karyokine-
sis; the nuclear division has
reached the ‘spindle stage’ ;
the spindles are seen in
profile in all cases but one
in which the equatorial plate
is seen from one of the poles
of the spindle. Magnified
1,200 times.

sporangia and is a purely vegetative phenomenon which has
nothing to do with a sexual process (16, p. 234).

In most Mycetozoa the division of nuclei within the sporan-
gium is accompanied by a cleavage of the surrounding proto-
plasm into masses; these become subdivided until they are

Fig. 6.—Comatricha nigra
Schroeter.

From a stained preparation of a
young sporangium, showing
the plasma separated into
masses of two spores’ capacity
round the nuclei, which have
almost divided by karyokinesis,
Magnified 1,200 times.

reduced to spheres of two spores, capacity containing a dividing
nucleus (figs. 5, 6), by a final constriction they divide into spores
each provided with one of the daughter nuclei. The process
of cleavage is not quite simultaneous throughout the whole
sporangium but begins at the periphery and passes inwards,
the cleavage furrows often radiating from the lines of the

XXV1 MYCETOZOA

capillitium (3) (11). In Lycogala, Trichia and Arcyria cleavage
does not take place till the daughter nuclei have separated,
when the surrounding protoplasm divides directly to form
the spores. A spore-wall is soon secreted, which is finally
adorned with characteristic markings, consisting either of
warts, spines, or ridges. The water contained in the spores is
then expelled and they lie dry and loose awaiting dispersion
by the breaking of the sporangium-wall, when the presence
of a capillitium within the sporangium usually regulates and
assists in their distribution.

Fig. 7.—Ceratiomyza fruticulosa
Macbr,
. Spore.

5 Spore-contents escaping from
the spore-wall,

ce to gy, Successive stages in the
division of the naked spore
to eight.

h. Cluster of eight swarm-cells.

Magnified 1,200 times,

EXOSPOREAE.—Thesporophores of Ceratiomyaa, the single
representative of the Hxosporeae, are fragile white branching
or anastomosing structures appearing often in great abundance
on decayed wood. The colourless ellipsoid spores are borne
on slender stalks arising from the surface of the sporophore
(plate 1, d). The ripe spores differ from those of the Hndo-
sporeae in containing four nuclei. On being moistened the
membranous spore-wall is thrown off with a jerk from the
swelling of the contents (fig. 7 6). The latter at first show
slight amoeboid movements, putting out pointed pseudopodia,
but soon the four nuclei divide by karyokinesis, and the whole
cell separates successively into two, four, and eight parts ;
each of the eight uninucleate parts acquires a flagellum and.

INTRODUCTION XXVil

swims off as a pyriform swarm-cell (fig. 7, c to h). The swarm-
cells have been observed to withdraw their flagella and
become amoebulae ; although they have not been seen to
conjugate in pairs before forming plasmodia it may be inferred
that this takes place, since Dr. Jahn was able to count eight
chromosomes in the nuclear division preceding the formation
of the swarm-cells, and sixteen in those of the young sporophore
before spore-formation, showing that when the latter stage is
reached the haploid nuclei have become diploid. The plasmo-
dium inhabits decaying wood and is invisible until it comes
to the surface to produce sporophores. It then emerges in the
form of cushions of transparent jelly. If such a cushion is
placed on a glass slide and kept moist, the jelly is seen under
the microscope to be traversed by a dense network of proto-
plasmic veins in which a rhythmic streaming of granules
characteristic of the Mycetozoa can be watched. ‘From the
cushions, antler-like branches grow out, over the surface of
which the protoplasm concentrates and forms an enveloping
layer. It is at this stage that most of the nuclei undergo
a reduction division, while the remainder contract and de-
generate (fig. 8, a to c). It was suggested by Prof. Minchin
that in this degeneration we see a process of elimination
of effete or negative chromatin preceding the formation of
the gametes or their nuclei (see ‘An Introduction to Proto-
zoology ’ 142, 1912).

The superficial network of protoplasm then becomes closer
and thinner and divides up to form a mosaic of uninucleate
cells which completely covers the upper part of the gelatinous
sporophore and is more loosely distributed in the lower part.
This ‘mosaic stage’, as it was called by Famintzin and
Woronin in their classic work on Ceratiomyxa (7) soon passes
into the spore-bearing stage, when each cell pushes outwards
and grows into a stalked spore containing a single nucleus ;
the latter soon divides twice by karyokinesis, and so the four
nuclei of the mature spore are produced (24). The spores
are readily detached from their stalks, and the gelatinous
sporophores dry up to form frail structures to disappear with
the first shower of rain.

Ceratiomyxa thus differs from the Hndosporeae not only
in the development of the spores from the surface of sporo-
phores, but in the fact that the mature spore contains four
nuclei ; and these on germination at once divide again as the
parent cell separates into eight swarm-cells; in the Hndo-
sporeae the increase to eight swarm-cells from one spore is
arrived at slowly and only after repeated intervals of feeding.

Specific characters —The different species of Mycetozoa are
mainly distinguished by the form and colour of the sporangium
and capillitium, and by the colour, size, and markings of the

XXVIlii MYCETOZOA

spores; on the whole these characters are wonderfully
constant from whatever part of the world the specimen may

Fig. 8. Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa Macbr.
a. Young sporophore. Magnified 40 times.
b. Strand from the network of protoplasm, showing resting nuclei.
c, Later stage showing four nuclei dividing by karyokinesis.
d, Later stage showing the network of protoplasm-dividing into a fine thin surface
net through which the daughter nuclei are distributed ; three degenerate
nuclei are seen.

vg. Spore-mother-cells from the mosaic-stage. 0b to e.

Magnified 930 times, from preparations made by Dr. Jahn.
be obtained. Yet climate has apparently a marked effect
on the sporangia of some species. Examples of the genus
Cribrarva from the United States and the tropics are usually

INTRODUCTION X XIX

more elegant in form and regular in character than individuals
of the same species from Britain, a result due possibly to the
more favourable and equable climatic conditions under which
they developed. In this country our moist and changeable
weather may often have a disturbing effect on young sporangia.
On old stumps which have been long under observation,
growths of T'richia affinis may continue to present the same
typical characters from one season to another. The capillitium
in this genus consists of elaters, that is of free tubular threads
marked with close-set spiral bands; being sensitive to mois-
ture the elaters twist and wave as currents of dry or damp
air pass over them, and by their movements aid in scattering
the light spores. Should cold weather set in while the
plasmodium is rising to form sporangia, the capillitium will
probably be abnormal, and the regular spirals are replaced by
rugged irregular bands or ring-shaped thickenings. Normal
developments of T'richia persimilis have been followed after
a few nights’ frost by a growth in which the short and nearly
smooth elaters closely resemble those of Oligonema nitens,
while the spores and the shape of the sporangia retain the
normal character. But there are many cases where no cause
can be assigned for the appearance of unusual characters. As
an example two varieties of Lamproderma atrosporum may be
referred to. These differ from each other so strikingly in
habit in capillitium and spore-markings as to suggest at first
that they are only distantly related. Yet they have been
found year after year very closely associated in more than
one locality ; moreover, they are sometimes accompanied
by sporangia intermediate in character, showing that they
must be regarded as variants of one species ; no clue has yet
been found to account for the appearance of such diverging
characters.

Distribution. Habitats—The Mycetozoa are remarkably
cosmopolitan in their distribution, occurring all over the world
wherever there is sufficient decaying vegetation and moisture
for their support. While some species have a very wide
range, others are especially characteristic of temperate
regions ; others again are found chiefly in the tropics, and
a few species apparently occur only in alpine situations. The
habitats they frequent are many and varied. The greater
number of Mycetozoa feed within decaying wood, and their
sporangia appear on old stumps, fallen branches and twigs, or
on old sawdust heaps. Dead coniferous wood is the habitat
for most species of Cribraria. In the tropics, palm-trunks
clothed with persistent fibrous bases of the leaves provide
a suitable feeding ground for many plasmodia. Heaps of
decaying leaves, old straw, or straw-manure may be prolific
in species of Physarum, Craterium, Didymium, &c. In

XxX MYCETOZOA

alpine regions, turf and dead herbaceous stems, exposed in
spring by thawing of the snows under which they have lain
hidden for many months, often abound with characteristic
species of Lepidoderma or Lamproderma, whose plasmodia
have developed under the snow. On Sphagnum-bogs appear
Badhamia lilacina and Lepidoderma tigrinum, while other
species have been found on open moorland and bare soil ;
in such exposed situations the sporangia are soon washed
away by rain and may be easily overlooked. Living pilei of
leathery fungi form the habitat of a few species. Badhamia
utricularis feeds on species of Stereum, Physarum rigidum on
Schizophyllum, while T'richamphora has been found repeatedly
on Auricularia as well as on decaying leaves.*

About three hundred species of Mycetozoa are recognized at.
the present time, thirty of which have been added since the
last edition of this work appeared. A hundred and ninety
species have been recorded from Great Britain and Ireland.

Note for Collecting.—In collecting Mycetozoa it is well to
be provided with small boxes lined with cork to which fragile
specimens may be securely pinned. Immature sporangia
should be kept in a moist atmosphere until they have reached
maturity. When this stage is attained they should be kept
as dry as possible and guarded from the attacks of insects ;
they may then be preserved for an indefinite length of time.
In this country all that is needful is to fasten them by glue to
the trays of store-boxes, or, better, to pasteboard trays
fitting into store-boxes, and keep them in a dry cabinet with
an abundant supply of naphthaline. In the moist climate
of the tropics it has been found useful to expose the specimens
to sunlight to dry them thoroughly, and afterwards to subject
them to strong fumes of benzene to destroy insects, before
placing them in store-boxes. It may be noted, however, that,
should no better means of transport be at hand, many speci-
mens will arrive in an identifiable condition after having been
sent by post merely folded in a wrapping of soft paper enclosed
in an envelope.

Owing to the perfection in which the dried sporangia retain
their characters, when carefully preserved, we possess in the
different herbaria representative collections of specimens from
many parts of the world, some of them dating back to over
a hundred years, which may be as easily identified as when
first gathered.

Mounting.—For making permanent mountings glycerine
jelly is the best medium for most species, as it does not cause
shrinking of the spores, whose size and markings are often
characteristic ; unfortunately the calcareous granules em-

* For a more detailed account of the haunts of the Mycetozoa see G. Lister, ‘ Myce-
tozoa ’, Essex Field Club Special Memoir, No. vi, 13-32 (1918).

INTRODUCTION Xxxi

bedded in the sporangium-wall and in the ‘lime-knots’ of
the capillitium in the Calcarineae are sooner or later dissolved
in the jelly, as they are in most mounting media. In three
genera—Cribraria, Dictydium, Lindbladia—a characteristic
feature is the presence of minute ‘ plasmodic granules’ em-
bedded in the sporangium-walls, which vary in size and colour
in the different species ; these granules dissolve in jelly but
are well preserved in Canada balsam.

Although much has been discovered in recent years as to the
life-history and distribution of the Mycetozoa, many problems
remain to be solved, both in the field and in the laboratory,
especially as regards the relation of the species to their environ-
ment and to one another.

In the following pages the contractions K. and B.M. are
used to indicate specimens in the collections at Kew and in the
British Museum. The measurements of spores in the descrip-
tions of species are expressed in terms of thousandths of a milli-
metre, symbolized by the Greek letter ». The colour of the
spores is given as they appear when magnified 600 diameters,
and the markings of the spore-wall as seen when magnified
900 times.

BIBLIOGRAPHY TO INTRODUCTION

1 Bary, H. A. pr. Die Mycetozoen, in Zeitschrift f. wissensch. Zoologie,
x (1860).

Comparative Morphology and Biology of the Fungi, Mycetozoa,
and Bacteria. Translation. Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1887.

3 Bisspy, G. R. Some Observations on the Formation of the Capillitium
and the Development of Physarella mirabilis Peck and Stemonitis
fusca Roth, in American Journal of Botany, i. 274 (1914).

4 CrpnkowskI, L. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Myxomyceten, in
Pringsheim’s Jahrbiicher, iii. 326 (1862).

5 Das Plasmodium, 1. c. 400 (1863).

ConsTANTINEANU, L. Uber Entwicklungsbedingungen der Myxo-

myceten, in Annales Mycologici, iv. 495 (1906).

7 Famintzin, A., & Worontn, M. Ueber zwei neue Formen von Schleim-
pilzen, Ceratium hydnoides Alb. & Schw. und C. porioides Alb. &
Schw., in Mém. de l’Acad. Imp. de St.-Pétersbourg, sér. 7, xx, No. 3
(1873).

8 Frizs, E. M. Systema Mycologicum, iii (1829).

9 GREENWOOD, M., & SaunpERs, E.R. On the Role of Acid in Protozoan
Digestion, in Journ. of Physiology, xvi. 441 (1894).

10 Harper, R. A. Celland nuclear division in Fuligo varians, in Botanical

Gazette, xxx. 217 (1900).
Cleavage in Didymium melanospermum (Pers.), in American
Journal of Botany, i, 127 (1914).

to

-

oO

ll

Kee BIBLIOGRAPHY TO INTRODUCTION

12

13

14

Harper, R. A., & Dopae, B. J. The Formation of Capillitium in certain
Myxomycetes, in Annals of Botany, xxviii. 1 (1914).

Jann, E. Myxomycetenstudien, iii. Kerntheilung und Geisselbildung
bei den Schwirmern von Stemonitis flaccida Lister, in Berichte der
Deutsch. bot. Gesellsch., xxii. 86, t. 6 (1904).

Myxomycetenstudien, vi. Kernverschmelzungen und Reduktions-

teilungen, |. c. xxv. 23 (1907).

Myxomycetenstudien, vil. Ceratiomyxa, |. c. xxvi, a (1908).

—— Myxomycetenstudien, viii. Der Sexualakt, |. c. xxix. 231, t. xi
(1911).

KENT, SAVILLE. Manual of Infusoria, i. Appendix, 471 (1881).

8 KRUKENBERG. Ueber ein peptisches Enzym im Plasmodium der

Myxomyceten und im Kidotter vom Huhne, in Untersuch. aus dem
Physiologischen Institut in Heidelberg, ii. 273 (1878).

Lister, A. Notes on Plasmodium of Badhamia and Brefeldia, in
Annals of Botany, ii. 13 (1888).

-——— On Ingestion of Food Material by the Swarm-Cells of Mycetozoa,
in Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany), xxv. 435 (1889),

| —— On Division of Nuclei in the Mycetozoa, 1. c. xxix. 539 (1893).

Lister, J. J. Mycetozoa, in Vol. Protozoa, Treatise of Zoology, edited
by E. R. Lankester (1907).

Micuent, P. A. Nova Plantarum Genera. Plates illustrating Clathroid-
astrum, Lycogala, and Mucilago (1729). Florentiae.

Oxive, E. W. Cytological Studies in Ceratiomyxa, in Transactions of
the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, xv, pt. 2,
753 (1907).

Panckxow, T. Herbarium Portatile, fig. 1 (1654).

PeErsoon, C. H. Synopsis methodica Fungorum, i. Gottingae (1801).

Pinoy, E. Nécessité de la présence d’une bactérie pour obtenir la
culture de certains Myxomycétes, in Bulletin de la Société myco-
logique de France, xviii. 288 (1902).

28 — Role des Bactéries dans le développement de certains Myxomycétes,
in Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xxi. 622 (1907).

29 — Sur l’existence d’un dimorphisme sexuel chez un Myxomycéte, Didy-

mium nigripes, in Comptes Rendus Soc. Biol. Paris, lxiv. 630 (1908).

30 Prence, H. Uber d. Verbindungen zwischen Geissel u. Kern bei d.

Schwarmerzellen der Mycetozoen &c., in Verh. Nat.-hist. med. Vereins
zu Heidelberg, N.F., vi. 217 (1899).

SKUPIENSKI, F.-X. Recherches sur le cycle évolutif de certains Myxo-
myc¢ctes. Paris (1922).

STRASBURGER, E. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Sporangien von
Trichia fallax, in Botanische Zeitung, xlii. 305 (1884).

Zorr, W. Die Pilzthiere oder Schleimpilze, in Schenk’s Handbuch
der Botanik, iii, pt. 2 (1887).

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES AND LIST OF
GENERA OF MYCETOZOA

Subclass I—EXOSPOREAE.
Spores developed outside a sporophore. (P. 4)

Family I.—CrRATIOMYXACEAE. Sporophores membranous,
branched ; spores white, borne singly on filiform stalks arising
from the areolated sporophore. (P. 4)

Genus 1. Ceratiomyxa Schroeter. (P. 4)

Subclass II—ENDOSPOREAE.
Spores developed inside a sporangium. (P. 5)

Order 1—AMAUROSPORALES. Spores violet-brown *
or purplish-grey (ferruginous in Stemonitis ferruginea and S.
flavogenita, colourless in Echinostelium). (P. 5)

Suborder 1—CALCARINEAE. Sporangia provided with
lime (calcium carbonate). (P. 5)

Family I.—PuHyYsARACEAE. Lime in the form of minute
round granules (sometimes in rounded nodules or absent in
Diachea). (P. 5)

Genus 2. Badhamia Berk. (P. 9)

3. Physarum Pers. (P. 20)

4. Fuligo Haller (P. 66)

5. Hrionema Penzig (P. 70)

6. Trichamphora Jungh. (P. 71)
7. Physarella Peck (P. 72)

8. Cienkowskia Rost. (P. 73)

9. Craterium Trentep. (P. 74)
10. Leocarpus Link (P. 80)

11. Diderma Pers. (P. 81)

12. Physarina von Hohnel (P. 100)
13. Diachea Fries (P. 101)

Family IJ.—Dipymisceasz. Lime in crystals deposited out-
side the sporangium-wall (scanty or none in Leptoderma).
(P. 106)

Genus 14. Didymium Schrad. (P. 108)
15. Mucilago Adanson (P. 123)
16. Lepidoderma de Bary (P. 124)
17. Leptoderma G. Lister (P. 127)

* The colours of the spores are given throughout as they are seen when
magnified and with transmitted light.

B

2 SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES AND

Suborder I]—AMAUROCHAETINEAE. Sporangia with-
out lime. (P. 128)

Family I—CoLLopERMACEAE. Sporangium distinct, sessile,
with an outer gelatinous wall. (P. 128)

Genus 18. Colloderma G. Lister. (P. 128)

Family I].—StTEMoNITACEAE. Sporangia distinct, Ken
usually with a stalk and columella. (P. 129)

Genus 19. Stemonitis Gled. (P. 131)
20. Comatricha Preuss (P. 139)
21. Hnerthenema Bowm. (P. 149)
22. Lamproderma Rost. (P. 151)
23. Clastoderma Blytt (P. 161)
24. Hchinostelium de Bary (P. 162)
25. Barbeyella Meylan (P. 162)

Family III]—AMAUROCHAETACEAE. Sporangia combined
to form an aethalium. (P. 163)

Genus 26. Amaurochaete Rost. (P. 164)
27. Brefeldia Rost. (P. 165)

Order JI—LAMPROSPORALES. Spores’ variously
coloured, not violet-brown or purplish-grey (except in Licea
minima and Listerella, q.v.). (P. 166)

Suborder I—ANEHMINEAE. Capillitium wanting, or if
present not forming a system of uniform threads (except in
Alwisia, q.v.). (P. 166)

Family I—HETERODERMACEAE. Sporangium-wall mem-
' branous, beset with microscopic round plasmodic granules,
and (except in Lindbladia) forming a net in the upper part.
(P. 166)

Genus 28. Lindbladia Fries (P. 167)
29. Cribraria Pers. (P. 168)
30. Dictydiwm Schrad. (P. 178)

Family I1.—Licracear. Sporangia solitary ; sporangium-
wall cartilaginous or membranous. (P. 180)

Genus 31. Licea Schrad. (P. 181)
32. Hymenobolina Zukal (P. 185)
33. Orcadella Wing. (P. 185)

Family IIJ.—Tusvuirnacear. Sporangium-wall membran-
ous, without plasmodic granules; sporangia clustered,
cylindrical or ellipsoid. (P. 186)

Genus 34. T'ubifera Gmelin (P. 187)
35. Alwisia Berk. & Br. (P. 189)

LIST OF GENERA 3

Family IV.—ReETICULARIACEAE. Sporangia closely com-
pacted and usually forming an aethalium ; sporangium-walls
incomplete or forming a spurious capillitium ; true capillitium
none, or in Liceopsis consisting of a few branching threads or
strands. (P. 190)

Genus 36. Dictydiaethalium Rost. (P. 191)
37. Hnteridium Ehrenb. (P. 193)
38. Reticularia Bull. (P. 195)
39. Liceopsis Torrend (P. 196)

Family V.—LycoGauacear. Sporangia forming an aetha-
lium ; pseudo-capillitium consisting of branched colourless
tubes. (P. 197)

Genus 40. Lycogala Adanson (P. 197)

Suborder I] —_CALONEMINEAE. Capillitium present as
a system of uniform or sculptured threads. (P. 201)

Family I—Tricu1acear. Capillitium consisting of tubular
threads, which are either free and usually unbranched
(‘elaters’) or form a network branching at wide angles, with
thickenings in the form of spirals or rings. (P. 201)

Genus 41. T'richia Haller (P. 202)
42. Oligonema Rost. (P. 215)
43. Calonema Morgan (P. 217)
44. Hemitrichia Rost. (P. 217)
45. Cornuvia Rost. (P. 226)

Family II.—Arcyriaceaz. Capillitium a network of
tubular threads branching at wide angles, smooth or thickened
with cogs, half rings (rings in Arcyria annulifera), spines, or
warts (capillitium often scanty and of free threads in Peri-
chaena corticalis and P. quadrata). (P. 227)

Genus 46. Arcyria Wiggers (P. 228)
47. Lachnobolus Fries (P. 241)
48. Perichaena Fries (P. 242)
49. Minakatella G. Lister (P. 250)

Family IJJ.—MarearitaceakE. Capillitium consisting of
solid threads, either coiled and hair-like or nearly straight
and attached to the sporangium-wall, simple or branching
at acute angles. (P. 250)

Genus 50. Margarita Lister (P. 252)
51. Dianema Rex (P. 253)
52. Prototrichia Rost. (P. 256)
53. Listerella Jahn (P. 257)

B2

4 EXOSPOREAE

MYCETOZOA de Bary.

Subclass I.—EXOSPOREAE.
Spores developed outside sporophores.

Family I.—CrERATIOMYXACEAE.

Sporophores membranous, branched ; spores white, borne
singly on filiform stalks rising from the areolated sporophore.

Genus 1.—CERATIOMYXA Schroeter in Engler & Prantl
Nat. Pflanzenfam., I. i. 16 (1889) (xépas antler, pvéa slime).
Sporophores consisting of flattened membranous tubes, either
branching from a common base or forking repeatedly or
forming a network ; the surface is mapped out into polyhedral
areolae, from the centre of each of which arises a slender

stalk bearing a single ellipsoid colourless
J spore.—Ceratium Alb. & Schw. Consp.

Fung., 358 (1805) non Schrank (1793).

Fig. 9.—Ceratiomyza fruticulosa Macbr.
a. Clusters of sporophores. Twice natural size.
b. Sporophore. Magnified 40 times.

: c. Four areolae of mature sporophore; one spore still
attached to its stalk, and another free. Magnified
Fig. 9. 480 times.

1. C. fruticulosa Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 18 (1899)
(fruticulus small bush). Plasmodium colourless. Sporo-
phores white or pinkish-yellow, rarely sulphur or apricot
coloured, forming a tuft of simple or forked fasciculate
branches 1 mm. or more high, 0-07 mm. thick, or consisting
of more or less anastomosing broad bands, from which arise
irregular lobes. Spores white, smooth, ovoid, 10 x 6 to
13 x 7 p.— Byssus fruticulosus Muell. in Fl. Dan., 6, t. 718,
fig. 2 (1777). Tremella hydnoidea Jacq. Misc., i. 145, t. 16
(1778). Clavaria puccinea Batsch Elench. Fung., 139, fig. 49
(1783). C. byssoides Bull. Champ. 209, t. 415, fig. 2 (1791).
Puccinia byssoides Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1462 (1791). IJsaria
mucida Pers. in Roemer, N. Mag. Bot. i. 121 (1794). Ceratium
hydnoides Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 358 (1805); Fr. Syst.
Mye. iii. 294; Fam. & Wor. in Mém. Acad. Imp. Petersb.,
sér. 7, xx. 4 (1873); Zopf Pilzthiere, 69 & 174; de Bary
Comp. Morph. Fungi, 432; Cooke Brit. Fungi, ii. 550. C.
pyxidatum Alb. & Schw. lec. 359. Ceratiomyxa mucida
Schreet. in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pflanz., I. i. 16 (1889) ;
Lister Mycetozoa, 25 (1894).

Var. 1.—flexuosa Lister l.c. 26 (1894). Sporophores long,
slender, white, profusely branching but not anastomosing, 2 to

CERATIOMYXA | CERATIOMYXACEAE 9)

5 mm. high.—Ceratium arbuscula Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn.
Soc., xiv. 97 (1873). C. filiforme Berk. & Br. 1.c.

Var. 2.—porioides Lister l.c. (Poria a genus of fungi).
Sporophores densely compacted to form a honeycomb-like
growth, superficially resembling Polyporus vulgaris Fr.,
though more minute.—Ceratium porioides Alb. & Schw. lL.
C. crustosum Berk. & Curt. in Grev. iii. 62 (1874). Ceratiomyxa
porioides Schroet. l.c. ; Macbr. l.c. ed. 2, 20.

Var. 3.—caesia G. Lister (caesiws bluish-grey). Resem-
bling var. porioides, but tinged with blue, and developing
from blue-green plasmodium.—Ceratiomyxa caesia Jahn in
Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges., xxxvi. 660 (1918).

Pl. 1. «a. Sporophores of typical form (England); 0b. sporophores of var. fleruosa
(Ceylon); ¢. sporophores of var. porioides (Iowa); d. clavate end of sporophore ;
all the spores but five have fallen from their stalks ; e. spore.

Intermediate forms connecting var. flexuosa and var. porioides with
typical C. fruticulosa are of frequent occurrence; var. caesia was found
in June 1916, in the province of Brandenburg.

Habitat. On rotten wood; common and widely distributed, appearing
in Britain in summer: var. flexuosa abundant in the tropics, recorded also
from Japan and South Africa: var. porioides is less common; Europe,
South Africa, Japan, United States; not yet recorded from Britain.

Subclass I1.—ENDOSPOREAE.
Spores developed within sporangia.

Order 1—AMAUROSPORALES.

Capillitium present. Spores violet-brown or purplish-grey
(ferruginous in Stemonitis ferruginea and S. flavogenita,
colourless in Echinostelium).

Suborder I—CALCARINEAE.

Deposits of lime either (a) in minute granules included in
the sporangium-wall, in expansions of the capillitium or in
the stalk ; or (b) in the form of stellate or lenticular crystals
scattered over the sporangium-wall.

Family I.—PHYSARACEAE.

Deposits of lime in minute round granules more or less
aggregated, included in the sporangium-wall and in vesicular
expansions of the capillitium (lime-knots), except in Diderma
and Physarina where there are no lime-knots, and in Diachea,
in which the lime is confined to the stalk and columella and
is sometimes in the form of rounded nodules. In this family,
and also in Fam. 2, Didymiaceae, the stalk of the sporangium
is developed as an open tube, through which protoplasm
passes to form the young swelling sporangium ; later, the
walls of the stalk contract in folds, often enclosing refuse
matter (a probable exception in Physarum penetrale).

6 ENDOSPOREAE

KEY TO THE GENERA OF PHYSARACEAE.

_ A. Capillitium a coarse network charged with lime through-
out. (2) BADHAMIA

Fig. 10.—Badhamia utricularis Berk.

a. Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 34 times.

b. Fragment of capillitium and spore-cluster. Magnified
140 times.

B. Capillitium a network of slender threads with vesicular
expansions filled with lime-granules (lime-knots).
a. Sporangia combined into a convolute aethalium.
(4) FuLiIco

Fig. 11.—Fuligo septica Gmel.
a. Aethalium. One-third natural size.

b. Capillitium threads with lime-knots and two spores.
Magnified 120 times.

Ty Fee Nee

b. Sporangia single, scattered or aggregated.
Sporangia subglobose, lenticular, or in the form of plasmo-
diocarps ; capillitium without free hooked branches.
(3) PHYSARUM

Fig. 12.— Physarum nutans Pers.
a. Two sporangia. Magnified 9 times.

b. Capillitium threads, with lime-knots, attached to a
fragment of the sporangium-wall. Magnified 110
times.

Sporangia long, cylindrical, branching ; capillitium a close
elastic network, with minute lime-knots. (5) ERIONEMA

Fig. 13.—Erionema aureum Penzig.
a, Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 6 times.
b. Capillitium and spores. Magnified 140 times.

PHYSARACEAE Ff

Sporangia saucer-shaped on dark reddish stalks.
(6) TRICHAMPHORA

Fig. 14. Trichamphora pezizoidea Jungh.
a, Group of sporangia. Magnified 5} times.
6. Capillitium with two spores. Magnified 140 times.

Sporangia shortly cylindrical, tubular, stalked.
(7) PHYSARELLA

Fig. 15.—Physarella oblonga Morg.

Two sporangia, one perfect, the other dehiscing in
revolute lobes from the funnel-shaped columella.
Magnified 64 times.

Fig. 15.
Plasmodiocarps cylindrical, branching and anastomosing ;
capillitium with free hooked branches ; lime-knots taking the

form of vertical plates.
(8) CIENKOWSKIA

Fig. 16.—Cienkowskia reticulata Rost.
a. Part of branching plasmodiocarp. Magnified 4 times.

b. Capillitium threads and part of a perforated lime-plate.
Magnified 140 times.

Fig. 16.
Sporangia in the shape of a covered goblet, ovoid ; stalks
cartilaginous.

(9) CRATERIUM

Fig. 17.—Craterium minutum Fr.
a. ‘Two sporangia; in one the lid has fallen away.
nified 10 times.

6. Capillitium with lime-knots and two spores. Magnified
110 times.

8 ENDOSPOREAE

Sporangia ovoid, shining, clustered ; stalks membranous.
(10) LeocarPus

Fig. 18.—Leocarpus fragilis Rost.
a, Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 24 times.

b. Hyaline threads and a branching lime-knot of the
capillitium, with two spores. Magnified 120 times.

ATS

C. Capillitium without lime-knots.
Sporangium-wall opaque, smooth. (11) DipeRMA

Fig. 19.—Diderma testaceum Pers.

a, Group of three sporangia; in the upper one the double
wall is broken away in part and the columella exposed.
Magnified 9 times.

b. Portion of the outer and inner layers of the sporangium

wall, to the latter the capillitium threads are attached;
three spores. Magnified 170 times.

Fig. 19.
Sporangium-wall opaque, rough with numerous blunt peg-
like prominences.
(12) PHYSARINA

Fig. 20.—Physarina echinocephala von Hohnel.
a. Sporangia. Magnified 15 times.

b. Capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-
wall. Magnified 140 times.

Fig. 20.
Sporangium-wall hyaline, without lime.
(13) DIACcHEA

Fig. 21.—Diachea leucopoda Rost.

Two sporangia, one entire, the other deprived of
the spores and showing capillitium and columella.
Magnified 22 times.

Fig. 21,

BADHAMIA | PHYSARACEAE 9

Genus 2.—BADHAMIA Berkeley in Trans. Linn. Soc.,
xxi. 153 (1852). (Rev. C. D. Badham, M.D., 1806 to 1857,
a writer on fungi.) Sporangia stalked, sessile, or forming
plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall single, with included lime-
granules ; capillitium consisting of a coarse network charged
with granules of lime (sometimes constricted here and there
into narrow hyaline threads) ; spores clustered or free, warted,
reticulated, or nearly smooth. |

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BADHAMIA.

A. Spores clustered :—
_ a. Spores warted chiefly on one side—
a. Sporangia | to 1:5 mm. diam.—
* Lime in sporangia and capillitium white—
Plasmodium yellow; sporangia grey, clustered

or scattered, sessile or with membranous stalks.
1. B. capsulifera

Sporangia grey, with firm stalks.

2. B. papaveracea

Plasmodium white ; sporangia white, heaped.
3. B. populina

** Lime in sporangia and capillitium yellow.

8. B. nitens
B. Sporangia 0:3 to 0-5 mm. diam. ; capillitium white or
apricot-coloured. 9. B. versicolor
6. Spores equally warted all over. 4, B. utricularis

B. Spores not clustered :—

a. Sporangia yellow or orange—
Sporangia sessile. 10. B. decipiens
Sporangia stalked. 17. B. viridescens

b. Sporangia white or grey—

Sporangia globose, sessile or on short membranous
stalks ; spores violet-brown ; plasmodium orange.
5. B. foliicola
Sporangia globose, sessile; spores pale lavender-
grey, nearly smooth ; plasmodium yellowish-white.

6. B. alpina
Sporangia globose on long membranous stalks ; spores
nearly smooth, blackish. 7. B. magna

Sporangia subglobose, sessile or with firm yellow or
brown stalks; spores closely spinulose, dark
purple-brown. 11. B. macrocarpa

10 ENDOSPOREAE [BADHAMIA

Sporangia subglobose or discoid, sessile or stalked ;
stalks black, or black below, grey above ; spores
violet-brown. 12. B. affines

Sporangia subglobose, sessile, clustered; spores
violet-brown, nearly smooth ; plasmodium white.

13. B. panicea

c. Sporangia chalk-white, sessile, hemispherical or forming
plasmodiocarps ; spores smooth, ellipsoid.
14. B. ovispora

d. Sporangia flesh-coloured or purple-brown—
Sporangia sessile, without a true columella.
15. B. lilacina
Sporangia stalked, stalk continued into the sporan-
gium as a columella. 16. B. rubiginosa

1. B. capsulifera Berk. in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxi. 153 (1852)
(capsula a little case, fero I bear). Plasmodium chrome-
yellow. Sporangia more or less clustered, globose or pyriform,
usually sessile, 1 to 1-5 mm. diam., greyish-white ; sporangium-
wall hyaline, with lime-granules sparsely distributed. Stalk
when present membranous, straw-coloured, short. Capillitium
a network of flat bands with broad thin expansions at the
angles; lime-granules evenly but not densely distributed
throughout. Spores dark purple-brown, adhering in clusters
of 8 to 20, spinulose, more strongly warted on the outer surface
as they lie in the cluster, 11 to 13 4 diam.—Rost. Mon., 141.
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 40. Sphaerocarpus
capsulifer Bull. Champ. 139, t. 470, fig. 2 (1791). Physarum
hyalinum Pers. in Roemer, N. Mag. Bot., i. 88 (1794)? P.
cinereum Link in Berl. Mag., iii. 27 (1809)? P. capsuliferum
Chev. Fl. Par., 339 (1826). P. cancellatum Wallr. Fl. Crypt.
Germ., 351 (1833)? P. botryoides var. hyalinum Fr. Stirp.
Femsj. 83 (1827). Trichia capsulifer DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 254
(1805). Badhamia hyalina Berk.1.c.; Rost. Mon., 139; Lister
Mycetozoa, 30. B. varia Mass. Mon., 319 (1892) in part.

Var. repens G. Lister in Essex Nat., xviii. 319 (1918)
(creeping). Sporangia scattered, forming slender curved
plasmodiocarps.

Var. arborea G. Lister (arboreal, from the sporangia
appearing on living trees). Sporangia scattered, 0:3 to
0-5 mm. diam.; spores pale purplish-grey, 13 to 16 uw diam.,
globose or oval.

Pl. 3. a. sporangia; 6b. fragment of capillitium with a cluster of spores and one
free spore; c. spore (England),

This species usually forms small plasmodia. It is subject to considerable
variation in the shape of the sporangia, and the clustering and markings
of the spores. In some gatherings the spores are greyer and not so dark as

BADHAMIA | PHYSARACEAE 11

in the type, loosely adhering, and scarcely rougher on one side, not exceeding
10 to llp diam. All intermediate forms occur between this and the typical
form with its large and rather compact clusters of darker larger spores.
B. hyalina Berk. is described as differing from B. capsulifera in having
spherical instead of obovate sporangia, but as we not infrequently meet
with both spherical and pyriform sporangia intermixed the shape cannot
be accepted as distinctive. B. capsulifera is adopted as being the older
specific name. Possibly B. melanospora Speg. (in Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg.,
x, p. 150 (1880) ) with sessile sporangia and black spores clustered or free
measuring l5y, is a form of B. capsulifera, but in the absence of the type
this must remain uncertain. Prof. Macbride describes a form of B. capsuli-
fera, occurring in the State of lowa, having white aggregate, superimposed
sporangia, approaching B. populina in some respects (N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 41 (1922)).

The var. arborea has been obtained repeatedly in Aberdeenshire by the
Rev. W. Cran among moss and lichen on trunks of living trees, associated
with B. versicolor and B. affinis; the fragile upper part of the sporangium-
wall readily breaks away, leaving the flat base, which is thickened with
refuse matter, adhering to the substratum: it is an inconspicuous but
well marked form. The var. repens has been found by Mr. K. Minakata
in Japan, also on living trunks; possibly it is only a plasmodiocarp form
of var. arborea, but it has rather darker spores.

Hab. On bark of fir, oak, alder, &c., not unfrequent in England and
Scotland and widely distributed throughout Europe; it has also been
recorded from New South Wales and the State of Iowa.

2. B. papaveracea Berk. & Rav. in Grev., ii. 66 (1873)
(papaver poppy). Plasmodium? Sporangia subglobose,
greyish-white, nearly smooth, 0-7 to 1 mm. diam., shortly
stalked or sessile, gregarious ; sporangium-wall with scanty
deposits of lime. Stalk firm, dark brown, rarely straw-
coloured, 0-2 to 0-3 mm. high. Capillitium as in B. capsulifera.
Spores purple-brown, closely compacted in clusters of 6 to 10,
more strongly warted on the outer third, 10 to 13 » diam.—
Rost. Mon., App. 3; Mass. Mon., 323 (in part); Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 42. B. hyalina var. papaveracea
Lister Mycetozoa, 30 (1894).

Pl. 3. d. sporangia; e. two clusters of spores (New Jersey).

This species is closely allied to B. capsulifera and connected with it by
intermediate forms ; it is distinguished by the firmer stalks and the smaller
more compact spore-clusters.

Hab. On dead bark ; recorded from the eastern States of North America,
from New England to South Carolina and Iowa, and also from Japan.

3. B. populina Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 129 (1904)
(populus poplar). Plasmodium white or cream-white.
Sporangia white, rarely pale rose-coloured, subglobose or
ovoid, smooth, 1:5 mm. diam., sessile, heaped, or rarely
solitary on short yellowish-brown membranous stalks ;
sporangium-wall with abundant deposits of lime- granules.
Capillitium a coarse network of broad strands charged with
lime-granules, sometimes with a few hyaline connecting
threads. Spores 10 to 12 » diam., in clusters of 16 to 20 or

12 ENDOSPOREAE [BADHAMIA

more, purple-brown, minutely warted, the warting rather
stronger on one side ; they are usually marked by one or more
narrow ridges or bands.—Sturgis in Colorado Coll. Publ.,
Science Ser., xii.i. 11. Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 41.

Pl. 2. a. sporangia; 6. fragment of capillitium with two clusters of spores and two
free spores; c. spores (England).

This species is allied to B. capsulifera, but is distinguished by the heaped
white sporangia arising from white plasmodium, and by the spores being
usually banded. Amongst numerous gatherings made by Dr. Sturgis and
Mr. E. Bethel in Colorado, some sporangia have the dark banded spores
characteristic of the English and French specimens, while others have
paler spores with little or no banding; these pale-spored forms approach
very closely the paler-spored gatherings of B. capsulifera, typical examples
of which appear to be seldom met with in North America.

Hab. On fallen logs of Populus, Negundo, &c.; Essex, Yorks, France,
Moldavia, Colorado.

4. B. utricularis Berk. in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxi. 153
(1852) (utriculus a little bag). Plasmodium chrome-yellow.
Sporangia ovoid subglobose, free, or confluent and lobed,
0-5 to 1 mm. diam., usually clustered, cinereous, or iridescent-
violet, usually veined with white, sessile or on clustered often
long membranous straw-coloured branching stalks; spor-
angium-wall hyaline with sparsely distributed minute granules
of lime. Capillitium as in B. capsulifera. Spores bright
brown or violet-brown, adhering in loose clusters of 7 to 10,
spinulose, 9 to 12 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 142, figs. 110-112;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 39. Sphaerocarpus
utricularis Bull. Champ., ii. 128 (1791). Trichia coerulea
Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 229 (1797)? TZ. utricularis
DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 251 (1805). 7. rubiformis Purt., in Brit. Pl.
of Midl. Count., iii. 291, t. 37 (1821) non Pers. Physarum
ovoideum Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell., ii. 198 (1803). PP.
hyalinum B. chalybaeum Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 92 (1805).
P. botryoides Fr. Stirp. Femsj., 83 (1825). P. botrytes Somm.
Fl. Lapp., 242 (1826). Diderma papaverinum Wallr. FI.
Crypt. Germ., 375 (1833). Badhamia varia Mass. Mon., 319
(1892) in part.

Pl. 4. a. cluster of sporangia; 6b. fragment of capillitium with a cluster of spores
and three free spores; ¢. cluster of spores; d. spore (England).

This species differs from B. capsulifera in habitat, in having large plas-
modia commonly producing some thousands of sporangia, and in the spores
being brighter in colour and uniformly spinulose. In cultivations carried
on continuously for many years, the four varieties described in Rostafinski’s
Monograph have presented themselves. The capillitium varied both in
form and in the amount of lime it contained; in some the threads were
broad with wide expansions at the angles, in others they were narrow and
but little widened at the angles; in some the lime was abundant, in others
only a few scattered granules could be found. The degree of clustering of
the spores varied in different growths though all were cultivated from one
original gathering of plasmodium, but they were never free. In some

BADHAMIA | PHYSARACEAE 13

specimens in the Strasburg collection the spores show but slight indication
of clustering, in others this character is well marked. Sporangia developed
under abnormal conditions sometimes form into dark flattened netlike
plasmodiocarps, almost free from deposits of lime.

Hab. Plasmodium extensively creeping over the bark of fallen trees,
logs, &c., feeding on living leathery fungi, especially Sterewm hirsutum and
Polyporus versicolor, Abundant in England, especially in autumn and
winter ; apparently less common in other parts of the British Isles ; generally
distributed throughout Europe and the United States, occurring also in
Canada, South Africa, Queensland and New South Wales.

5. B. foliicola Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxv. 209 (1897)
(foliwm leaf, colo I inhabit). Plasmodium orange. Sporangia
subglobose, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., iridescent-grey, sessile and
crowded, or standing singly on slender pale yellowish-brown
stalks 0:2 to 0-5 mm. long. Capillitium a network of slender
strands with white lime-deposits. Spores free, sometimes
showing a slight tendency to adhere in loose clusters, violet-
brown, minutely spinulose, 8 to 11 » diam.—Torrend Flore
des Myxomycétes, 210 (1909); Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 39.

Pl. 11. a. sporangia; 0b. capillitium and spores; c. spore (England)

This species is not infrequent in this country, where it sometimes occurs
in great profusion on turf, on heaps of old straw or dead leaves, or on twigs.
From B. utricularis, to which it is very closely allied, it is distinguished by
the short stalks, the free and minutely spinulose spores, and by the difference
of habitat; from B. panicea it differs in having orange plasmodium and
rather rougher spores. The description of B. microcarpa Schroet. (in
Cohn Krypt. Fl. Schlesien, iii, pt. i. 131, 1889) would apply to B. foliicola
except that the spores are given as measuring only 7:5 to 9; in the absence
of the type, however, we cannot be sure that this reference is correct.

Hab. On turf, straw, dead leaves and twigs.—England, Scotland,
Ulster, France, Germany, Switzerland, Roumania, Portugal, South Aus-
tralia.

6. B. alpina G. Lister in Journ. Bot., li. 99 (1914).
Plasmodium yellowish-white or pale yellow. Sporangia
scattered or clustered, sessile, subglobose or hemispherical on
a broad base, 0-5 to 0-9 mm. diam., grey or iridescent, usually
seated on a dark hypothallus. Capillitium a close network of
slender tubes enclosing scanty deposits of lime. Spores free,
greyish lilac, almost smooth or very minutely warted, 10 to
12 » diam.

This alpine species differs from B. foliicola, which it closely resembles,
in the pale colour of the plasmodium, the more hemispherical sporangia,
and the paler smoother spores.

Hab. On dead twigs, on and within the old hollow scapes of Cirsiwm,

Veratrum, &c.; apparently not uncommon on the Swiss alps; also found
on high ground in Jamtland, Sweden.

7. B. magna Peck in Rep. New York Mus., xxxi. 57 (1879)
(large). Plasmodium? Sporangia globose, 1 mm. diam.,
violet-grey, iridescent, clustered on long membranous yellowish

14 ENDOSPOREAE [BADHAMIA

slender branching stalks 4 mm. long or more ; sporangium-
wall with scanty deposits of lime. Capillitium as in B.
capsulifera Berk. Spores purplish-black, very minutely
spinulose, with a paler smoother area of dehiscence, not
clustered, 9 to 10 w diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 38. Dictydium magnum Peck l.c., xxiv. 84 (1872).
B. varia Mass. Mon., 319 (1892) (in part).

Pl. 9. a. sporangia (Vermont, N. York; Peck’s type); 0. spores.

The typical forms of this species with very dark, almost smooth and free
spores appears to have been recorded only from the United States ; speci-
mens having rather rougher and slightly clustered spores occur and merge
into B. utricularis, of which B. magna is hardly more than a variety.

Hab. On dead wood.—New England, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Colorado.

8. B. nitens Berk. in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxi. 153 (1852)
(shining). Plasmodium yellow. Sporangia sessile, subglobose,
gregarious or clustered, about 1 mm. diam., sometimes forming
plasmodiocarps, orange, yellow, or greenish with yellow warts
and ridges; sporangium-wall membranous, with included
clusters of yellow lime-granules. Capillitium yellow or orange,
a coarse network of rugged bands, rarely with a few short
hyaline threads connecting branched lime-knots ; deposits of
lime usually dense, sometimes scanty. Spores purple-brown,
in close clusters of 6 to 10, minutely spinulose, coarsely
warted on the outer third, 10 to 13 » diam.—Rost. Mon.,
App. 3; Mass. Mon., 324. Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 34. B. pallida Berk. l.c. B. inaurata Currey in Trans.
Linn. Soc., xxiv. 156 (1863).

Var. reticulata G. Lister in Trans. Br. Myc. Soc., v. 71
(1914) (forming a net). Sporangia forming simple or branched
plasmodiocarps ; spores often less strongly crowned with
warts, and less closely clustered.—B. Alexandrowiczii Rost.
Mon., 146 (1875). B. decipiens Lister Mycetozoa, 32
(1894), in part. Didymium reticulatum Berk. & Br. in Journ.
Linn. Soc., xv. 83 (1876). Lepidoderma reticulatum Mass.
Mon., 252 (1892).

Pl. 5. a, b. sporangia; c. capillitium attached to fragment of sporangium-wall and
three clusters of spores; d. spore (England).

Examination of the type specimens of B. nitens and B. pallida from
East Bergholt, Essex (Kew 1218, 1235), and of B. inaurata from Carlisle
(B.M. 151) shows that they are all the same species, with yellow sporangium-
walls and closely clustered spores coarsely warted on one side.

Hab. On dead wood and leathery fungi; var. reticulata amongst moss
on the trunks of living trees. Not common, but widely distributed in
England ; appearing chiefly in winter. Recorded also from N. Ireland,
France, Germany, Austria, South Africa, Japan, and the States of Oregon
and Colorado: var. reticulata recorded from England, Holstein, Poland,
Ceylon, Japan, Antigua, Dominica.

9. B. versicolor Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxix. 81, tab. 419,
fig. 2 (1901) (particoloured). Plasmodium hyaline. Sporangia

BADHAMIA | PHYSARACEAE | 15

subglobose, sessile, minute, 0-3 to 0-5 mm. diam., scattered or
in small clusters, grey or flesh-coloured, somewhat rugose ;
sporangium-wall membranous with scanty deposits of lime-
granules. Capillitium a network of broad or narrow strands
charged throughout with lime-granules, white or apricot-
coloured. Spores ovoid, 10 x 8 to 12 x 9 yp, arranged in
clusters of 10 to 40, forming hollow spheres, dull purple and
minutely warted at the broad end, nearly colourless and
smooth elsewhere.—Sturgis in Colorado Coll. Publ., Sc. Ser.,
xii. 13 (1907) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 33.

Pl. 6, a. sporangia; b. capillitium and clusters of spores with some free spores;
e. spore (Scotland).

This minute species appears to be allied on the one hand to B. capsulifera,
and on the other to B. nitens.

Hab. On moss and lichen on trunks of living and dead trees ; appearing
regularly in Aberdeenshire from summer to winter: recorded also from
Cornwall, from Brandenburg and near Berlin in Germany, from Canton
Vaud in Switzerland, from the United Provinces, India, and from Ottawa
and Colorado.

10. B. decipiens Berk. in Grev., ii. 66 (1873) (deceiving).
Plasmodium yellow ? Sporangia sessile, subglobose, or form-
ing curved plasmodiocarps 0-3 to 0-7 mm. diam., scattered,
rugose or nearly smooth, yellow or orange ; sporangium-wall
membranous with included clusters of yellow lime-granules.
Columella none. Capillitium yellow or pale orange, a coarse
network densely charged throughout with lime-granules, or
formed of large angular and branching lime-knots with few
connecting hyaline threads. Spores free, violet-brown,
spinulose, often rather paler and smoother on one side, 10 to
13 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 34. Phy-
sarum decipiens Curt. in Am. Journ. Sc., vi. 352 (1848).
P. chrysotrichum Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ii. 66 (1873). Bad-
hamia chrysotricha Rost. Mon., App. 4 (1876).

Pl. 7. a. sporangia (South Carolina; legit Curtis); 6. capillitium and spores with
fragment of sporangium-wall; ¢. spore.

A portion of the type from South Carolina in the British Museum (B.M.
994) has little left for identification, yet some spores and a fragment of
sporangium-wall which were scraped off are identical with a good specimen
in the Strasb. Herb. sent by Prof. Farlow from Curtis’s original gathering.
B. decipiens is distinguished from B. nitens by having free spores. From
Physarum auriscalpium Cke., the stouter forms of which it closely resembles,
the present species differs in the absence of a stalk, in the more complete
Badhamia character of the capillitium, and usually in the darker spores,
MM. Pavillard and Lagarde describe the young sporangia as being first
milk-white, then saffron-yellow, and intense green from the purple spores
showing through the moist walls; finally, when dry, the sporangia assume
an orange-yellow colour (see Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr., xix. 87 (1903)).

Hab. On dead wood and living trees. Recorded from Yorkshire, Aber-
deenshire, Sweden, France, Germany, and from New England to Colorado.

16 ENDOSPOREAE [BADHAMIA

11. B. macrocarpa Rost. Mon., 143, figs. 118, 120, 121
(1875) (paxpds large, xaprds fruit). Plasmodium white.*
Sporangia sessile or stalked, subglobose, scattered, or united
in small clusters, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., white, rugose ; spor-
angium-wall membranous, varying in the amount of included
lime-deposits. Stalk when present firm, about 0:7 mm. long,
0:03 to 0-1 mm. diam., furrowed, yellow or brown with
included refuse matter. Capillitium an irregular network of
tubes charged throughout with granules of lime, with a few
short connecting threads. Spores thick-walled, dark purple-
brown, minutely and closely spinulose, 11 to 15 p» diam.—
Mass. Mon., 317; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 37.
Physarum macrocarpon Ces. in Rabenh. Fungi Eur., no. 1968
(1854), and in Flora, xxxviii. 271 (1855).

Var. gracilis Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, l.c. (slender).
Stalks slender, straw-coloured. Sporangia often umbilicate
beneath.

Pl. 8. a. sporangia ; 6b. capillitium and spores; ec. spore (England).

The var. gracilis has been recognized for a number of years, but the name
does not appear to have been published until recently. Prof. Macbride
refers to it as follows: ‘ Prof. Bethel finds [the typical form] in winter
everywhere on fallen rotting stems of Opuntia and on the bases of dead
Yucca leaves still attached. Associated with the typical phase and often
occurring alone on the Yucca leaves is a discoidal form which when first
sent in (1908) was called var. gracilis. Presented alone to one ignorant of
its associations it would surely pass for a distinct species. This stalked
phase is very delicate ; the stipe pale brown or yellow.’

Hab. On dead wood, frequent in Britain in autumn and winter. Not
uncommon throughout Europe and the United States ; recorded also from
Japan: var. gracilis has been found in the West Indies, and the States of
Arizona, Colorado, and California.

12. B. affinis Rost. Mon., 143 (1873) (related). Plas-
modium whitish then cream-coloured. Sporangia scattered
or loosely clustered, hemispherical, somewhat depressed,
flattened or umbilicate beneath, about 0-5 mm. diam.,
greyish-white, smooth or rugulose, stalked or sessile. Stalks
from 0-1 to 0:7 mm. long, black, or black below and white
above, furrowed. Capillitium a network of tubes containing
white lime-granules. Spores violet-brown, closely and min-
utely spinulose, 10 to 15 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 35.

Var. orbiculata G. Lister (circular). Sporangia discoid,
often concave above, or forming flattened plasmodiocarps ;
capillitium usually consisting of almost simple rod-like tubes.
—B. orbiculata Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. (1893), 372 ;
Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 37; Macbride l.c. 37.

Pl. 8. d. sporangia; e. f. spores.

* Constantineanu describes the colour of the plasmodium as yellow
(Ann. Mye. iv. 512 (1906)).

BADHAMIA | PHYSARACEAE 17

The type specimen from Chili appears to be lost; Prof. Macbride, how-
ever, finds North American gatherings agreeing so perfectly with Rostafin-
ski’s description that he has felt justified in naming them B. affinis. A
series of gatherings made by Mr. Kumagusu Minakata in Japan shows
every gradation between typical hemispherical sporangia and the flat
discoid sporangia of var. orbiculata, which is probably the commoner form.
Mr. A. R. Sanderson, writing from Petaling, Fed. Malay States, describes
var. orbiculata as being ‘abundant on the wet side of coco-nut palms’.

Hab. On moss and bark on dead and living trees, Cornwall, Aberdeen-
shire, South Africa, Japan, Malay Peninsula, the United States and West
Indies: var. orbiculata Malaya, Japan, the United States, and Antigua.

13. B. panicea Rost. in Fuckel Symb. Myc., Nachtr. ii.
71 (1873) (made of bread, from the appearance of the
sporangia after the spores are shed). Plasmodium white.
Sporangia subglobose, 0:4 to 1:2 mm. diam., scattered, or
closely aggregated and angled by mutual pressure, white or
cinereous, sessile, seated on a dark red hypothallus, rarely
with a short dark-red stalk ; sporangium-wall membranous,
with included deposits of lime-granules in dense clusters
forming raised warts or veins. Capillitium white, a profuse
network of broad or narrow tubes, charged with granules of
lime, often densely confluent at the base and forming an
ivory-white columella, sometimes with a few hyaline con-
necting threads. Spores violet-brown, very minutely warted,
11 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 144, figs. 114, 116 ; Mass. Mon., 318 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 35. Physarwm paniceum
Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 141 (1829). Badhamia verna Rost. l.c.
145, in part. Reticularia Schmitzii Debey in Verh. Nat. Hist.
Ver. Preuss. Rheinl., ii. figs. 1-4 (1847).

Var. heterospora G. Lister (Gr. different spore). Spores
darker, purplish-brown, paler on one side.

Pl. 10. a. sporangia; 0. capillitium and spores; c. spore (England).

When the sporangia are shortly stalked, this species shows a marked
affinity to Physarum pusillum (q.v.). The hypothallus is usually dark red,
but is sometimes pale yellow. The specimen from Freiburg named by
Rostafinski B. verna (B.M. 1189) appears to be a form of B. panicea with
scanty lime. The var. heterospora has been found repeatedly in the
State of Colorado.

Hab. On bark and dead wood, frequent in the British Isles, Europe and
the United States ; recorded also from Argentina.

14. B. ovispora Racib. in Rozpr. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Krak.,
xii. 72, tab. 4, fig. 2 (1884) (ovwm egg, oropa spore). Plas-
modium ? Sporangia white or pale ochraceous, smooth or
rugose, hemispherical, 0-5 mm. diam., or forming irregular
and often branching plasmodiocarps, crowded or scattered,
sometimes seated on a dark-red hypothallus ; sporangium-
wall thick but friable from the dense deposits of lime-granules.
Capillitium white, fragile, consisting of an irregular network
of tubes filled with loosely adhering lime-granules, often
uniting to form a columella at the base of the sporangium.

C

18 ENDOSPOREAE [BADHAMIA

Spores free, purple-brown, ellipsoid, 10 x 8 to 16 x 10 ua,

smooth, traversed lengthwise by a low ridge or fold marking

the line of dehiscence.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 33.
Pl. 12. a. sporangia; 0b. capillitium and spores; c. spore (Bedfordshire).

This minute species has been found repeatedly, and in some years very
abundantly, on heaps of old straw during the months of August and Septem-
ber in the counties of Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire since 1897, when
the first British gathering was made by Mr. James Saunders. It has twice
appeared on rabbit pellets, in cultures made by Dr. Jahn, in the Botanical
Institute, Berlin; Dr. W. C. Sturgis writes of its occurring on a culture of
old straw, from the State of Massachusetts. :

Hab. On dead wood lying on the edge of water, on old straw and rabbit
pellets ; not common. Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire ; Triglitz and near
Berlin, Germany; Poland; New England and Pennsylvania.

15. B. lilacina Rost. Versuch., 10 (1873). (Mod. L. lilac).
Plasmodium bright yellow. Sporangia subglobose, about
0-5 mm. diam., sessile, rarely shortly stalked, gregarious, or
crowded and angled by mutual pressure, smooth, flesh-colour
or whitish ; sporangium-wall opaque from included deposits
of lime. Capillitium flesh-coloured or nearly white, a rugged
network with large nodes of irregular shape densely charged
with lime-granules, and with a few hyaline connecting threads,
often confluent in the centre and forming a pseudo-columella.
Spores dark purple-brown, more or less reticulated with
prominent, often confluent warts and ridges, 10 to 15 » diam.
—Rost. Mon., 145, figs. 108, 109; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 42. Physarum lilacinum Fr. Syst. Myce., iii. 141
(1829). P. concinnum Mass. Mon., 308 (1892). Craterium
lilacinum Mass. l|.c. 271.

Pl. 13. a. sporangia; 0. capillitium and spores; ¢. spore (Pilmoor, Yorks).

Prof. Macbride describes this species as common in the eastern U.S.A.
In Britain it appears to be less frequent, though the small pink sporangia
when maturing among grass and Sphagnum may easily escape detection.

Hab. On dead wood, moss and lichen in swampy places, appearing in
Britain in autumn; not common: Bedfordshire, Yorkshire, Shropshire,
N. Wales, Scotland, France, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, North America.

16. B. rubiginosa Rost. Mon., App. 5, fig. 115 (1876)
(rusty). Plasmodium bright yellow. Sporangia scattered and
in loose clusters, obovoid, stalked, rarely sessile, 0-5 mm.
broad, pale rufous or purplish-brown, usually paler above,
the upper part of the wall breaking away in fragments from
the more persistent lower part; sporangium-wall purplish,
membranous, more or less charged with granules of lime.
Stalk cylindrical or widening at the base, usually about the
length of the sporangium, smooth, reddish-brown, continued
within the sporangium to more than half its height as a pale
clavate or cylindrical columella, often containing calcareous
nodules. Capillitium a white or pale rufous rugged network,

BADHAMIA | PHYSARACEAE 19

usually densely charged with lime-granules, spreading from
all parts of the columella to the sporangium-wall, sometimes
with a few hyaline connecting threads. Spores dark purplish-
brown, minutely spinulose, 11 to 15 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 43. Physarum rubiginosum Chev. FI.
- Par., 338 (1826). Scyphiwm rubiginosum Rost. Mon., 148
(1875). Craterium rubiginosum Mass. Mon., 270 (1892).
Didymium Curtis Berk. in Grev., ii. 65 (1873). Badhamia
Curtistt Rost. Mon., App. 5 (1876). B. subaquila Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, 64 (1899). Craterium Curtisii Mass. l.c. 272.
Craterium obovatum Beck in Rep. New York Mus., xxvi. 75
(1874). |

Var.dictyospora Lister Mycetozoa, 35 (1894) (8/crvov net, copa
spore). Sporangia obovoid ; spores marked with prominent
often confluent. warts forming a broken reticulation.—
Badhamia dictyospora Rost. l.c. 4. Craterium dictyospermum
Mass. l.c. 270.

Var. globosa Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 130 (1904). Spor-
angia subglobose, 0-7 mm. diam., purplish-grey ; stalk dark
brown, 0:5 to 1 mm. long; columella dark brown, clavate ;
spores strongly reticulated and warted.—Diderma Hookeri
Berk. in Fl. Nov. Zel., 191 (1855) ? Lamproderma Hookeri
Rost. Mon., App. 24 (1876) ? Diachaea Hookeri Mass. 1|.c. 260.
Chondrioderma Hooker: Lister Mycetozoa, 85 (1894) ?

Pi. 14. a. sporangia; &. spore (Philadelphia); ¢. sporangia of var. dictyospora;
d, e. capillitium and spores of same (Epping Forest); . sporangia of var. globosa ;
g. spore of same (N. Wales).

Although this species is not very common in Britain, the sporangia
usually occur in large colonies. The type of Didymiwm Curtisii Berk. from
South Carolina (B.M. 406) differs from typical B. rubiginosa only in being
sessile or shortly stalked. The type of B. subaquila Macbr. from Maine
(B.M. 3184) is similar, but has completely sessile sporangia on a stout
purplish hypothallus; in both British and American gatherings of B.
rubiginosa, however, the length of the stalk is subject to great variation,
and the sessile character alone would not appear to constitute a specific
difference. The typical form of the present species with minutely spinulose
spores is very abundant in the United States, but does not appear to be
common in Europe, and has not yet been obtained from the British Isles.
The var. globosa has been obtained from various parts of England, from
Wales, and Ireland, always occurring on moss and ferns growing on wet
rocks. The resemblance which these gatherings bear to the unsatisfactory
type of Diderma Hookeri Berk. (K. 1559), from New Zealand, is very
striking. In the latter specimen the sporangia are studded over the leaves
of a species of Hymenophyllum, and were evidently much weathered at the
time of collection ; hardly any spores remain, and even these may possibly
have been introduced from external sources; the few slender bases of
capillitium threads springing from the stout columella strongly resemble
those about the columella of B. rubiginosa var. globosa, in some forms of
which the capillitium is often very slender and contains little or no lime.
Although complete proof of the identity of Diderma Hookeri and B. rubi-
ginosa var. globosa cannot perhaps now be obtained, the probability that
they are the same form is strong. (See Journ. Bot., xliii. 151 (1905).)

C2

20 . ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

Hab. On fallen leaves and brushwood in autumn and winter; var.
globosa on moss on rocks. The typical form has been recorded from France,
Germany, Moldavia, and the United States and Canada: var. dictyospora,
England, France, Germany, Portugal, South Africa, Japan: var. globosa,
Great Britain and Ireland, Holstein, Sandwich Islands.

17. B. viridescens Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat.,
lili. 452 (1921) (becoming green). Plasmodium yellow.
Sporangia scattered or loosely clustered, stalked, subglobose,
0-5 to 0:8 mm. diam., yellow, or grey with a yellow base,
rugulose ; sporangium-wall closely spotted and veined with
deposits of lime-granules, thicker and orange-yellow near the
base. Stalk yellow, or yellowish-red, sulcate, free from
refuse deposits, 0-1 to 0-3 mm. high. Capillitium a network
of tubes enclosing pale yellow or white lime-granules, with
a few connecting hyaline threads. Spores pale -brownish-
violet, very minutely warted, 9 to 13 pw diam.

This species closely resembles the form of Crateriwm aureum with globose
sporangia, from which it differs in the character of the capillitium and the
larger paler spores. Mr. Ch. Meylan has found it in several localities in the
Jura Mts. at an altitude of from 700 to 1,200 metres.

Hab. On lichen and bark on fallen branches, in summer and autumn.
Cawdor, Scotland; Jura Mountains.

Genus 3.—PHYSARUM Persoon in Usteri Ann. Bot.,
xv. 5 (1795) (dioca bubble, from the appearance of the
sporangium). Sporangia stalked, sessile or forming plas-
modiocarps ; sporangium-wall either single, or consisting of
two more or less separable layers, with deposits of minute
rounded lime-granules distributed in loose or dense clusters
or compacted into a crust. Stalk membranous, tubular (except
in P. penetrale in which the stalk is solid and translucent),
wrinkled with longitudinal folds, either translucent, or opaque
with deposits of lime or refuse matter in the wall-substance
or in the cavity of the tube. Capillitium forming a network of
hyaline threads with vesicular expansions containing calcare-
ous deposits (lime-knots), occasionally, in weak forms, without
such deposits.

The genus 7'lmadoche is described by Rostafinski (Mon., 126) as differing
from Physarum in the capillitium forking repeatedly at a narrow angle, :
and being provided with few and small lime-knots. These characters are
too inconstant to be of value in classification. In P. nutans Pers. which
from its abundance affords ample facility for study, we not infrequently
observe in a growth from one plasmodium some sporangia with capillitium
characteristic of Physarwm and others of 7Tilmadoche. For these reasons
the genus 7%ilmadoche is not retained,

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 21

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHYSARUM.

A. Sporangia stalked (occasional sessile forms) :—
A. Stalks charged with lime throughout—
a. Capillitium lax—
Stalk white; sporangia grey; lime-knots large
white ; columella none. 1. P. leucopus

Stalk white, rarely yellow or rufous; sporangia
tawny, globose ; columella conical.
2. P. melleum

Stalk white or yellow ; sporangia sulphur- or olive-

yellow ; columella none. 3. P. sulphureum
Stalk and sporangium yellow or orange ; columella
large, hemispherical. 4. P. luteo-album

6. Capillitium dense, persistent—

Stalk white, or brownish below ; sporangium white ;
lime-knots small, white. 5. P. globuliferum

Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots red.
6. P. pulcherripes

Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots mouse-brown.
7. P. murinum

Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots purple.
8. P. pulcherromum

Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots lilac or pale blue.
9. P. lilacinum

Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots yellow ; robust.
10. P. citrinum

Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots straw-coloured,

slender. ll. P. tenerum
Stalk and sporangium white; capillitium with a
central ball of lime. 12. P. columbinum

Stalk ochraceous, often absent ; sporangium white,
ovoid or cylindrical, with a long pseudo-columella,
or forming plasmodiocarps ; lime-knots white.

13. P. mutabile

B. Stalks without lime, or with deposits in the wall only—
(See also 13).

a. Lime-knots purple-red ; sporangium rose-red.

14. P. rosewm
8. Lime-knots and sporangium violet-purple.

15. P. Newtons
y. Lime-knots orange ; sporangium glossy, mottled blue
and red ; stalk red or orange. 16. P. psittacinum

22 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

6. Lime-knots orange ; sporangium bronze ; stalk black ;
spores reticulated. 17. P. dictyospermum

«. Lime-knots yellow or orange; sporangia yellow,
orange, or grey—

Sporangia subglobose or lenticular, on usually slender
stalks; lime-knots fusiform, rarely angular ;

spores pale. 18. P. viride
Sporangia lenticular, with rod-like lime-knots, and
purplish-brown spores. 19. P. rigidum

Sporangia contorted, stalked, usually adhering in
clusters ; capillitium lax ; lime-knots fusiform.

20. P. polycephalum

Sporangia subglobose, yellow or iridescent bronze ;

stalks red-brown ; capillitium dense, persistent ;

lime-knots angular, small. 21. P. flavicomum
Sporangia globose on slender yellow stalks; lime-
knots angular. 22. P. galbeum

Sporangia subglobose or obovoid, yellow with a
reddish base ; lime-knots angular, large.
23. P. Maydis

Sporangia subglobose, orange ; stalks brown, short
or absent ; lime-knots large and branching.
24. P. auriscalprum

Sporangia subglobose, pale yellow; stalks when

present membranous. 25. P. fuluum
Stalk red, solid, penetrating the sporangium for four-
fifths of its height. 26. P. penetrale

¢. Lime-knots white, sporangia yellow or brown—

Sporangia subglobose, yellow, rugose ; stalks red.
27. P. citrinellum

Sporangia subglobose, pale yellow; stalks flesh-

coloured. 28. P. carneum
Sporangia brown, smooth, shining; stalks when
present red. 29. P. brunneolum

y. Lime-knots white ; sporangia grey or white—
* Stalk free from refuse matter—
Stalk straw-coloured ; sporangium globose ; capilli-
tium with a central ball of lime. 30. P. nucleatum
Stalk straw-coloured, slender ; sporangia compressed ;
spores marked with patches of warts.

31. P. straminipes

Stalk red-brown ; sporangia globose, white.
32. P. pusillum

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 23

Stalk white, membranous, short, or absent; spor-
angia ovoid, or subglobose (and then sessile).
33. P. didermoides
** Stalk containing refuse matter—
Stalk buff, black, or white, often absent ; sporangia
subglobose ; spores brownish-violet.
34. P. nutans
Stalk white or yellowish, sporangia discoid, often
umbilicate above, spores brownish-violet.
35. P. javanicum
Stalk black, or black below, white above ; sporangia
ovoid or subglobose, usually with a long columella ;
spores dull lilac. 36. P. crateriforme
Stalk black, buff, or white, stout ; sporangia com-
pressed, often lobed ; lime-knots rounded ; spores
dark purple-brown. 37. P. compressum
Stalk brown or white ; sporangia subglobose ; lime-
knots angular ; spores dark purple-brown.
38. P. connatum
Stalk black ; sporangia subglobose or discoid ; spores
nearly black with a paler spot.
39. P. melanospermum

Stalk yellowish or dark, slender; sporangia com-
pressed and lobed, often clustered (smaller than
P. compressum, to which it is very nearly allied).

40. P. reniforme

B. Sporangia sessile, never stalked :—(For occasional sessile
forms, See 13, 24, 25, 29, 31, 33, 34, 37.)
A. Lime-knots white—
a. Sporangium-wall single—

Sporangia subglobose or forming plasmodiocarps,
white or grey ; spores pale brownish-violet, 7-10 »
diam. 41. P. conerewm

Sporangia subglobose, dark grey, heaped, the walls
usually with scanty or no lime deposits, spores
brownish-violet, 10—11 » diam.

42. P. confertum

Sporangia subglobose or forming plasmodiocarps ;
white, or grey, spores purplish-brown, 9-11 diam.

43. P. vernum

Sporangia white, forming plasmodiocarps ; spores
purplish-brown marked with a pale line, often
oval. 44, P. ovisporum

Sporangia yellow, white, or orange, forming plasmo-
diocarps ; lime-knots rounded. 45, P. sessile

24 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

Sporangia much compressed, forming rosettes or net-
like plasmodiocarps ; lime-knots fusiform.
46. P. gyrosum
Sporangia small, crowded, chestnut-brown.

47. P. Famintzini
b. Sporangium-wall double—
* Sporangia scattered, forming plasmodiocarps—

Plasmodiocarps sinuous, much compressed, white ;
spores marked with strong ridges and _ spines,
brownish-purple. 48. P. echinosporum

Plasmodiocarps sinuous, much compressed, white or
buff ; inner wall fragile, colourless ; spores purple-
brown, spinulose. 49. P. sinuosum

Plasmodiocarps sinuous, buff or brown, marked with
pale lines of dehiscence ;_ spores pale brownish-
violet, nearly smooth. 50. P. bogoriense

Plasmodiocarps white, usually compressed ; inner
wall purplish, persistent ; spores dark purplish-
brown, spinulose. 51. P. bitectum

** Sporangia crowded, reniform or subglobose—
Sporangia white, subglobose, outer wall shell-like.
52. P. testaceum

Sporangia yellow ; spores dark, rough, 10-14 p.

53. P. contextum

Sporangia yellow; spores pale, nearly smooth,
8-10 p. 54. P. conglomeratum

B. Lime-knots yellow, red, or brown—

Slender plasmodiocarps and large branching lime-
knots yellow. 55. P. Serpula

Plasmodiocarps and lime-knots brown.

56. P. aeneum

Sporangia red or brownish-buff ; lime-knots large,
angular, orange-red or red-brown.

57. P. rubiginosum

Sporangia red; lime-knots rounded, yellow, often
with red centres. 58. P. lateritiwm

Sporangia yellow or orange, with single walls ; lime-
knots angular, yellow. 59. P. virescens

Sporangia clay-coloured, subcylindrical, clustered ;
lime-knots clay-coloured. 60. P. digitatum

Plasmodiocarps stout, yellow or buff, with double
walls ; lime-knots large, yellow, angular.

61. P. alpinum

1. P. leucopus Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., iii. 27 (1809)

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 25

(Aevxds White, zovs foot). Plasmodium opaque-white or
yellowish. ‘Total height about 1 mm. Sporangia globose,
greyish-white or glaucous, 0-5 mm. diam., loosely clustered,
stalked, rarely almost sessile ; sporangium-wall membranous,
containing scattered or clustered lime-granules. Stalk white,
stout, 0-15 to 0-2 mm. thick, with a few shallow longitudinal
furrows, erect, rigid, brittle, somewhat narrowing upwards,
chalk-white in section to the base from the enclosed lime-
granules, rising from a more or less developed white hypo-
thallus. Columella none. Capillitium consisting of delicate
branching hyaline threads connecting large irregular white
lime-knots; lime-granules 1 to 1-5, diam. Spores violet-
brown, minutely spinulose, 7 to 10 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 101;
Mass. Mon., 287 (in part); Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2,79. P. bullatum Link |.c.; Ditm.in Sturm Deutsch. FI1.,
Pilze, 45, t. 22. Didymium leucopus Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 121
(1829).

Pl. 15.—a. sporangia; 0. capillitium with fragment of sporangium-wall and spores
c. spore (England).

The stout white stalk distinguishes P. leucopus from P. nutans, where
the stalk almost always contains dark refuse matter, while the loose network
of the capillitium and large lime-knots separate it from P. globuliferum.
Sporangia sometimes occur having more slender buff or pale brown stalks
in company with others having the usual white colour.

Hab. On dead leaves, in autumn and winter, not common. Recorded
from Hertfordshire, Sussex, Dorset, Devon, Somerset, Shropshire and
Yorkshire in the British Isles ; from France, Germany, Sweden, Switzer-
land, Roumania and Portugal; from several of the United States, from
New Granada, and from Java.

2. P. melleum Mass. Mon., 278 (1892) (mel honey). Plas-
modium yellow. Total height 0°83 mm. Sporangia globose,
stalked, erect, yellow or brownish-yellow, 0-5 mm. diam. ;
sporangium-wall membranous, often wrinkled, persistent at
the base, yellowish, with deposits of minute yellow lime-
granules. Stalk white, buff, yellow, or rufous, stout, opaque,
with few shallow furrows, chalky in section. Columella short,
conical. Capillitium consisting of irregularly-branching deli-
cate hyaline threads, often expanded at the axils, with lime-
knots white or yellow, various in shape and size, mostly large
and angled. Spores violet-brown, almost smooth, 7 to 10
diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 65. Didymiwm
melleum Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv. 83 (1873).
Physarum Schumacheri, var. 8 mellewm Rost. Mon., App. 7
(1876). P. Kalchbrenneri Mass. l.c. 297. P. rubropunctatum
Pat. in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr., ix. 143 (1893)? P. tucwmanense
Speg. in Rev. Agr. Veter. la Plata (1896), 237 2% Didymium
chrysopeplum Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ii. 53 (1873). Cytidiwm
melleum Morg.in Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix. 11 (1896).

Pl. 23.—a. sporangia; 0. capillitium and spores; ec. spore (Philadelphia).

26 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

The form of this species with yellow stalks closely resembles P. citrinum
Schum., but differs in the loose fragile network of the capillitium and the
large angular lime-knots.

Hab. On dead wood. In Europe recorded from Portugal, Bohemia and
Moldavia ; not uncommon in the United States, and abundant throughout
the tropics ; recorded also from South Africa, 8. Australia, and Japan.

3. P. sulphureum Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 93, tab. 6,
fig. 1 (1805). Plasmodium ? Sporangia subglobose or pyriform,
rugulose, sulphur- or olive-yellow, gregarious, 0-5 to 0:8 mm.
diam., stalked ; sporangium-wall membranous, with crowded
clusters of yellow lime-granules. Stalk stout, white, dirty
white, yellowish or yellowish-brown, 0-1 to 0-3 mm. high,
furrowed, densely charged with lime within. Columella none.
Capillitium with abundant large, irregular, often branching
and confluent white or yellow lime-knots, and rather short
connecting threads. Spores violet-brown, spinulose, 9 to lly
diam.—Rost. Mon., 101; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed.
2,84. P. flavum Fr. Symb. Gast., 22 (1818); Rost. l.c. 100.
P. lepidodermoides Blytt in Bidr. Norg. Sop., ii. 4 (1892).
P. variabile Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. (1893), 371.
Craterium flavum Fr. Sum. Veg. Scan., 454 (1849).

Pl. 65.—a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporangium-wall ;
a a (Sweden). Pl. 21.--a. sporangia; 0b. capillitium and spores; c. spore (New

Specimens gathered by Dr. R. E. Fries from near Upsala correspond
exactly with the illustration of the type in Consp. Fung., l.c. The graphic
description of P. flavum Fr., with its rugose but glossy (glaberrima) yellow
sporangia and short yellowish-white furrowed stalks, applies well to the
present species. In Systema Mycologicum, p. 135, Fries places P. flavum
next after P. sulphureum; the distinctions he makes between the two
species are the bright yellow rather than sulphur-coloured sporangia and
yellow not white stalks of P. flavum; sporangia showing varying shades of
brightness, with white or yellowish stalks, may however occur in a single
group of P. sulphureum. The type of P. lepidodermoidzs Blytt from Rollag,
Telemarken, on moss (B.M. slide), has subglobose stalked sporangia, 0-7 to
0-8 mm. diam.; the sporangium-wall breaks up into shining convex pale
brown scales, densely charged with deposits of lime ; there is no columella ;
the stalks are 0-5 mm. high, stout, furrowed, broader at the base, cream-
white, without lime-deposits; the capillitium consists of large irregular
shrunken whitish lime-knots connected by branching hyaline threads ;
the spores are purple-brown, spinulose, 9 to llu diam. ; the scales of the
sporangium-wall and the shrunken lime-knots suggest that this is not
a perfect development; probably it is a form of P. sulphureum, in which
we have met with some sporangia having almost no lime in the stalk asso-
ciated with others whose stalks are rich in lime. P. lepidodermoides bears
some resemblance to P. citrinellum Peck, but the stalks are cream-white,
not orange-red as in the latter species. Gatherings of P. sulphureum made.
by Dr. W. C. Sturgis in Colorado show a considerable variety of colour and
form in a single development, including the typical form with yellow
globose sporangia and white stalks, and more or less ovoid olivaceous
sporangia on brownish-yellow stalks; the latter variety corresponds to
P. variabile Rex, which is thus found to be merely a dull-coloured form of

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 27

P. sulphureum. The var. sessile Lister of P. variabile is now promoted to
specific rank (see P. sessile).

Hab. On dead leaves and the under side of fir bark. Sweden, North
Germany, Austria, Moldavia, Japan, North and South America.

4. P. luteo-album Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 1380, Pl. 459,
fig. 2 (1904) (yellow-white). Plasmodium orange. Sporangia
stalked, gregarious, subglobose, about 1 mm. broad, 0-7 mm.
high, yellow shading into white, deep orange or olivaceous,
smooth or rugulose ; sporangium-wall pale yellow or orange,
with dense or scanty deposits of yellow lime-granules. Stalk
stout, smooth, 0-5 to 1 mm. long, 0-2 mm. thick, bright yellow
or orange above, nearly white below, either cylindrical and
densely charged with lime-granules throughout, or narrowed
towards the base and the lime there in the form of crystalline
nodules. Columella large, subglobose or shortly clavate, pale
yellow or orange. Capillitium either of very slender pale yellow
threads, branching at acute angles and anastomosing, or of
broad yellow simple or forked strands, persistent after the
dispersion of the spores ; lime-knots either small, yellow, linear,
or large and rounded. Spores purple-brown, strongly spinulose,
10 to 12 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 71.

Pl. 24.—a. sporangia; b. capillitium and spores ; ¢c. spore (Ventimiglia).

This well-marked species was first gathered in January, 1903, by Miss
Constance Pim, who found about twenty pale yellow sporangia on pine
needles, in the gardens of Sir T. Hanbury, La Mortola, Ventimiglia. Since
then a form agreeing in all essentials with the type, but with orange or olive-
coloured sporangia, has been found in abundance on the shores of the
Kolksee, E. Holstein, by Herr H. Ronn, in an alder wood, in the winter of
1909-1910. The same form has appeared repeatedly near Lyme Regis
on dead alder and bramble leaves, and also near Porlock, Somerset. In
these gatherings the sporangia are either scattered or united in pairs; the
sporangium-walls have usually scanty deposits of lime, and readily fall
away, leaving a collar-like rim round the base of the columella, and exposing
the persistent brush of yellow capillitium ; the lime-knots are usually very
slender, and often consist merely of a row of lime-granules enclosed in
a thread of the capillitium ; the strongly spinulose spores are rather paler
than in the La Mortola specimen. A gathering on dead wood, made by
Mrs. J. Drake at Kotgarh, north-east of Simla, in 1912, has the stalks
and sporangia more or less confluent ; the cartilaginous orange walls break
up into areolac ; the columellae are rugged and irregularly lobed, and the
capillitium contains many rounded pale yellow lime-knots.

Hab. On pine needles, dead leaves, twigs, &c., from autumn to spring.
Recorded from Devon and Somerset ; from France, North Italy, Holstein,
North-west India, and Colorado.

5. P. globuliferum Pers. Syn. Fung., 175 (1801) (globulus
globule, fero I bear). Plasmodium pale yellow. Total height
0-6 to 15mm. Sporangia gregarious or united in small clusters,
globose, stalked, erect, white, 0-5 mm. diam. ; sporangium-wall
membranous, with crowded clusters of included lime-granules.
Stalk white or pale buff, sometimes red-brown towards the

28 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

base, 0-1 to 1 mm. long, 0-01 to 0-05 mm. thick, nearly smooth,
brittle, chalky in section. Columella conical. Capillitium
persistent, retaining the form of the sporangium after the dis-
persion of the spores, forming a close network of widely
branching hyaline threads with numerous fusiform or rounded
white lime-knots 10 to 20 w diam. Spores lilac-brown, almost
smooth, 6 to 8 u diam.—Rost. Mon., 98, fig. 86, Mass. Mon.,
297 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 66. Sphaerocarpus
globulifer Bull. Champ., 134, t. 484, fig. 3 (1791). Stemonitis
globulifera Gmel. Syst. Nat., 11. 1469 (1791). T'richia globulifera
DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 253 (1805). Diderma globuliferum Fries Syst.
Myc., iii. 100 (1829). Physarum Petersw var. Farloww Rost.
Mon., App. 6 (1876). P. albicans Peck in Rep. New York Mus.,
xxx. 50 (1878); Mass. l.c., 312. Physarum columbinum
Macbr. in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 384 (1893). P. relatum
Morgan in Journ. Cine. Soe., xix. 26 (1896). P. delicatissumum
Speg. in Anal. Mus. Nac. Buen. Aires, vi. 199 (1899) ? Didy-
mium subroseum Peck l.c., xxviii. 54 (1879). D. longipes Mass.
l.c., 236 (1892) ? Cytidium globuliferum Morg. l.c., 10.

Pl. 16.—a. sporangia; 0b. capillitium and spore; ec. spore (Philadelphia).

The types of P. Petersii var. Farlowii Rost., and P. albicans Peck are the
same species as the P. globuliferum in the Strasburg collection. P. colwm-
binum Macbride, from Iowa (B.M. 1012), is also P. globuliferum; it has
snow-white, occasionally red-brown, stalks, and well-developed conical
columellae. In a specimen from Dr. Rex (B.M. 1202) marked by him
‘ P. Petersit var. Farlow, conglobate form’, the sporangia are in clusters
of from 6 to 14 together. Prof. Macbride has seen the type of P. relatum
Morg., and considers it to be a delicate form of the present species. British
specimens have larger sporangia than in the typical form, and are either
stalked or sessile; they are rarely pure white, and show an affinity to
P. murinum.

Hab. On dead wood. Not common in the British Isles, recorded from
Surrey, Cumberland, and Aberdeenshire; Dr. Brandza finds it fairly
common in Moldavia; recorded also from Sweden, France, Germany,
Switzerland, Russia, from Borneo, Java, New Zealand, the Bonin and
Friendly Islands, Japan, and North and South America.

6. P. pulcherripes Peck in Bull. Buffalo Soc. N. Hist., i. 64
(1873) (pulcher beautiful, pes foot). Plasmodium? Total
height 1 to2 mm. Sporangia stalked, globose, yellow-orange,
orange-red or dark brown, sometimes grey from the absence of
lime, about 0-5 mm. diam.; sporangium-wall membranous,
with deposits of lime usually abundant, sometimes scanty.
Stalk vermilion-red or red-brown, 0-5 to 1-5 mm. long, 0-1 mm.
thick, somewhat narrowed upwards, densely charged with red
or brown lime-granules or crystalline nodules, brittle. Colu-
mella conical or subglobose. Capillitium with red or reddish-
brown lime-knots, hyaline threads as in P. globuliferwm.
Spores violet-brown, almost smooth, 6 to 8 diam.—Macbr. N.
Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,69. P.pulchripes Berl. in Sacce. Syll.,

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 29

vii. 349 (1888); Mass. Mon., 315. P. Petersia Berk. & Curt.
in Grev., ii. 66 (1873) ; Mass. l.c., 295 (in part). P. psittacinum
var. Ravenelii Rost. Mon., App. 8 (1876). P. Ravenelii Mass.
lie., 281. P. rufipes Macbr. l.c., ed. 1, 50 (1899). Didymium
erythrinum Berk. in Grev., ii. 52 (1873); Mass. l.c., 249.
D. Ravenel Berk. & Curt. 1.c., 53. Cytidiwm rufipes Morg. in
Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., lxix. 9 (1896).

Pl. 17.—a. sporangia; 0b. capillitium and spores; c. spore (Philadelphia).

A frequent species in the United States, differing from P. globuliferum
chiefly in the red colour of the lime. The specific name rujfipes had its
origin in Physarum aurantiacum 8 rufipes Alb. & Schw. (Consp. Fung.,
94, (1805)), = Diderma rufipes Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 101 (1829), = P. Schu-
macheri var. rufipes Rost. Mon., App. 7. The single German gathering
described under these names has long since disappeared; in the original
description Albertini and Schweinitz make no mention of the presence or
absence of lime in the stalk ; the sporangia are said to be globose or obovate,
to be provided with a spurious central columella, and to have been found
“on a heap of dead leaves, twigs, etc.’; these characters are not appro-
priate to P. pulcherripes, a species which appears always on dead wood,
and has been recorded hitherto with certainty only from the United States
and North Ireland. What P. awrantiacum B rufipes Alb. & Schw. really was
remains a matter for conjecture ; Rostafinski states that he had not seen
the type specimen. It would seem better therefore to drop the specific
name rufipes. The type of Didymium erythrinum Berk. (K. 1265) is some-
what immature, but shows the opaque red-brown stalks densely charged
with lime throughout characteristic of P. pulcherripes; it was wrongly
placed by Rostafinski under P. psittacinum, a species without columella,
and with translucent stalks free from lime-granules. The type of Didymium
Ravenelii Berk. & Curt. from North Carolina (B.M. 1738) is a form of the
present species with red-brown stalks, columellae and lime-knots. The
type of P. Petersii Berk. & Curt. from Alabama (K. 1254) is also identical
with P. pulcherripes. Peck’s name is here adopted as being free from
ambiguity.

Hab. On dead wood. Rostrevor, Co. Down; not uncommon in the
United States.

7. P. murinum Lister Mycetozoa, 41 (1894) (mouse-like,
from the brown sporangia). Plasmodium? Sporangia globose,
about 0-5 mm. diam., stalked or sessile, or forming plasmo-
diocarps, pale pinkish- or greyish-brown, rugose ; sporangium-
wall membranous, with innate clusters of brown lime-granules.
Stalk erect, 0-5 mm. long or shorter, 0-1 mm. thick, of equal
breadth throughout, brown, furrowed, containing dense de-
posits of white or brown lime-granules. Columella present
only in the stalked forms, conical. Capillitium forming either
a dense network of obtusely branching hyaline threads, per-
sistent after the dispersal of the spores, with ovoid brown lime-
knots, or a looser network of hyaline threads, with numerous
elongated irregularly branching lime-knots. Spores pale
brownish-lilac, nearly smooth, 8 to 10 4 diam.—Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,68. P. Braunianwm Lister in Journ. Bot.,
xxix. 259 (1891), non Rost. P. heterosporum Widder in

30 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch. Wien, Ixxiii. 159 (1923).
Cytidium Ravenelit Morg. in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix.
10 (1896).

Pl]. 18.—a. sporangia; 6. capillitium and spores; ¢. spore (Philadelphia),

This species is closely allied on the one hand to P. globuliferum and on
the other to P. pulcherripes; it is distinguished from both by the pale
brown colour of the sporangium, lime-knots and stalk.

Hab. On dead leaves and wood; North Wales, Wigtonshire, Aberdeen-
shire, and Co. Down; Sweden, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and the
United States (fide Macbride).

8. P. pulcherrimum Berk. & Rav. in Grev., ii. 65 (1873)
(most beautiful). Plasmodium dark red. Total height 1 mm.
Sporangia stalked, globose, flattened beneath, erect or inclined,
reddish-purple or rose-magenta, sometimes copper-iridescent,
0-4 to 0-5 mm. diam., gregarious; sporangium-wall mem-
branous, pale purple, with scattered clusters of purple globular
lime-granules (1 » diam.). Stalk purple, subulate, 0-5 to 1mm.
long, brittle, containing lime. Columella small, convex, conical
or none. Capillitium a close persistent network of delicate
purplish threads, broader and more expanded at the axils
below; lime-knots numerous, small, roundish, filled with
purple lime-granules. Spores pale dull red, almost smooth,
7 to 8p diam.—Rost. Mon., 105, fig. 84; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 68. Stemonitis porphyra Berk. & Curt.
in Grev., ii. 69 (1873). Physarum atrorubrum Peck in Rep.
New York Mus., xxxi. 40 (1879); Mass. Mon., 294. Cytidiwm
pulcherrimum Morg. inJourn. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix. 8 (1896).

Pl. 19.—a. sporangia; b. capillitium and spores; ¢. spore (Ceylon).

Hab. On dead wood. Ceylon, Malaya, and the United States.

9. P. lilacinum Sturgis & Bilgram in Mycologia ix. 324
(1917). (Mod. L. lilac-coloured). Resembling P. pulcherri-
mum in all respects except that the colour of the sporangium,
stalk and lime-knots are pale lilac or pale Indian-red, and the
spores are pale brown.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 67.

Var. coeruleum G. Lister (blue). Stalk, sporangium and
lime-knots pale blue.

These beautiful forms were found by Mr. Hugo Bilgram near Philadelphia ;
they present further examples of the colour varieties occurring in the
P. globuliferum series.

Hab. On dead wood, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia.

10. P. citrinum Schumacher Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 201 (1803)
(citrus lemon). Plasmodium bright yellow. Total height 0-8 to
2mm. Sporangia globose, rugose, stalked, rarely nearly sessile,
erect, yellow to yellowish grey, 0-4 to 0-7 mm. diam. ; sporan-
gium-wall membranous with included clusters of yellow lime-
granules. Stalk golden-yellow, stout, somewhat furrowed,
0-1 to 1-3 mm. long, chalky in section, sometimes enclosing

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE dl

nodules of lime, often rising from a vein-like hypothallus.
Columella short, conical or obtuse. Capillitium a somewhat
close network of hyaline rigid threads with flat expansions at
the axils, persistent after the dispersion of the spores ; lime-
knots yellow, numerous, varying in shape and size, usually
rounded. Spores lilac-brown, almost smooth, 7 to 10 uw diam.—
Fr.Symb. Gast., 22; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 66.
P.compactum Ehrenb. Syl. Ber., 21 (1818). P. Schumacheri
Spreng. Sys. Veg., iv. 528 (1827) ; Rost. Mon., 98 (1875); Mass.
Mon., 275. P.aureum B chrysopus Lév. in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser.
3, v. 166 (1846). P. Schroetert Rost. l.c., 419? P. Leveiller
Rost. Mon., App. 7 (1876) in part; Mass. l.c., 296. Cytidiwm
citrinum Morg. in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix. 9 (1896).

Pl. 20.—a. sporangia; 0. capillitium and spores; c. spore (Bedfordshire).

Rostafinski describes P. Leveillei as being closely allied to the present
species, but having larger spores, measuring 10 to 11 uw instead of 7 to 8 yp.
His type of P. Leveillei a from Freiburg, Jeg. de Bary (Strasb. Herb.)
is P. citrinum with large yellow sporangia and spores 8 pp diam.; the gather-
ing from Venezuela (K. 1261) quoted by him as P. Leveillei 8 auripes is
P. citrinum with rather long stalks, and spores measuring 10; his P.
Leveillet a from Chili (ex herb. Gay, Paris Herb.) is typical P. viride.

Hab. On dead wood and moss, not unfrequent in England and Scotland ;
occurring also in France, Belgium, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Austria,
Moldavia, 8. Australia, New Zealand, North and South America.

11. P. tenerum Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. (1890),
192 (delicate). Plasmodium primrose-yellow. Total height,
1 to 2mm. Sporangia globose, stalked, erect or nodding,
gregarious, yellow, seldom grey, 0-4 mm. diam. ; sporangium-
wall membranous with closely-set rounded clusters of included
granules. Stalk subulate, slender, opaque, 0-5 to 1-7 mm. long,
pale yellow, and filled with lime above, often darker below
from the presence of refuse matter. Columella none. Capilli-
tium of very slender hyaline threads forming a close persistent
network, with numerous round or rounded yellow lime-knots,
the axils of the branches slender and mostly free from lime.
Spores brownish-lilac, nearly smooth, 7 to 8 » diam.—Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 92. P. maculatwm Macbr.
in Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 383 (1893) ; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 77. P. obrussewm Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 52, in part (1899). Lepidoderma Kurzii Berk. in Herb. ;
Mass. Mon., 255 (1892) ?

Pl. 25.—a. sporangia; 0. capillitium and spores; c. spore (Philadelphia).

This species is closely allied to P. citrinum, differing in the more slender
form, the smaller sporangia, the delicate flexuose capillitium threads and
th2 absence of a columella.

Hab. On dead wood. Moldavia, Portugal, Ceylon, Borneo, Japan,
Noth and South America, West Indies.

12. P. columbinum Sturgis in Mycologia, viii. 200 (1916)
(columba a dove). Plasmodium light grey. Total height 1 to

32 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

2mm. Sporangia stalked, scattered or loosely clustered,
globose or somewhat flattened below, 0-5 mm. diam., erect or
nodding, spotted with pure white, grey or bronze colour and
iridescent between the spots, often dehiscing in petal-like
lobes ; sporangium-wall membranous, with numerous well-
defined rounded clusters of closely compacted lime-granules.
Stalk erect or flexuose, subulate, furrowed, 0-5 to 1:5 mm. long,
0-05 to 0-13 mm. thick at the base ; white and densely charged
with lime, often in the form of granules or crystalline nodules,
brown or black below from the presence of refuse matter.
Columella none ; a pseudo-columella usually present forming a
calcareous ball 0-1 mm. diam. near the apex of the stalk.
Capillitium abundant, of extremely delicate branching and
anastomosing threads without expansions at the axils, some-
what persistent, and of a pale bluish colour after the dispersion
of the spores ; lime-knots white, few, small, fusiform, except
in the central globular cluster, or uniformly distributed and
without a central globule. Spores violet-brown, almost smooth,
7 to 9 diam.—P. Wingatense Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 72 (1922). Tulmadoche columbina Rost. Mon., App. 13
(1876). Z'. compacta Wing. in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. (1889),
48; Mass. Mon., 332. Lepidoderma stellatum Mass. l.c., 252
(1892). Didymium Bartert Mass. 1.c., 231. Physarum com-
pactum Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 52 (1911).

Pl, 26.—a. sporangia; b. apex of stalk and capillitium, with fragment of sporangium-
wall, showing sharply defined clusters of lime-granules; c. capillitium and spores ;
d. spore (Dominica).

In the earlier editions of this work the present species appears under the
name Physarum compactum (Wing.) Lister. Although it seemed probable
that Tilmadoche columbina Rost. was the same species, the remains of
Berkeley’s type from Venezuela in the Kew Herbarium, marked by the
unpublished name Didymium columbinum Berk. & Curt. was too scanty
to afford complete proof; Dr. W. C. Sturgis having examined the portion
of the same gathering in Curtis’s Herbarium finds there the white stalks
with chalky fracture, the delicate persistent capillitium with small rounded
lime-knots characteristic of P. compactum; he points out that the latter
name must by the rule of priority be superseded by that of Physarum
columbinum. In a fine specimen of the present species from Dominica
(K. 567, type of Lepidoderma stellatum Mass.) the stalks are pure white
with a chalky section to the base. D. Barteri Mass. (type in Herb. Massee)
collected by Barter on Prince’s Island, Niger Expedition in 1881, is clearly
P. columbinum ; the specimen is quoted under P. globuliferum by Rostafinski
(Mon., App. 5).

Hab. On dead wood.—Nigeria, Cape Province, Uganda, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula, Java, Borneo, North and South America, West Indies.

13. P. mutabile Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 53 (1911)
(variable). Plasmodium watery-grey. Sporangia erect,
cylindrical, ovoid, or subglobose, 0:3 to 0-6 mm. diam., white,
rugulose, stalked or sessile, or forming elongated branched
plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall with rather evenly dis-

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 33

tributed deposits of lime-granules. Stalks stout or slender,
0-1 to 0-4 mm. high, ochraceous-yellow rarely orange-brown,
usually enclosing white lime-granules but sometimes almost
free from lime, often connected at the base by a yellowish or
white hypothallus. Capillitium a persistent network of firm
hyaline threads with expansions at the axils ; lime-knots white,
varying in size and shape, either scattered through the capilli-
tium, or in the stalked forms for the most part confluent in
the centre of the sporangium and forming a clavate columella,
which is either free or continuous with the apex of the stalk.
Spores purple-brown, spinulose, 7 to 10 » diam.—Macbr. N.
Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 99. Crateriachea mutabilis Rost.
Mon., 126 (1875); Mass. Mon., 344. Physarum cinerewm
Lister Mycetozoa (1894), in part. P. Crateriachea Lister in
Journ. Bot., xxxili. 324 (1895).

Pl. 44.—a. sporangia (from near Luton, Beds.); 6. capillitium and spores; ¢. spore.

A widely distributed and variable species. In this country it is sometimes
found in great abundance on heaps of old straw, dead leaves or herbaceous
stems; stalked, sessile or plasmodiocarp forms occur side by side, while
the lime-knots show every stage from being quite free to uniting to form
a well-defined clavate or cylindrical columella; the calcareous matter is
often partly in the form of crystalline discs. The specimens distributed
by Cesati as ‘ Didymiwm neapolitanum’, from Naples (B.M. 573), and also
those marked Didymium squamulosum var. herbarum by Rabenhorst &
Winter, No. 2969, from Pavia (B.M. 542), are the sessile subglobose form
of the present species ; in both sets the lime-knots are partly free, partly
united to form an irregular pseudo-columella.

Hab. On dead leaves, herbaceous stems and old straw, in summer and
autumn, not uncommon in the south of England: recorded from Scotland,
France, from Holstein, Germany, Sweden, Moldavia, Italy, Cameroons,
South Africa, and Ceylon.

14. P. roseum Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv. 84
(1873) (rosa rose). Plasmodium maroon-red. Total height
1mm. Sporangia globose, 0:4 mm. diam., stalked, gregarious,
nearly smooth, bright rose-coloured ; sporangium-wall mem-
branous, with innate clusters of purple-red lime-granules.
Stalk erect, slender, subulate, reddish-brown, translucent,
longitudinally wrinkled. Columella none. Capillitium a loose
network of slender pale lilac threads, with rather few large
irregularly branching purple-red lime-knots. Spores reddish-
lilac or reddish-brown, minutely spinulose, 7 to 10 w diam.—
Rost. Mon., App. 10; Mass. Mon., 294; Petch in Ann. Perad.,
iv. 331; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 100.

Pl. 27.—a. sporangia (Ceylon) ; b. capillitium and spores; ¢. spore.

This species differs from P. pulcherrimum in the large lime-knots and the
translucent stalks.

Hab, On dead wood and leaves.—Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Ceylon,
Malaya, Java, Borneo, New Caledonia, Japan,

15, P. Newtoni Macbride in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 390

D

34 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

(1893) (Prof. G. W. Newton, the discoverer of the species).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia shortly stalked or sessile, globose, or
flattened and umbilicate above, about 0-5 mm. diam., violet-
purple, smooth, opaque ; sporangium-wall membranous above,
with innate deposits of purple lime-granules, rugose and
thickened towards the base, where it is deep purple and densely
charged with calcareous deposits. Stalk strongly wrinkled,
purple-brown. Columella none. Capillitium consisting of
delicate branching violet threads, with numerous large angular
purple lime-knots. Spores dark purple-brown, rough with
irregularly scattered warts, 8-10 4 diam.—N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 73.

Pl. 28.—a. stalked and sessile sporangia; 0. capillitium and spores; ec. spore
(Colorado).

The shape of the sporangia and the dark rough spores appear to be the
only points which distinguish this rare species from Craterium paraguayense
(Spegaz.) Lister, with which it agrees in colour, in the character of the
capillitium, and in the structure of the sporangium-wall.

Hab. On sticks at an altitude of several thousand feet, Pike’s Peak,
Colorado.

16. P. psittacinum Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. FI. Pilze, iv. 125,
tab. 62 (1817) (psittacus, parrot). Plasmodium orange. Total
height 1 mm. Sporangia stalked, globose or somewhat de-
pressed, gregarious, 0-5 to 0-8 mm. diam., purplish-blue mottled
with red, iridescent ; sporangium-wall hyaline, membranous,
sprinkled with orange spots of thicker more or less granular
substance. Stalk erect or curved, furrowed, vermilion or
orange-red, intense clear orange in mountings in glycerine,
without deposits of lime, rising from a well-developed hypo-
thallus of the same colour. Columella none. Capillitium
a close network of fiat arching colourless or yellowish threads,
broad at the axils; lime-knots numerous, varying in size,
sharply angular, often branching, sometimes confluent in the
centre of the sporangium, bright orange, obscurely granular or
translucent. Spores greyish-violet, minutely warted, the
warts often grouped in clusters, 7 to 8 diam.—Fries Syst.
Myce., ili. 134 ; Rost. Mon., 104, figs. 75, 76; Mass. Mon., 274;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime- Moulds, ed. 2, 74. P. Carlylei Mass. Thos
293 (1892). Didymium fulvipes Fries Symb. Gast., 24 (1817) 7 ?

Var. fulvum Lister in Journ. Bot., xliv. 228 (1906) (tawny).
—Stalk and base of sporangium-wall fulvous yellow instead of
vermilion.

Pl. 29.—a. sporangia (Lyme Regis); b. sporangia of var. fulvum (Ceylon); ce.
git and spores, with fragment of sporangium-wall showing crystalline dises ;

In glycerine mountings of this species flattened disc- shaped crystalline
bodies with radiating structure are usually seen imbedded in the sporangium-
wall, as in P. virescens and P. dictyospermum. The type specimen of P.
Carlylei Mass. from Carlisle (K. 68) is normal P. psittacinum.

Hab, On dead wood, not unfrequent in summer in England ; recorded

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 35

also from Wales, E. Ireland, France, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland,
Austria, Roumania, North America: var. fulvum Ceylon, Japan.

17. P. dictyospermum Lister in Journ. Bot., xliii. 112 (1905)
(dékrvov net, orépua Spore). Plasmodium? Sporangiasubglobose,
shortly stalked, erect, scattered, 0-5 to 0-6 mm. diam., dull
orange, dark chestnut or olive-brown, glossy ; sporangium-
wall membranous, rather firm, orange. Stalk 0-1 to 0:7 mm.
high, slender, black, enclosing dark refuse matter, or sometimes
pale yellow above from superficial deposits of lime-granules.
Columella black, conical or clavate, short or two-thirds the
height of the sporangium. Capillitium an abundant persistent
network of slender colourless threads, with small fusiform
orange-red lime-knots. Spores pale purplish-grey, 10 to 11»
diam., closely reticulated with narrow dark bands; _ these
form a net with five or six meshes across one side of the spore ;
on the other side the meshes are more faint and irregular ;
sometimes the spores are marked with short curved lines, not
forming a net.—Torrend Fl. Myx.,195. Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 100.

Pl, 30.—a. sporangia (Stewart Island); 6. capillitium and spores, with fragment
of sporangium-wall showing the crystalline discs; e¢. two spores showing respectively
the strong and delicate reticulation of the two sides.

This species was first found in February 1904 by Miss A. Hibbert-Ware
in dense bush on Stewart Island, New Zealand. It is distinguished from
the other known species of Physarum by the strongly reticulated spores,
Its nearest ally is, perhaps, P. psittacinum, which it resembles in having
orange-red lime-knots, and in the sporangium-wall being studded with
orange crystalline discs.

Hab. On dead wood.—Jura Mountains, New South Wales, New Zealand,
Chili.

18. P. viride Pers. in Usteri Ann. Bot., xv. 6 (1795) (green).
Plasmodium yellow. Total height about 1 mm. Sporangia
stalked, subglobose or lenticular, nodding, 0-3 to 0-5 mm.
diam., yellow; sporangium-wall dehiscing in fragments,
membranous, with innate clusters of yellow lime-granules.
Stalk subulate, slender, striate, grey or straw-coloured, some-
times yellow at the apex shading to red below, usually brown
in the lower half from enclosed refuse matter, rarely with
deposits of lime. Columella none. Capillitium a loose irregular
network of slender acutely branching hyaline threads, with
fusiform orange lime-knots. Spores brownish-lilac, almost
smooth, 7 to 10 » diam.—Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. FI., Pilze,
49, t. 24; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 98. Sphaero-
carpus viridis Bull. Champ., t. 407, fig. 1 (1791). Stemonitis
viridis Gmel. Syst. Nat., ii. 1469 (1791). Physarum aureum
Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., 88 (1794). P. nutans f. viride,
y. aureum Fries Syst. Myc., iii. 129 (1829). Trichia viridis
DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 253 (1805). Tilmadoche mutabilis Rost. Mon.,
129 (1875); Mass. Mon., 329. 7. viridis Sacc, in Michelia,

D2

36 ENDOSPOREAE | [PHYSARUM

ii, 263 (1880). Chondrioderma exiguum Racib. in Hedw.,
xxviii. 119 (1889).

Var. aurantium Lister Mycetozoa, 47 (1894). (Mid. L.
orange). Sporangia orange, lime-knots orange, fusiform.
Sphaerocarpus aurantius Bull. l.c., tab. 484, fig. 2. Stemonitis
aurantia Gmel. l.c., 1469. Physarum aurantium Pers. Syn.
Fung., 173 (1801). P. nutans y. coccineum Fr. l.c. P. striatum
c. aurantiacum Fr. 1.c., 131. Trichia aurantia DC. Le.

Var. ineanum Lister l.c. (hoary). Sporangia grey or pale-
yellowish grey, lime-knots pale yellow, fusiform. Sphaero-
carpus luteus Bull. l.c., t. 407, fig. 2? Stemonitis bicolor Gmel.
l.c., 1469. Physarum luteum Pers. 1.c. T'richia lutea DC. 1.c,

Var. Bethelii Sturgis in Color. Coll. Publ., Sc. Ser. xii. 439
(1913) (Prof. E. Bethel, of Denver, Colorado). Sporangia
subglobose, umbilicate beneath, pale yellow, or iridescent blue
from absence of lime; capillitium a dense network, with
large irregular pale yellow lime-knots. Physarum Bethelia
Macbr. in litt. and N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 94 (1922) ;
Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 57.

Var. hinnuleum G. Lister in Journ. Bot., lxii. 17 (1924)
(from hinnulus a fawn). Sporangia and lime-knots fawn-
coloured ; spores buff, containing deposits of lime.

Pl. 31.—a. sporangia (England) ; b. sporangia, var. aurantium (England) ; ¢. spor-
angia, var. incanum (England); d. capillitium and spores; e. spore. |

Pl. 200 var. Bethelii.i—a. iridescent sporangia (Colorado, from type specimen) ;
b. capillitium and spores; ¢. spore; d. sporangia with abundant lime (Cheyenne
Mountain, Colorado).

In this abundant and variable species, the sporangium-wall is somewhat
persistent when the lime is abundant; when the lime is more scanty the
wall soon breaks up in small fragments, remaining attached to the capillitium.
The colour of the sporangia found on the same stump may differ from one
year to another. The lime-knots are very variable both in size and colour ;
pile yellow sporangia have often orange knots, and dark sporangia have
light orange knots. The stalks vary in tint in all forms. The specimen from
Chili (leg. Gay) in the Paris Museum, given by Rostafinski (Mon., App. 7)
as 3, type of Physarum Leveillet var. chrysopus, is the orange form of P.
viride; the stalks are free from lime-deposits and the capillitium consists
of slender threads with fusiform orange lime-knots. The var. Bethelii,
first found by Prof. Bethel in Colorado in 1908, has been gathered repeatedly
since by Dr. Sturgis in the same State, showing every stage between this
robust form and typical P. viride, to which it bears the same relation as
the var. leucophaeum does to P. nutans Pers. In some developments of
var. Bethelit the bright yellow or sulphur-coloured sporangia are grouped
in close clusters with confluent stalks.

Hab. On dead wood; the typical form with var. awrantium and var.
incanum is fairly common throughout the British Isles, Europe, North and
South America, 8. Africa, New 8. Wales, and Japan; in the tropics var.
aurantium appears to be more abundant: var. Bethelii has been recorded
from Moldavia and the State of Colorado: var. hinnuleum from the United
Provinces, India.

19. P. rigidum G. Lister (from the rigid capillitium). Plas-
modium yellow. Sporangia gregarious, stalked, lenticular,

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 37

often umbilicate above, yellow, dull orange, or iridescent from
absence of lime-granules. Stalk slender, orange or yellow
above, dark below from included refuse matter, 0-3 to 1:5 mm.
high. Capillitium of sparingly branched threads or flattened
tubes with long narrow orange lime-knots, or consisting
almost entirely of slender rod-like tubes enclosing lime-
granules. Spores rich violet-brown, minutely spinulose, 9 to
12 « diam.—P. viride var. rigidum Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 56
(1911).

Pl. 199.—a. sporangia (Japan); 6. spores and capillitium with fragment of spor-
angium-wall; c. spore.

This species is distinguished from P. viride, of which it is given as a variety
in the second edition of this work, by the simple rigid capillitium and the
darker larger spores. Mr. A. R. Sanderson writes, ‘It is by far the com-
monest form in tropical Malaya, immense colonies appearing with great
regularity, frequently on Schizophyllum commune Fries,’ and other fungi
on which the plasmodium feeds with avidity (see his note ‘ On the parasitic
Habits of the Plasmodium of Physarum viride var. rigidum, Trans. Br.
Myce. Soc., vii. 299 (1922) ).

Hab, On dead wood, Schizophyllum, &c.—South Nigeria, Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula, Japan, West Indies.

20. P. polycephalum Schwein. Syn. Fung. Car., p. 63,
no. 382 (1822) (zoAvs many, xedadry head). Plasmodium
occurring in masses of decaying leaves or in rotten logs; at
first colourless, as it emerges for fructification white, then
yellow, spreading far over all adjacent objects (Macbride).
Total height 1:5 to 2 mm. Sporangia stalked, much com-
pressed, lenticular, undulate or lobed, confluent in clusters of
3 to 10, grey or yellow; sporangium-wall membranous, with
scattered thin innate clusters of white or yellow lime-granules.
Stalks subulate, slender, inclined or flexuose, usually fascicu-
late, 3 to 10 combined, yellow or tawny, translucent. Capilli-
tium a loose network of slender threads with many flat
expansions at the axils; lime-knots yellow, very variable in
shape, size, and abundance. Spores violet-brown, minutely
spinulose, 8 to 10, diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 95. Didymium polycephalum Fries Syst. Myc., iii. 122
(1829). D. polymorphum Mont. in Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 2,
vill. 361 (1837). D. gyrocephalum Mont. l.c., 362. D. luteo-
griseum Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ii. 65 (1873). Physarum
polymorphum Rost. Mon., 107 (1875); Mass. Mon., 283 ;
Lister Mycetozoa, 48. Tilmadoche gyrocephala Rost. |.c., 131 ;
Mass. I.c., 335.

Var. obrusseum Lister l.c. (68pvéov pure gold). Sporangia
free, not united in clusters—Didymium obrusseum Berk. &
Curt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., x. 348 (1869). D. tenerrimum
Berk. & Curt. l.c.; Mass. l.c., 247. Physarum obrusseum
Rost. Mon., App. 11 (1876).

Pl. 34.—a. yellow and grey sporangia (Philadelphia); 6. capillitium and spotes ;
c. spore.

38 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

The description given by Schweinitz of Physarum polycephalum is suffi-
ciently good to leave no doubt as to its identity with the present species ;
this name therefore takes precedence over Physarum polymorphum (Mont.)
Rost. The type of TiJmadoche gyrocephala (Mont.) Rost. from Brazil
appears to have been lost, but from Rostafinski’s excellent description it
clearly must be assigned to the present species. The type of Didymium
obrusseum Berk. & Curt. from Cuba (B.M. 440) has much compressed and
undulated sporangia, similar to the free sporangia frequently met with in
P. polycephalum. 'The colour of the sporangia varies from grey to yellow
in the same gatherings. Dr. W. C. Sturgis, having examined the type of
Didymium luteogriseum B. & C. gathered by Dr. Michener in Pennsylvania
in 1851, in the Curtis herbarium, writes, ‘ The specimen named by Michener
himself is in fine condition and is typical Physarum polycephalum. It is
interesting to note, however, that most of the sporangia in this specimen
are single and therefore are of the so-called variety “ obrusseum”’’ (Sturgis
in Mycologia, viii. 201 (1916)).

Hab. On dead wood and leaves.—France, Roumania, Borneo, Japan,

United States, and West Indies: var. obrusseum United States and West
Indies.

21. P. flavicomum Berk. in Hook. Journ. Bot., iv. 66
(1845) (flavus yellow, coma head of hair). Plasmodium
yellowish-green. Total height 1-2 to 1-75 mm. Sporangia
subglobose, or flattened beneath, stalked, nodding, 0-4 to
0-5 mm. diam., yellow, or grey with a yellow base or dark
and iridescent from the absence of lime; sporangium-wall
membranous, colourless above, yellowish below. Stalk slender,
subulate, twisted, without deposits of lime, red, copper-
coloured or pale brown. Capillitium a close network of |
hyaline threads with numerous yellow flat expansions at the
axils, often persistent and retaining the form of the sporangium
after the dispersion of the spores ; lime-knots usually small,
angular, yellow. Spores violet-brown, almost smooth, 7 to
10 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 93. P.
cupripes Berk. & Rav. in Grev., ii. 65 (1873); Mass. Mon.,
284. P. Berkeleyr Rost. Mon., 105 (1875); Lister Mycetozoa,
47 ; Didymium flavicomum Mass. |.c. 242 (1892).

Pl. 32.—a. sporangia (South Carolina): 0. capillitium and spores.

The red-brown stalks usually free from all refuse matter, the denser
net of the capillitium and more angular lime-knots distinguish this species
from P. viride. It appears to be closely allied to both P. galbewm and
P. Maydis; from the former it differs in having red-brown, not yellow
stalks, and in the well-defined lime-knots; from the latter in the more
slender habit, and in the persistent dense network of the capillitium.
Specimens collected by Miss Duthie in Knysna Forest, Cape Province, and
by Mr. W. N. Cheesman in New South Wales have spores measuring 10 to
11 pw, darker and more distinctly spinulose than usual.

Hab. On dead wood.—S. Africa, New South Wales, New Zealand,
Ottawa, New Jersey, Ohio, South Carolina, Iowa.

22. P. galbeum Wing. in Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
53 (1899) (yellow). Plasmodium? Sporangia globose,
scattered, stalked, usually erect, 0:4 to 0-5 mm. diam., bright

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 39

yellow, smooth ; sporangium-wall membranous, with rather
dense clusters of yellow lime-granules. Stalk subulate or
nearly cylindrical, 0-5 to 0-7 mm. high, translucent yellow,
or yellow above and orange-red below. Capillitium a dense
network of pale yellow threads or flattened strands ; lime-
knots reduced to scanty deposits of lime in the expanded
axils of the branches. Spores pale violet, almost smooth,
7 to 9 » diam.

Pl. 199.—d. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; e. capillitium and spores; f. spore.

This species is closely allied to P. flavicomum (q.v.), but the distinguishing
characters appear to be constant.

Hab. On sticks and bramble-stems,—Norfolk, Surrey, Shropshire, Co.
Down, Portugal, Pennsylvania, Iowa, Minnesota.

23. P. Maydis Torrend, Flore des Myxomycétes, 193 (1909)
(mays, maize). Plasmodium yellow. Sporangia globose or
obovoid, 0:4 to 0:6 mm. diam., stalked, scattered or gre-
garious, bright yellow or dull yellowish-buff, rugulose or scaly,
often rufous below ; sporangium-wall yellow and membranous
above, usually firm and redder at the base, containing abun-
dant deposits of yellow lime-granules. Stalk firm, dark red-
brown, translucent, or opaque below with refuse matter,
0-1 to 0-6 mm. high, stout or slender. Columella none.
Capillittum a network of hyaline threads with expansions
at the axils; lime-knots numerous, branching, yellow, some
occasionally uniting to form a pseudo-columella. Spores pale
violet, nearly smooth, 9 to 10y diam. LP. oblatwm Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 91 (1922), in part. Craterium
Maydis Morg. in Journ. Cine. Soc., xix. 15 (1896); Macbride
l.c., ed. 1, 74.

Pl. 22.—e. sporangia (Ceylon); d. capillitium and spores 3 e. spore.

The slender forms of this species somewhat resemble P. flavicomum,
while the stouter forms with short stalks approach P. auriscalpium; it
presents, however, a distinct and constant centre. It was placed by the
late A. P. Morgan in the genus Crateriwm on account of the thickened base
of the sporangium-wall; but this feature is not always present, and is one
that may also be seen to a certain extent in both P. flavicomum and P.
auriscalpium. We therefore follow Dr. Torrend in transferring Crateriwm
Maydis to the genus Physarum, that it may stand between the two species
with which it appears to form a connecting link. In the second edition of
North American Slime-Moulds the name P. oblatum replaces that of P.
Maydis, which becomes a synonym; judging by Macbride’s original illus-
tration of P. oblatum (in Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Lowa, ii, Pl. xi, fig. 3 (1893) )
the depressed sporangia figured seem to be more characteristic of P. aurt-
scalprum (q.v.) and this was the view taken by Prof. Macbride in his first
edition.

Hab. On dead wood, twigs, maize-stalks, &c. In hothouse, Dahlem,
near Berlin; Uganda, Ceylon, Java, Japan, the West Indies, and in the
United States from Ohio to Iowa, Colorado and Washington.

24. P. auriscalpium Cooke in Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New
York, xi. 384 (1877) (ear-pick). Plasmodium orange-yellow.

40 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

Sporangia subglobose, 0-4 to 0-8 mm. diam., stalked or sessile,
yellow-orange, pale yellow with an orange base, or rufous,
rugulose or scaly, scattered or in small clusters ; sporangium-
wall membranous, with clustered deposits of lime-granules.
Stalk red-brown or blackish-brown, translucent, 0-1 to 0-4 mm,
high. Capillitium consisting of large branching orange-yellow
lime-knots, connected by short hyaline threads. Spores
brownish-violet, minutely spinulose, 9 to 12 uw diam.—Lister
in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 115; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 90. P. ornatum Peck in Rep. N. Y. Mus., xxxi. 40
(1879)? P. oblatum Macbr. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 384
(1893). P. sulphureum Sturgis in Bot. Gaz., xviii. 197, Pl. xx,
figs. 5-8 (1893). Badhamia citrinella Cel. Myx. Bohm. 76,
t. iv, fig. 1 (1893); see Lister in Journ. Bot., xl. 211. B.
iowensis Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 36 (1922).

Pl. 33.—a. sporangia (South Carolina); 6. capillitium and spores; c¢. spore.

This species is closely allied on the one hand to P. Maydis and on the
other to P. rubiginosum and Badhamia decipiens. Badhamia towensis Macbr.
has mottled grey and white sporangia with yellow-brown bases, short
brown stalks and large angular yellow lime-knots with abundant con-
necting threads ; it appears to be a pale form of P. auriscalpium but almost
merges into P. Maydis.

Hab. On dead wood, moss and twigs in summer.—Surrey, North Scot-
land, France, N. Germany, Switzerland, Bohemia, Portugal, Cape Province,
Bengal, Malaya, United States, British Columbia.

25. P. fulvum Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 60 (1911), non Fries
(tawny). Plasmodium yellow. Sporangia globose or obovoid,
0-6 to 0-8 mm. diam., cream-white or pale fulvous, nearly
smooth or rugulose, stalked or sessile, with a hypothallus of
branching fulvous strands; sporangium-wall of two closely
connected layers enclosing abundant deposits of lime-granules.
Stalk 0-1 to 0-5 mm. long, fulvous, weak and almost mem-
branous, expanding below into strands of the hypothallus.
Capillitium a dense persistent network of nearly colourless
threads, with membranous expansions at the axils, and with
- scattered large angular often branched pale yellow or orange
lime-knots. Spores dark purple-brown, spinulose, 10 to 12 »
diam.—P. albescens Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 86
(1922). Leocarpus fulvus Macbr. l.c., ed. 1, 82 (1899).

Pl. 66.—a. sporangia (Colorado); 6. capillitium and spores, with fragment of
sporangium-wall; ec. spore.

The type of this species was gathered by Mr. E. Bethel ‘ on living willow’,
growing in snow, 11,000 feet altitude, Loveland Pass, Colorado, in June,
1896. Dr. Sturgis has kindly allowed us to examine two other specimens,
both of which were sent him by Mr. Wingate under the unpublished name
* Physarum albescens Phillips’, and which he agrees with us in thinking
should be placed under P. fulvum. One specimen is marked ‘ Iowa, leg.
Holway, ex herb. Rex’, the other ‘ Louisiana, leg. Langlois, ex herb. Ellis’.
In both gatherings the pale cream-coloured sporangia are either subglobose
and sessile, or form short plasmodiocarps, and show but little development

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 4]

of hypothallus ; they agree in other respects with the type of P. fulvwm,
except that the lime-knots in the Louisiana specimens are smaller and
brighter yellow, and the lowa specimen has rather paler and smoother
spores, only 8 to 10. diam. Typical developments of P. fulvwm have been
obtained from several parts of Switzerland.

Hab. On leaves and twigs, usually at high altitudes.—Switzerland, and
the States of Iowa, Colorado, Nevada, and Montana.

26. P. penetrale Rex in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. (1891),
389 (penetrating). Plasmodium orange-yellow. Sporangia
stalked, erect, ellipsoid, or globose, 0-3 x 0:5 mm. diam., grey
or pale greenish-yellow, smooth; sporangium-wall mem-
branous, semi-transparent, with innate scattered clusters of
pale yellow or white lime-granules, rupturing when mature
into from two to four segments. Stalk erect or curved,
0-5 to 2 mm. high, slender, subulate, solid, translucent, dull
red or golden red. Columella formed by a continuation of
the stalk, penetrating the sporangium to about four-fifths its
height, scarcely tapering to the wedge-shaped or expanded
end, yellow. Capillitium a close network of slender hyaline
threads with triangular expansions at the axils of the branches,
arising from the whole length of the columella, persistent
after the dispersion of the spores ; lime-knots scattered, small,
rounded, yellow. Spores pale brownish-violet, delicately
spinulose, 5 to 6-5, diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 70. Cytidium penetrale Morg. in Journ. Cine. Soc.,
xix. 11 (1896).

Pl. 36.—a. sporangia (Ireland); 6. sporangium after dispersal of spores showing
the long columella, from a glycerine preparation; c. capillitium and spores; d. spores.

An immature specimen of this species occurs in the Strasburg collection
named by Rostafinski ‘* Craterium leucocephalum, unreif’. The solid
translucent stalk, continued upwards as a columella, is a feature peculiar
to P. penetrale in this genus.

Hab. On dead wood and moss.—Norfolk, Aberdeenshire, Ulster, France,
Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Roumania, Portugal, Cape Province, Java,
New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Chili.

27. P. citrinellum Peck in Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Xxxi. 55 (1879) (citron yellow). Plasmodium greenish-white.
Sporangia subglobose, 0-6 to 0-8 mm. diam., stalked, erect,
gregarious, rugose, lemon-yellow or ochraceous, tinged with
orange at the base ; sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer
cartilaginous, yellow, rugose, with dense included deposits of
lime, easily separating from the colourless membranous inner
layer. Stalk cylindrical, 0:2 to 0-4 mm. high, stout, plicate,
orange-red, translucent. Capillitium a network of colourless
hyaline threads, with many large, irregular, and branching
white lime-knots. Spores purple-brown, rather strongly
spinulose, 10 to 12, diam.—Mass. Mon., 278; Sturgis in
Trans. Conn. Ac., x. 470-472. Macbride N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 85. Didymium flavidum Peck l.c., xxviii. 54

42 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

(1879). Diderma citrinum Peck, non Fries, l.c. xxii. 89 (1869).
Cratervum citrinellum Lister Mycetozoa, 74 (1894).

Pl. 68.—a. sporangia (Japan) ; b. sessile sporangia (New Hampshire) ; ¢. capillitium
and spores, with fragment of sporangium-wall; d. spore.

In the first edition of the present work this species was placed in the
genus Craterium in view of its affinity with C. awrewm; as however there
is no tendency in P. citrinellum to form on dehiscing a regular cup, it seems
better to replace it in the genus Physarum. The slight tendency in C.
aureum to form such a cup allows us to regard it as a Crateriwm, though at
this point the distinction between the two genera becomes obviously
artificial. Other differences from C. awrewm are the more globose stouter-
walled sporangia, and the larger rougher spores. Dr. Brandza found this
species in some abundance maturing from greenish-white plasmodium in
subalpine woods, near Neamt, Moldavia, in September 1919.

Hab. On dead wood and moss.—Moldavia, Japan, and in the eastern
United States.

28. P. carneum G. Lister & Sturgis in Journ. Bot., xlviii. 73
(1910) (flesh-coloured). Plasmodium mustard yellow. Spor-
angia gregarious, stalked, subglobose, 0-4 to 0-6 mm. diam.,;
rarely sessile or forming short plasmodiocarps, ochraceous-
yellow with a reddish base, or dark grey from absence of lime,
smooth or rugulose ; sporangium-wall membranous, usually
with evenly distributed lime-deposits, thicker at the base.
Stalk cylindrical from a broader base, rugulose, flesh-coloured
or dull red, translucent or opaque below with refuse matter,
0-2 to 0-5 mm. high. Capillitium a dense network of fragile
angular branching white lime-knots with short connecting
threads. Spores purplish-brown, spinulose, with a paler
smoother area of dehiscence, 8 to 9 diam.—Howard in
Journ. R. Micr. Soc., (1917) 265, Pl. xviii; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 85.

Pl. 204.—a, 6. sporangia (Norfolk); c¢. sporangia, in one only the base remains
(Colorado) ; d. capillitium and spores; e. spore with pale area of dehiscence.

The type of this species was found by Dr. W. C. Sturgis on dead wood,
on Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado Springs, in the autumn of 1908, and also
in subsequent years. Mr. H. J. Howard gathered it near Norwich, under
bramble thickets, often in great profusion, in summer and autumn, in 1916,
1917, 1919 and 1922; the sporangia varied from yellow to purplish-grey,
and the stalks were either pale red on a white discoid hypothallus or reddish-
brown and rugged; in some cases the lime-knots were united to form
a central pseudo-columella ; the lime-granules within the knots are loosely
compacted and rather large, 1:5. diam. A specimen from Dr. Torrend
gathered near Lisbon, Dec. 1907, has the stalks pale with deposits of nearly
white lime-granules in the walls.

Hab. On dead wood and twigs.—Norfolk, Portugal, Moldavia, Colorado.

29. P. brunneolum Mass. Mon., 280 (1892) (brown). Plas-
modium yellow. Sporangia globose or subglobose and slightly
depressed, stalked or sessile, 0-6 to 1-7 mm. diam., rarely
forming plasmodiocarps, gregarious, yellow-brown, glossy ;
sporangium-wall dehiscing in revolute lobes or breaking up
in fragments, consisting of two layers, the outer yellow-brown,

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 43

cartilaginous, the inner membranous, enclosing abundant
deposits of white lime-granules. Stalk firm, cylindrical, red-
brown or nearly black, without lime, 0-1 to 0-4 mm. high.
Capillitium a network of colourless threads with numerous
large irregular white lime-knots, some of which may coalesce
to form a pseudo-columella. Spores purple-brown, spinulose,
8 to 10 n diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 58.
Diderma brunneolum Phill. in Grev., v. 114 (1877).

Pl. 69.—a, b. sporangia from Portugal and California; ec. capillitium and spores,
with fragment of sporangium-wall; d. spore.

This species resembles Craterium minutum Leers in the texture and colour
of the sporangium-wall, but differs strikingly in having no lid, as well as
in the more delicate capillitium threads, and rougher spores. The type
specimen, marked Diderma brunneolum in Phillips’s herbarium, was gathered
in California by Dr. Harkness in 1877, and consisted of sessile sporangia
only. Since then this species has twice been collected in Portugal by Dr.
C. Torrend, who found it on dead leaves of Agave americana and on fir bark,
with both stalked, sessile and plasmodiocarp sporangia. Mr. W. N. Chees-
man found P. brunneolum at Moruya, New South Wales, in August 1914,
developing from yellow plasmodium and with orange-red sclerotium.
A very robust form with pale tawny sporangia, from one to nearly two
millimetres across, was collected in some abundance by Prof. Thaxter at
Puntas Arenas, Chili, in March 1906 (see Sturgis in Mycologia, viii. 35 (1916)).
The first British gathering was made by Miss M. Rea at Lisburne, Co. Down,
in July 1917; a few of the sporangia are subglobose, the rest form more
or less elongated plasmodiocarps, many of which have dried prematurely.

Hab. On dead wood.—Co. Down, Ireland ; Portugal, New South Wales,
California, Chili.

30. P. nucleatum Rex in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. (1891),
389 (a little nut). Plasmodium milk-white. Total height
1 to 2 mm. Sporangia globose, stalked, erect or inclined,
0-5 mm. diam., white, rarely iridescent from absence of lime,
and rarely forming plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall mem-
branous, with scattered included clusters of white lime-
granules. Stalk subulate or nearly cylindrical, 0:5 to 1-5 mm.
long, wrinkled, pale buff, yellow or, rarely, reddish-yellow or
streaked with red, translucent above, without deposits of
lime, enclosing refuse matter at the base. Capillitium a close
persistent network of very slender colourless threads with
minute scattered rounded white lime-knots ; in the centre of
the capillitium is usually a shining white calcareous ball,
0-1 to 0-15 mm. diam., sometimes replaced by a cluster of
irregular lime-knots. Spores pale brownish-lilac, minutely
spinulose, 6 to 7 w diam.—Macbride N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 72; P. stumile Rost. Mon., App. 6 (1876) ?; Mass.
Mon., 286 ?

Pl. 35.—a. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; 6. capillitium showing the central calcareous
ball, surrounded by small lime-knots ; ¢. spore.

The type specimen of P. simile Rost. from Curtis, South Carolina (K.1255)
has buff ‘stalks without lime-deposits, and delicate persistent capillitium

44 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

with a central mass of lime; it is a poor development and in imperfect
preservation ; it should probably be referred to the present species, although
Rostafinski’s description of P. simile with the stalk continued into the
sporangium as a cylindrical columella would apply better to P. globuliferum
(see Rost. Mon., App. 6). The specimen from Roumania described by
Dr. Brandza as ‘ No. 121. Physarum non dét.’ (in Ann. Se. de PUniv. de
Jassy, x. 192 (1916) ) is an irregular development of the present species ;
many of the sporangia form long plasmodiocarps ; the stalks are reddish-
yellow, and are either short or absent.

Hab. On dead wood ; occurring in summer in England.—North Devon,
Cornwall, Roumania, South Africa, Japan, the United States, and through-
out the tropics; recorded also from Germany and Switzerland in hot-
houses.

31. P. straminipes Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 163, t. 386,
fig. 2 (1898) (stramen straw, pes foot). Plasmodium milk-
white. Sporangia greyish-white, obovoid or wedge-shaped,
0-7 mm. diam., clustered or scattered on long or short stalks,
two or more often borne on a single stalk, or sessile and
subglobose or irregularly ellipsoid ; sporangium-wall colour-
less or pale purple, membranous, rather firm, with dense
included clusters of lime-granules. Stalks straw-coloured,
translucent, often 2 mm. long, membranous or cartilaginous,
flattened or filiform, free from refuse matter, often continued
below into a strand-like hypothallus. Capillitium a persistent
network of stout rigid hyaline threads with expansions at the
axils, and numerous rounded white lime-knots, some of which
often unite to form a pseudo-columella. Spores 10 to lly
diam., purple-brown, marked with broad patches of warts
separated by smoother tracts.—Torrend Fl. Myx., 197.

Pl. 42.—a. sporangia (Lyme Regis); 0. capillitium and spores; ec. spore.

Allied to P. compressum, but distinguished by the long slender trans-
lucent stalks, the rigid capillitium, and the peculiar distribution of warts
on the spores.

Hab. On dead leaves and straw. Recorded from most of the southern
counties of England, from Norfolk, Yorkshire, Aberdeenshire, North Wales,
North and East Ireland ; from France, Germany, and Chili.

32. P. pusillum Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 64 (1911) (small).
Plasmodium watery-white. Total height 1 to 2mm. Spor-
angia subglobose, rarely obovoid or lenticular, stalked, erect
or somewhat inclined, scattered, 0:4 to 0-6 mm. diam., white
with a reddish base, rugose ; sporangium-wall membranous,
colourless above, with dense clusters of included white
granules, thickened and rufous at the base. Stalk subulate
or cylindrical, furrowed, 0:5 to 1-5 mm. long, red-brown,
usually free from refuse matter. Capillitium a network of
colourless branching threads; often varying in the same
development; lime-knots either small and few, or large
branching and numerous, or approaching the type of Badha-
mia. Spores pale brownish- lilac, almost smooth or marked

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 45

with patches of minute warts, 8 to 11% diam.—Didymium
pusilum Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ii. 53 (1873). Physarum
nodulosum Cke. & Balf., Rav. N. Amer. Fungi, no. 479 (1881)
(undescribed) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 76 (1922).
P. calidris Lister in Journ. Bot., xxix. 258 (1891); Lister
Mycetozoa, 52. P. gravidum Morg. in Journ. Cinc. Soc.,
Nat. Hist. xix. 24 (1896). P. mucoroides Schilberszky in
Bot. Centralbl., Ixvi. 84 (1896). Badhamia nodulosa Mass. in
Journ, Myc., v. 186 (1889); Mass. Mon., 322. Cratervwm
nodulosum Morg. l|.c., 15.

Pl. 43.—a. sporangia (Bedfordshire); 6. capillitium and spores of the same; ce.
sporangia of stouter form (Wanstead. Essex); d. capillitium and spore of the same ;
e. spore.

P. pusillum, in its various forms, shows amongst the species of Physarum
with white lime-granules a striking resemblance to the group P. flavicomum,
P. Maydis and P. auriscalpium amongst the species with yellow lime-
granules; the short-stalked form of P. pusillum with Badhamia-like
capillitium merges into Badhamia panicea as P. auriscalpium merges into
Badhamia decipiens. The type specimen from South Carolina in the Kew
Herbarium, K. 1492, consists of two specimens on two slips of wood marked
* Didymium pusillum’. On one slip is the present species, adequately
described by Berkeley under this name in Grev. ].c. On the other are a few
sporangia of D. nigripes var. xanthopus ; these exactly resemble the type
of D. proximum Berk. (=D. nigripes Fr. var. xanthopus), also from South
Carolina. Confusion has arisen owing to this inadvertent combination of
two species, with the result that Rostafinski gives D. pusillum as a synonym
for D. proximum (Rost. Mon., App. 23), only noticing the characters of the
latter. Dr. Sturgis finds that the specimen in Curtis’s herbarium marked
D. pusillum consists of the present species of Physarum only (see Mycologia,
viii. 203). The specimen from Broome’s Herb. named P. elephantinum
Berk. & Br. M.S., from Ceylon (B.M. 453), is a large form of the present
species, with capillitium and spores similar to those in the English gatherings.
P. nodulosum Cooke & Balf. (B.M. 858) from South Carolina is also P.
pusillum, but has almost Badhamia-like capillitium.

Hab. On dead leaves, twigs, straw, &c., frequent from summer to winter
in England, less common apparently in Scotland and Ireland; widely
distributed in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North and South America.

33. P. didermoides Rost. Mon., 97, fig. 87 (1875) (dis
double, dépza skin). Plasmodium white. Total height 0-5
to1-3mm, Sporangia stalked, erect and ovoid, about 0-8 mm.
high, 0-5 mm. broad, or sessile, ovoid or subglobose, crowded,
white, or dark grey above from the falling away or discon-
tinuance of the outer calcareous crust; sporangium-wall of
three layers, the outer a dense deciduous deposit of white
lime-granules, the middle layer a delicate colourless membrane
with scattered lLme-granules, closely combined with an inner
purplish, areolated, thicker layer. Stalk variable in length
and thickness, white, membranous, not containing refuse
matter and rarely enclosing lime-granules, rising from a plicate
white hypothallus. Capillitium consisting of numerous
rounded white lime-knots connected by short hyaline threads,

46 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

which are purple at the attachments to the sporangium-wall.
Spores very dark purple-brown, closely and minutely spinu-
lose, 10 to 13 4 diam.—Mass. Mon., 291; Macbride N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 78. Spumaria ? didermoides Acharius in
Pers. Syn. Fung., Addenda, xxix (1801). Diderma oblongum
Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 197 (1803). Physarum conglobatum
Fr. Symb. Gast., 21 (1818)? P.atrwm Schwein. in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc., n.s. iv. 258 (1832). P.lividum B licheniforme Rost.
Mon., 95 (1875); Mass. l.c., 304 (in part). P. cinereum var.
ovoideum Sacc. in Michelia, ii. 334 (1882); Mass. l.c., 299 ?
P. platense Speg. in Ann. Mus. Nac. Buen. Aires, vi. 199
(1899)? Spumaria licheniformis Schwein. in Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc., n.s. iv. 261 (1832). Claustria didermoides Fr. Summ.
Veg. Scand., 11.451 (1849). Didymium congestum Berk. & Br.
in Ann. Mag. N. H., ser. 2, v. 365 (1850). Badhama ?
pulcherrima Speg. in Bull. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cord., xi. 474
(1889) ?

Fig. 45.—a. sporangia (Flitwick, Beds.) ; 6. capillitium and spores, with fragment
of sporangium-wall; c. spore.

Var. lividum Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 161 (1898) (lead-
coloured) differs from the type in the grey sporangia being
always sessile and having usually a single layer only to the
sporangium-wall, in the lime-knots being more angular, and
in the rougher purple-black spores being paler and smoother
on one side.

Pl. 46.—a. sporangia (Flitwick, Beds.); 0. capillitinm and spores, with fragment
of sporangium-wall ; ce. spore.

P. cinereum var. ovoideum Sacc. on Ailanthus glandulosa from Lyon,
leg. J. Therry (B.M. 432), is a short-stalked form of P. didermoides, with
sporangia arising from a white membranous hypothallus. P. lividum var.
licheniforme Rost., portions of the type of which from South Carolina are
in the Strasburg and Kew collections, is a sessile form of P. didermoides.
The var. lividwm is a well-marked and constant form, occurring on dead
herbaceous stalks and old straw; it has been recorded from five English
counties. A specimen gathered near Lisbon by Dr. C. Torrend on dead
twigs appears to be intermediate between this variety and the typical form ;
the sessile globose sporangia have firm but single walls, and the lime-knots
are rather angular, while the spores are dark brown and traversed by a band
almost free from warts. Certain gatherings from Cintra and Japan resemble
typical P. didermoides in all respects except that the stalks are cylindrical
and charged with white lime-granules throughout.

Hab. On dead wood, leaves, or old straw, appearing in England from
summer to winter. Recorded from Bedfordshire, Surrey, Sussex, Hamp-
shire, Somerset, Norfork, and Yorkshire ; from France, Germany, Sweden,
Moldavia, Portugal; from Nigeria, Zululand, Uganda, Ceylon, Java, New
South Wales, Japan, the West Indies,and North and South America: the
var. lividwm has been recorded from Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire,
Sussex, Worcestershire, and Derbyshire.

34. P. nutans Pers. in Usteri Ann. Bot., xv. 6 (1795)
(nodding). Plasmodium watery-white, or yellowish-grey.
Total height 1 to 15 mm. Sporangia gregarious, stalked,

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 47

erect or nodding, subglobose or lenticular, more or less
flattened or concave beneath, 0:4 to 0-7 mm. broad, white,
greyish-white, or iridescent from absence of lime ; sporangium-
wall membranous, with included minute white granules in
more or less dense clusters. Stalk subulate, longitudinally
wrinkled, grey, yellowish, olivaceous or black, translucent
above, sometimes opaque and white from deposits of lime in
the wall, the tube of the stalk containing refuse matter.
Capillitium consisting of colourless slender threads, branching
at an acute angle and anastomosing, with few flat expansions
at the axils and few small white lime-knots. Spores clear
brownish-violet, nearly smooth or minutely spinulose, 8 to
10 » diam.—Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 128; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 97. Sphaerocarpus albus Bull. Champ., 137,
t. 407, fig. 3, t. 470, fig. 1, A to @ (1791). Stemonitis violacea
Roth Fl. Germ., i. 548 (1788)? S. alba Gmel. Syst. Nat.,
1469 (1791). Physarum bulbiforme Schum. Enum. PI. Saell.,
ii. 200 (1803). P. albo-punctatum Schum. l.c., 200. P. Didy-
mium Schum. |.c., 202? P.marginatum Schum. l.c.? P. Pini
Schum. l.c., 203. P. solutwm Schum. l.c., 204? P. furfura-
ceum Schum. l.c. P. globoswm Schum. l.c.? P. albipes Link
in Mag. Ges. Mat. Fr. Berl., iii. 27 (1809)? P. sulcatum
Link l.c.? P. connatum Ditm. in Sturm. Deutsch. FI., Pilze,
ni, t 4) (1817)? P. gracilentum Fr. l.c., 133 (1829). P:
cernuum Fr.1.c.,130. Trichia nutans Trentep. in Roth Catal.
Bot., i. 227 (1797). 7’. alata Trent. l.c., 228? TT. hemispheria
Trent. l.c.? TZ. alba DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 202 (1802)? T'. cernua
Schum. l.c., 211. Didymium marginatum Fr. 1.c., 115. D. fur-
furaceum Fr. l.c., 116. Tilmadoche cernua Fr. Summ. Veg.
Scand., 454 (1849). 7’. nutans Rost. Mon., 127 (1875) ; Mass.
Mon., 327. 7. Pini Rost. l.c., 128. TT. gracilenta Rost. l.c.,
129; Mass. l.c., 330. 7’. anomala Mass. l.c., 333 (1892) ?
T. alba Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 58 (1899).

Var. leucophaeum Lister Mycetozoa, 51 (1894) (Acuxds
white, ¢aws dusky). Sporangia erect, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam.,
stalked, sessile or forming plasmodiocarps ; stalks stouter ;
columella none, or occasionally present in the form of an
irregular or conical continuation of the stalk into the sporan-
gium ; capillitium with larger and often branched lime-knots ;
spores 9 to 1lw.— Physarum leucophaeum Fr. Symb. Gast., 24
fieisiamivost. 1.¢.,. 113, figs. 77, 78, 893. Mass. l.c., 288;
Maebr. l.c., 75. P. conflwens Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl.,
vii. Diss. 2, 43 (1815)? P. hypnorum Link lec., 43?
P. connexum Link |.c.? P. conglobatum Ditm. l.c., 81, t. 40.
P. granulatum Balf. in Grev., x. 115 (1882); Mass. lL.c., 289.
P. wmitans Racib. in Rozpr. Mat.-Przyr. Acad. Krak., xii. 73
(1884). P. Readeri Mass. |.c., 282. Sphaerocarpus albus Bull.
Champ., p. 137, t. 470 H to L (1791). Trichia filamentosa

48 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 227 (1797). Diderma terrestre
Fr. ex Weinm. Hymeno-Gastero-Myc., 574 (1836). T'tlmadoche
nephroidea Cel. Myx. Béhm., 69 (1893).

Var. robustum Lister l.c. (robust). Sporangia erect, often
forming plasmodiocarps ; stalks grey, or white from enclosed
deposits of lime; capillitium more rigid, with the central
lime-knots often confluent to form a pseudo-columella.—
Physarum albipes de Bary in Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., x. 95
(1866) ?

Pl. 37.—a. sporangia (Essex) ; 0. capillitium and spores ; ¢c. spore; d. d'. sporangia,

intermediate between the typical form and var. leucophaeum (Essex); e. capillitium
of d, with abundant lime-knots ; f. capillitium of d', with few small lime-knots.

Pl. 38.—a. sporangia of var. leucophaeum (Essex); 0. capillitium and spores of the
same; ¢. robust sporangia, with much lime in the walls; d. capillitium and spores of
ce; e. spore,

An extremely variable and abundant species. The stalked and plas-
modiocarp forms may develop from the same growth of plasmodium ;
sporangia may be found with delicate capillitium and few minute lime-
knots, associated with others from the same plasmodium with wide expan-
sions at the angles of the threads and with large lime-knots; some may
have erect stalks enclosing much refuse, standing with others more weakly
formed, containing little refuse matter and nodding from the weight of the
sporangium. As in all the Calcarineae the amount of lime in the sporangium-
wall is liable to great variation; where the supply is abundant it gives
firmness and persistence to the membrane; where it is scanty the wall is
fragile or evanescent, as in the form named by Rostafinski Tilmadoche
nutans. In contrast with the latter is var. robustum; but between these
extreme forms all shades of difference may be found, making it difficult to
define even distinct varieties. The specimen of 7’. gracilenta Rost. from
Poland in the Strassburg collection is a minute form of P. nutans with
small, nearly globose sporangia of a greyish-white or greyish-violet
colour. The type of Physarum Readeri Mass., from Melbourne (K. 500),
is the var. leucophaeum, with spores 8 to 9 diam. (not 15 to 16y). The
type of P. granulatum Balf. fil. (K. 67) is the same variety with the lime on
the sporangium-wall in the form of crystalline nodules, a not infrequent
transformation in species of Physaraceae. P. nutans var. ovicarpum Meylan
(Bull. Soc. Bot. Genéve, sér. 2, vi. 87 (1914) ), from the Jura Mountains,
has both subglobose and slightly ovoid sporangia; it is an unusual form
rather than a variety.

Hab. On dead wood, rarely on leaves ; common in the British Isles and
Europe, from summer to winter; very widely distributed elsewhere :
the var. lewcophaeum is not so abundant in tropical as in temperate regions.

35. P. javanicum Racib. in Hedw., xxxviil. 53 (1898)
(from Java). Plasmodium? Sporangia scattered, stalked,
orbicular, either flattened, convex or obconical below, concave
or umbilicate above, 0-6 to 0:8 mm. diam., 0:25 mm. thick,
greyish-white ; sporangium-wall membranous with evenly
distributed or clustered lime-granules, fragile and fugacious,
often dehiscing by spreading lobes. Stalk subulate, slender,
flexuose, 1-5 to 1-8 mm. high, white or pale straw-coloured
above, darker from included refuse matter below. Capillitium
a lax network of slender threads with long fusiform and
branching white lime-knots, or almost Badhamia-like and

PHYSARUM] PHYSARACEAE 49

consisting of a network of branching tubes filled with lime-
granules and attached to the sporangium-walls by straight
hyaline threads. Spores greyish-lilac, nearly smooth, 9 to 10 uw
diam.—Penzig Myx. Buit., 30. P. discoidale Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 74, Pl. xx, figs. 3, 8a (1922)? Physarella
javanica Torr. Fl. Myx., 174 (1909).

Pl. 197.—a. sporangia (Java); b. capillitium, with fragment of sporangium-wall ;
e. spore.

This graceful species is said to be common around Buitenzorg and not
unfrequent at Tjibodas in the Island of Java. It appears to be closely
allied to P. nutans, but differs in the shape of the sporangia and the more
rigid capillitium. It bears considerable resemblance to Trichamphora
pexizoidea Jungh., but the stalks are pale straw-coloured instead of dark red,

Hab. On dead wood, twigs and grass.—Cape Province, Uganda, Java,
Florida, and, if P. discoidale proves to be this species, occurring also in
California.

36. P. crateriforme Petch in Ann. R. Gard. Perad., iv. 304
(1909) (crater cup, forma shape). Plasmodium dull ochra-
ceous. Sporangia scattered or in groups, greyish-white, rarely
pale brown, cylindrical, obovoid, spherical or reniform, some-
times depressed, stalked, with occasional plasmodiocarp forms ;
sporangium-wall membranous with clustered deposits of white
lime-granules. Stalk conical, black, or black below and white
above, opaque from included refuse matter, 0-1 to 0-7 mm.
long. Columella variable in colour and shape, white, yellow-
brown or black, cylindrical and reaching to the apex of the
sporangium, or ending below it and then clavate or shortly
conical, sometimes absent. Lime-knots white or pale brown,
either united to form a massive columella giving off horizontal
spike-like points which end in simple or forked hyaline threads
attached to the sporangium-wall or in the spherical sporangia,
branched and forming an almost Badhamia-like network with
few connecting threads. Spores dull lilac, closely spinulose,
10-13 p» diam.—Petch l.c., 336.

Pl. 76.—a, b. sporangia of various shapes ; some sporangia in b. have no columella
(Ceylon); ¢. sporangium, with spores dispersed showing columella; d. apex of columella ;
e. capillitium from sporangium without columella; f. spore.

In this variable species a single development may show ovoid, globose
and reniform sporangia; the columella may reach and expand into the
upper sporangium-wall and the capillitium have scanty fusiform lime-knots,
or the columella may be absent and the lime-knots abundant. When
spherical sporangia appear alone they closely resemble P. nutans var.
leucophaewm, but are distinguished by the laxer net of the capillitium, the
more spike-like lime-knots, and the rather larger spores. P. crateriforme
is also nearly allied to Badhamia affinis Rost.

Hab. On dead wood, herbaceous stalks or the bark of living trees.—
Weybridge, Aberdeenshire, Dublin, Lisbon, South Nigeria, Ceylon, Japan,
Antigua.

37. P. compressum Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 97 (1805)
(compressed). Plasmodium white. Total height 1 to 1-5 mm.
Sporangia reniform or obovoid, compressed, erect, splitting

E

50 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

along the ridge, stalked, sessile or forming plasmodiocarps,
scattered, clustered or confluent, white or grey, rugose or
closely spotted with white; sporangium-wall membranous,
colourless or purplish below, including dense clusters of white
lime-granules. Stalk stout, furrowed, black from contained
refuse matter, or brownish or white from deposits of lime in
the wall. Capillitium a close network with numerous rounded
white lime-knots, varying in shape and size, connected by
rather short hyaline threads. Spores dark purplish-brown,
more or less spinulose or echinulate, 9 to 14 «1 diam.—Sace.
Syll., vii. 337; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 80.
P. grisewm Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr., iii. 27 (1809)? P.
nephroideum Rost. Mon., 93, figs. 80 to 82 (1875); Mass. Mon.,
285. P.candidum Rost. l.c., 96. P. affine Rost. l.c., App. 5.
P. lividum var. conglobatum Rost. l.c., 95, in part. P. Phil-
lipsi Balf. fil. in Grev., x. 116 (1882). P. glawcwm Mass. L.c.,
284 (1892). Didymium glaucum Phill. in Grev., v. 114 (1876).

Pl. 39.—a. sporangia of various shapes developed from the same plasmodium
(Hertfordshire) ; 0%. capillitium and spores; ¢. spore.

Pl. 40.—a. sporangia from the type of P. Phillipsii; 6. capillitium and spores,

The sporangia of this abundant species may vary extremely in shape and
general appearance, and in the size and roughness of the spores in different
parts of one culture. The spines on the spore wall are usually evenly
distributed, but are sometimes grouped in patches separated by narrow
smoother tracts, which give the spore a faceted appearance, but this is
never so marked as in P. straminipes. The granules in the sporangium-
wall and lime-knots frequently coalesce into vitreous superficial scales or
nodules ;_ this feature is also met with in other species of Physarum. In
preparations in water of highly calcareous sporangia part of the solid
matter is found to dissolve, and, on drying, to crystallize on the slide in
particles resembling those described. A culture from an extensive growth
of plasmodium exhibited the forms a, 8, and y in the development of the
sporangia,

a. Sporangia obovoid or reniform, laterally compressed, on short black

or grey stalks, or sessile.

3. Sporangia obovoid or reniform, on white stalks 0-5 mm. long.

y. Plasmodiocarps lobed and confluent, compressed or cylindrical.

The specimens named P. nephroideum Rost. (Strasb. Herb.) are the
form a. The type of P. candidum Rost., from Juan Fernandez (K. 510),
is the form 8; in some of the sporangia the lime-knots coalesce to form
a central mass; that of P. Phillipsi Balf. f., from Phillips’s Herb., shows
the forms a and y; and that of P. lividum var. conglobatum Rost., from
Ceylon, No. 55 (K. 1244), is the form a with short black stalks; that of
P. affine Rost., from Cuba, No. 907 (K. 1350), is the form 8 with white
stalks. The specimen named Didymium botryoides Berk. in Herb., from
New Zealand (K. 1523)—named by Massee D. radiatum B. & C.—is the
form a. D. pruinosum Berk. & Curt., from Cuba (K. 1515), given by
Rostafinski as a synonym for P. nephroideum (Rost. Mon., App. 5), is the
form a. The type of Didymium glaucum Phill. from California is form a;
the sporangia are either on short black stalks or sessile.

Hab. On dead leaves, twigs, straw, &c.—Frequent in the British Isles
throughout the year: widely distributed over Europe, Africa, Ceylon,
Australia, East and West Indies, Japan, and America.

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 51

38. P. connatum Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 71 (1911), non
Ditm. (born together). Plasmodium white or grey. Spor-
angia stalked, scattered and free, or grouped in clusters of
two or more, globose, turbinate or reniform, greyish-white,
often darker at the base, 0:5 to 0:7 mm. diam. ; sporangium-
wall membranous with clustered deposits of lime-granules,
rarely iridescent and almost free from lime. Stalk stout,
furrowed, dark brown, yellowish or red-brown, buff or whitish,
0-1 to 0-7 mm. long, opaque with enclosed refuse matter.
Capillitium a network of hyaline threads with numerous
rounded or angular white lime-knots. Spores purple-brown,
minutely and closely spinulose, 10 to 11 » diam.—Didymium
connatum Peck in Rep. N. Y. Mus., xxvi. 74 (1874) ; Sturgis
in Trans. Conn. Acad., x. 477 (1900). Physarum connexum
Morg. in Journ. Cine. Soc., Nat. Hist. xix. 20 (1896). P. com-
pressum var. d, Lister Mycetozoa, 54 (1894). P. nephroideum
Rost., Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 41 (1899), in part. P.
notabile Macbr. l.c., ed. 2, 80 (1922). P. tropicale Macbr.
l.c., 82. P. polonicum Skup. in Bull. Acad. Pol. Sc., 1924,
391, figs. 1-3.

Pl. 40.—e. sporangia (Iowa); d. capillitium and spores; e. spore.

Although very nearly allied to P. compressum the present species may be
distinguished by the sporangia being more symmetrical and less compressed,
and by the more angular lime-knots. P. tropicale Macbr. is a rather large
form with little lime in the iridescent sporangium-walls and in the capillitium.
Prof. Macbride rejects the name P. connatum on the ground that this
combination stands as a synonym for another species and cannot therefore
be used again ; but many botanists consider that the rule ‘ once a synonym
always a synonym’ should not be too rigidly enforced, and in the present
case the old descriptions of P. connatum given by Schumacher and by
Ditmar respectively are too brief to be of any value. Peck’s type of
Didymium connatum is undoubtedly the present species.

Hab. On dead wood and bark.—Apparently rare in the Old World, and
recorded only from Bedfordshire, Sweden, Poland, and Moldavia; in North
America it is abundant in the United States, and has been obtained from
both the eastern and western parts of Canada.

39. P. melanospermum Sturgis in Mycologia, ix. 323, Pl. 14,
figs. 1-3 (1917) non Pers. (wéAas black, owépya seed). Plasmo-
dium? Sporangia stalked, gregarious, turbinate or discoid,
usually umbilicate above, 0:4 to 0-7 mm. diam., greyish-white,
rugulose ; sporangium-wall membranous, with abundant de-
posits of white lime-granules, often brown and charged with
refuse matter towards the base. Stalk stout, black, furrowed,
0-1 to0-3mm. long. Capillitium consisting of numerous white
angular branching lime-knots connected by short hyaline
threads. Spores dark brownish-purple, minutely and closely
spinulose, with a pale nearly smooth germinal spot, 12-5 to
16 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 63 (1922) ;
see his ‘ Corrigenda ’.

Pl. 201.—a, b. discoid and turbinate sporangia ; ec. capillitinm and spore; d. spore.

BE 2

52 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

This well-marked species is distinguished from Badhamia macrocarpa,
which it somewhat resembles, by the character of the capillitium and by
the spores being marked with a pale germinal spot. It has been obtained
abundantly in successive years in various parts of the State of Colorado,
under shrubby thickets.

Hab. On dead twigs and leaves ; August.—Aurora and Colorado Springs,
Colorado.

40. P. reniforme Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 72 (1911) (ren
kidney, forma shape). Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered or
clustered, stalked or almost sessile, reniform, obconic, bolster-
shaped or lobed, usually compressed, 0-4 to 0-9 mm. diam.,
often confluent in clusters of from three to forty or more,
greyish-white ; sporangium-wall membranous, with clustered
deposits of lime-granules. Stalk wrinkled, variable in colour,
either pale yellow, yellow-brown, or fuscous, usually rather
slender and flexuose, 0:3 to 1 mm. long, enclosing refuse
matter at the base. Capillitium with short hyaline threads
connecting the numerous angular lime-knots which often unite
to form a pseudo-columella, sometimes almost Badhamia-like.
Spores 9 to 15, diam., brownish-purple, either faintly or
strongly spinulose, often faceted with patches of spinules or
warts.—P. fasciculatum Jungh. Fl. Crypt. Java, pl. 2, fig. 8,
(1838)? Badhamia fasciculata Rost. Mon., App. 2 (1876) ?
Tilmadoche reniformis Mass. Mon., 336 (1892). Didymiuwm
echinospora Mass. l.c., 239. Physarum nicaraguense Macbr.
in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 382 (1893) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 83; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 334. P. com-
pressum Alb. & Schw., Lister Mycetozoa, 54, in part (1894).

Pl. 41.—a. sporangia (Nicaragua) ; h. capillitium and spores; ce. spore.

This species, like the last, is nearly allied to P. compressum. It has
now been obtained from many parts of the world retaining the following
distinctive features :—the sporangia are smaller and often in much larger
clusters than in P. compressum, the stalks are more slender, and the capil-
litium is often so densely charged with lime as to assume almost a Badhamia
character. In the type from Ceylon (K. 1406) and in Didymium echinospora
Mass., also from Ceylon (K. 1407), the sporangia are reniform or lobed,
with slender brown stalks, and with spores 12 to 15 p equally spinose all over.
In extensive gatherings made by Mr. T. Petch at Peradeniya, Ceylon, where
the species is fairly common, the sporangia are massed together in large
clusters and solitary in the same colony. The type of P. nicaraguense
Macbr. is very similar to the Ceylon gatherings, but the spores, which
measure 9 to 11 ys, have the spinules evenly distributed instead of showing ~
‘ faceting ’.

It seems probable that Physarum fasciculatum Jungh. is the present
species. It is described as having globose white sporangia, dehiscing
irregularly, fugacious above, persistent below ; stalks connected in clusters
of three to six or more, erect, tough, dirty yellowish, attenuated upwards ;
capillitium of tubes as in Badhamia; spores violet, smooth, 11 to 14 yn.
Specimens of P. reniforme gathered in Java by Prof. Penzig and recorded
by him as Badhamia fasciculata (Myx. Buit., 18) agree with the above
description, except that the sporangia are obconic, and the capillitium is

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 53

more that of a Physarum having the large branching lime-knots connected
by short hyaline threads.

Hab. On dead wood and bark: common, apparently, throughout the
tropics ; recorded also from Japan, Pennsylvania, and New South Wales.

41. P. cinereum Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 89 (1794)
(ashy). Plasmodium watery-white or pale yellow. Sporangia
sessile, subglobose, pulvinate, heaped, crowded or scattered,
often forming simple or branched plasmodiocarps, 0-3 to
0-5 mm. broad, cinereous, more or less warted or veined with
white ; sporangium-wall membranous with included clusters
of white lime-granules. Capillitium of branching hyaline
threads, with numerous white lime-knots varying in size and
shape ; sometimes consisting of a Badhamia-like network with
few hyaline threads. Spores brownish-lilac, almost smooth or
spinulose, 7 to 10 u diam.—Rost. Mon., 102, figs. 71, 72, 85;
Mass. Mon., 288; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 59.
Lycoperdon cinereum Batsch Elench. Fung., 155 (1788).
Trichia coerulea Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 229 (1797) ?
Physarum violacewm Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell., ii. 199 (1803) ?
P. plumbeum Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 142 (1829) ; Morg. in Journ.
Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix. 26 (1896). P. capense Rost. l.c.,
113, fig. 93 (1875)? P. scrobiculatum Mass. l.c., 300 (1892).
Didymium cinereum Fr. |.c., 126. D. scrobiculatum Berk. in
Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot., iv. 66 (1845). D. oxalinum Peck in
Rep. N.Y. State Mus., xxxi. 41 (1879).

Pl. 47.—«a. sporangia (Essex) ; >. capillitium and spores; ¢. spore.

This widely distributed species is often abundant on dead leaves, fir
needles, or on heaps of old straw ; it may occur in such quantity on turf
as to have been described by a Canadian writer as disfiguring a lawn. It is
connected by intermediate forms with P. vernwm Somm. When the
sporangia are clustered and nearly destitute of lime, P. cinerewm is with
difficulty distinguishable from P. confertwum. Physarum conglobatum Ditm.
(in Sturm Deutsch. Fl, Pilze, i. 40; Fr. Sys. Mye., iii. 142) has been
placed by Rostafinski as a synonym for the present species; but the
descriptions are too imperfect to be instructive. Irom Berkeley’s descrip-
tion of Didymium scrobiculatum, Rostafinski was probably right in placing
it under P. cinereum; hardly anything remains of the type from Swan
River, Australia, in Berkeley’s Herb. (K. 1518). Dr. Brandza finds in the
beech woods of Moldavia a beautiful form which he has named var. scin-
tillans (Ann. Sc. del’ Univ. de Jassy, xi. 122 (1921) ), with clustered sporangia,
iridescent blue from the absence of lime-deposits in their walls ; as normal
grey sporangia often occur in the same development it is apparently a form
of P. cinereum rather than a true variety.

Hab. On dead leaves, straw, &c.—Common in the British Isles. in
Europe, the United States and Japan; widely distributed throughout the
tropics and the Southern Hemisphere.

42. P. confertum Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 64
(1922) (crowded). Plasmodium yellow, or white. Sporangia
subglobose, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. diam., sessile, confluent, clustered
or heaped, dull violet-brown or dark grey, often veined with

54 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

white or sprinkled with minute white dots ; sporangium-wall
membranous, pale purplish, with or without scanty deposits
of lime. Capillitium a sparse network of hyaline threads with
small angular or branching white lime-knots, often limeless.
Spores brownish-violet, minutely warted, 10 to 12 uw diam.—
P. atrum Morg. in Journ. Cine. Soc., xix. 27 (1896) ; Macbr.
l.c., ed. 1, 86; Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 74. P. reticulatum
Berl. in Sacc. Syll. Fung., vii. 350 (1888).

Pl. 64.—a. sporangia (New Brunswick) ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall; c. spore.

This species has until recently been generally known as Physarum atrum
Schw., but as the type of P. atrum proved to be a limeless form of P. dider-
moides, a new specific name was needed, and Prof. Macbride has supplied
the appropriate one of confertwm in reference to the clustered sporangia.
Although closely resembling limeless forms of P. cinerewm and P. virescens,
this appears to be a constant species, distinguished by the much heaped
sporangia and large spores. The late Prof. Farlow described it as being
by far the commonest species in fir woods on Campobello Island, New
Brunswick, in the summer of 1902; Prof. Macbride writes that it is not
uncommon in the United States. Dr. Brandza finds it frequent on pine
needles in subalpine woods in Moldavia. The Rev. W. Cran has also found
it on pine needles in Aberdeenshire. These repeated gatherings confirm
the stability of the species.

Hab. On dead wood, twigs and pine needles.—Aberdeenshire, Germany,
Moldavia ; not uncommon in the United States.

43. P. vernum Somm. in litt. Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 146 (1829)
(vernal). Plasmodium white. Sporangia sessile, subglobose
or forming short or elongated often crowded plasmodiocarps,
greyish-white, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., often several millimetres
in length, rugulose ; sporangium-wall membranous usually
densely charged with lime-granules. Capillitium consisting of
short hyaline threads connecting numerous angular branching
white lme-knots, that may unite in the centre to form a
pseudo-columella. Spores purplish-brown, spinulose, 9 to 12 uw
diam.—Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxv. 210; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 51. Badhamia verna Rost. Mon., 145
(1875), in part.

Var. iridescens G. Lister in Guide to Brit. Mycetozoa, ed. 4
(1919), 25 (iridescent). Sporangia shining dark brown from ab-
sence of lime in the walls; capillitium with angular lime-knots
enclosing large lime-granules, 1 to 2 diam.; spores with
a pale germinal area.

Pl. 48.—a. sporangia (Arolla, Switzerland) ; 6. capillitium and spores ; ¢. spore.

This species differs from P. cinerewm to which it is very closely allied
in the darker and usually larger spores. A slender form is abundant in this
country on heaps of dead leaves and old straw. The typical robust form,
rich in calcareous deposits, and often forming long plasmodiocarps, is one of
the commonest species in the Swiss Alps in spring when it occurs associated
with Diderma niveum and Lepidoderma Carestianum on dead twigs, leaves
and grass close to the edge of melting snow. The var. iridescens has pur-

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 55

plish sporangium-walls and unusually large granules in the lime-knots ;
it appears almost every autumn on holly leaves in Epping Forest ; if it
were not for the darker brown spores, this form would seem to be more
nearly allied to P. cinereum.

Hab. On dead leaves, twigs, straw, &¢.—Common in most of the southern
counties of England; recorded also from Worcestershire, Norfolk, York-
shire, North Wales, Scotland, France, Norway, Austria, Portugal, the Cape,
Natal, S. Australia, Cuba: var. iridescens has been recorded from Cornwall,
Devon, Dorset, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Essex, Norfolk, Nottingham-
shire, and from North Germany.

44. P. ovisporum G. Lister in Journ. Bot., lix. 91 (1921),
Pl. 558, figs. 1, la, 1b (ovwm egg, ozopa seed). Plasmodium
white. Sporangia scattered, sessile, white, pulvinate or form-
ing straight, curved or irregular plasmodiocarps, 0-5 to 0-8 mm.
diam.; sporangium-wall minutely roughened with deposits
of lime-granules, often with smoother areas where the lime-
deposits are scanty. Capillitium consisting of numerous white
rounded lime-knots, varying much in size, connected by short
hyaline threads. Spores rich purple-brown, either globose,
9 to ll» diam., or oval, 10 x 12 to 13, minutely warted,
often marked with a pale smooth line of dehiscence.

Pl. 202.—a. sporangia; 6. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-
wall; c¢. spore.

This species has been met with in the neighbourhood of Lyme Regis for
the last thirty years; it is closely allied to both P. vernum and P. com-
pressum ; from the former it differs in the minutely granular surface of the
sporangia and the neat rounded lime-knots, and from P. compressum in
the smoother sporangia being always sessile and not compressed. When the
spores are oval and marked with a pale line of dehiscence they are unlike
those of any other species in the genus.

Hab. On dead leaves in late autumn and winter.—Recorded from
Devon, Dorset, Somerset, and Essex.

45. P. sessile Brandza in Ann. Sc. de l’Univ. Jassy, xi. 116
(1921) (sitting). Plasmodium greenish or greyish-white, or
orange. Sporangia sessile, globose, or forming simple or
branched plasmodiocarps, smooth or rugulose, varying from
white and pale yellow to orange, 0-4 to 0-5 mm. diam. ;
sporangium-wall membranous with abundant deposits of lime.
Capillitium consisting of numerous white or pale yellow
rounded and angular lime-knots with short connecting threads.
Spores pale brownish-lilac, 7 to 10 pw diam., almost smooth.—
P. variabile var. sessile Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 114 (1898) ;
Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 329.

Pl. 22.—a. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; 6. sporangia (Antigua); c¢. capillitium and
spores ; d. spore.

This was formerly regarded as a plasmodiocarp form of P. variabile Rex
(a species now proved to be a form of P. sulphureum Alb. & Schw.), but
numerous gatherings from many parts of the world justify its specific
distinction. Dr. Brandza finds it very abundant and occurring in vast
colonies in early summer amongst dead leaves in the wooded hills and
mountains of Moldavia; Mr. Minakata also finds it in abundance on dead
bamboo leaves in Japan. The specimen in the British Museum from Aiken,

56 ENDOSPOREAE |PHYSARUM

South Carolina, named in Ravenel’s collection Cienkowskia reticulata
(B.M. 991), is a rich orange form of P. sessile.

Hab. On dead leaves, sticks, &c.—-Switzerland, Moldavia, Ceylon, Japan,
East and West Canada, South Carolina, Antigua, and Venezuela.

46. P. gyrosum Rost. Mon., 111 (1875), in part (ydpos
circle). Plasmodium creamy white or dull yellowish-white.
Sporangia stalked or sessile, much compressed, clustered,
forming rosettes, or labyrinthine plasmodiocarps one to many
millimetres diam., pinkish-grey, usually seated on a pink or
dull red hypothallus; sporangium-wall membranous with
clustered deposits of white or reddish lime-granules. Stalk
slender, dull red, formed by a strand of the hypothallus.
Capillitium a scanty network of hyaline threads with numerous
large white transversely placed fusiform or irregular lime-
knots. Spores pale brownish-violet, minutely spinulose, 6 to
10 » diam.—Mass. Mon., 307 (in part); Lister in Journ. Bot.,
xl. 210, t. 438, fig. 2; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 339; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 95. P. cerebrinum Mass. l.c., 306
(1892). Lignidium reniforme Fr. Sym. Gast., 10 (1817) ?
Fuligo septica Gmel., Lister Mycetozoa (1894), in part. J’.
gyrosa Jahn in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., xx. 272 (1902).

Pl. 52.—a. rosette-like cluster of sporangia (Ceylon); 6. capillitium and spores ;
c. spore.

This species is on the borderland between the genera Physarum and
Fuligo; the sporangia are either free and simple, or form a net which may
be regarded either as a much branched plasmodiocarp or as a small aethalium.
Rostafinski’s type from Berlin, gathered by Braun (Strasburg Collection),
shows pink rosette-like clusters of sporangia with most of the spores dis-
persed. The type of P. cerebrinwm Massee, which appeared in a pot of
palm seeds in the palm house, Kew Gardens (K. 195), is the present species.
Dr. Jahn has found the sporangia repeatedly on earth and seedling plants
in the forcing-houses of the Botanic Gardens, Berlin. Mr. T. Petch, writing
from Ceylon, says, “I found one evening a creamy-white plasmodium
emerging in small pillars about 1 cm. high from the sides of holes 6 inches
deep on land prepared for planting cocoa. Next morning all the pillars had
collapsed into small rosettes on a central pinkish hypothallus; with the
exception of one piece on a blade of grass the sporangia were all formed on
stone, pieces of glass and earth, and seemed to be in a continuous sheet,
but they separated easily from each other.’ Mr. K. Minakata, writing
from Tanabe, Japan, describes a large growth of plasmodium which was
milk-white when it first emerged from the ground and spread over sur-
rounding objects; it then turned to * clear Amazonite blue’, a colour it
retained for some hours before maturing to form sporangia; these were
either normal, or united into flat almost continuous dark grey masses
surrounded by sheets of dull red-brown hypothallus. Where the blue
plasmodium was injured it changed to a blood-red colour on drying. P.
gyrosum appeared in March 1919 on soil in a propagating house in the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh ; from a culture of the spores on bread
Dr. M. Wilson obtained the * dirty-yellow white ’ plasmodium. This species
also developed in a cucumber house near Norwich in February 1922.
Didymium daedalium Berk. & Br. (in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, v. 366
(1850) ) is probably the present species; the description is as follows :—

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE a7

*Sporangia connate, labyrinthine-sinuous, pale brick-red, of the same
colour as the short connate stalks, sprinkled with white meal; flocci white ;
spores purple-black, smooth, globose. Hab. In great abundance in a
cucumber frame.—Milton, Norths. Spreading far and wide in little globose
masses ; stems reddish-brown, inclining to orange, connate, as if composed
of little flat bran-like membranes, sporangia having a greyish tinge from
the contained spores, which are purple-black; variegated with the white
flocci, which are frequently forked, and vary greatly in width, being in
parts flat, broad, and membranous.’ In the absence of the type this
reference remains uncertain. It is unfortunate that Rostafinski and Massee
after him included Fuligo muscorum (q.v.) among the synonyms of the
present species.

Hab. On earth, leaves, &c.—In glass-houses in Scotland, England, Den-
mark, France, Germany, and Switzerland ; recorded from Germany, South
Nigeria, Madagascar, Ceylon, Victoria (Australia), Japan, New York State,
Brazil.

47. P. Famintzini Rost. Mon., 107 (1875) (A. S. Fa-
mintzin, a Russian botanist, b. 1833). Plasmodium orange.
Sporangia subglobose or reniform, sessile, about 0-4 mm.
diam., brownish-orange or chestnut brown, rugulose, clustered
or heaped, with a colourless or yellow membranous hypo-
thallus; sporangium-wall membranous or somewhat carti-
laginous, with abundant clustered deposits of brownish-yellow
lime-granules. Capillitium an elastic network of hyaline
threads with large white angular or branching lime-knots
sometimes forming a pseudo-columella. Spores purple-brown,
spinulose, 10 to 12% diam.—R. E. Fries in Svensk Bot.
Tidskr., vi. 740 (1912). P. Gulielmae Penzig Myx. Buit., 34
(1898) ; Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 76; Torrend Fl. Myx., 182.

Pl. 63.—a. sporangia (Sweden) ; 6. capillitium and spores, with fragment of spor-
angium-wall; c. spore.

The clustered brown sporangia form large colonies; when perfectly
developed the sporangium-walls break and the elastic capillitium expands
to form a column of twice its original length ; specimens from Sweden and
Switzerland illustrate this well, and correspond with Rostafinski’s descrip-
tion of the type from Poland.

Hab. On twigs, herbaceous stems, &c.—Sweden, Germany, Switzerland,
Poland, Java.

48. P. echinosporum Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvii. 147,
t. 398, fig. 1, a,b, c (1899) (éxtvos hedgehog, ozopa seed).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered, forming chalk-white
usually curved plasmodiocarps, strongly compressed laterally,
dehiscing along the thin upper ridge ; sporangium-wall of two
layers, the outer smooth, eggshell-like, charged with minute
lime-granules, separating from the inner membranous iri-
descent pale purplish layer. Capillitium consisting of numer-
ous smooth white lime-knots, irregular in shape and size,
connected by short hyaline threads. Spores purple, 8 » diam.,
marked with strong ridges and spines.—Torrend Fl. Myx., 178.

Pl. 53.—-a. sporangia (Antigua); 0. capillitium and spores; e¢. spore.

Hab. On dead leaves.—Antigua.

58 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

49, P. sinuosum Weinm. ex Fr. Syst. Myc., ii. 145 (1829)
(with many curves). Plasmodium white. Sporangia sessile,
scattered, forming elongated plasmodiocarps, laterally com-
pressed, sinuous or branched, equal in breadth from the base
to the flattened upper ridge, which at length splits longi-
tudinally ; sometimes pulvinate and bursting irregularly ;
white, grey, or yellowish ; sporangium-wall double, the outer
layer with copious deposits of lime, smooth or reticulated,
the inner layer wrinkled and colourless, membranous, usually
adhering to the outer layer. Capillitium consisting of numer-
ous white, often branching large and small lime-knots, con-
nected by rather short hyaline threads. Spores violet-brown,
spinulose, 8 to 10 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 112; Mass. Mon.,
305; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 52. Reticularia
sinuosa Bull. Champ., 94, t. 446, fig. 3 (1791). Physarum
bivalve Pers. in Usteri Ann. Bot., xv. 5 (1795) ; Lister Myce-
tozoa, 57. Angioridium sinuosum Grev. Scot. Crypt. FI.,
t. 310 (1828). Diderma valvalum Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 109 (1829).
D. contortum Fuckel Symb. Myc., 341 (1869). Carcerina
valvata Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., 451 (1849). ;

Pl. 49.—a. sporangia (Essex) ; 0. capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporangium-
wall; c. spore.

The characters of this abundant and widely distributed species are
retained on the whole with great constancy. It is closely allied to both
P. bitectum and P. bogoriense, differing from the former in having the inner
sporangium-wall wrinkled and colourless, in the smaller lime-knots, and in
the uniformly spinulose spores, and from the latter species in the dehiscence
of the sporangia along the upper ridge only, and in the larger darker
spores.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs; frequent from summer to winter in
most English counties; widely distributed throughout Europe, Canada,
and the United States ; recorded also from the Cape, Ceylon, Java, Japan,
and Chili.

50. P. bogoriense Racib. in Hedw., xxxvii. 52 (1898) (Buiten-
zorg, Java). Plasmodium? Sporangia scattered or gregarious,
sessile on a narrow base, ovoid and somewhat angular, or
forming flexuose plasmodiocarps, varying in colour from
reddish-brown to buff, yellow or nearly white ; outer sporan-
gium-wall smooth, white on the inner side, densely charged
with white lime-granules ; this layer is usually areolated with
pale lines along which it breaks and separates in reflexed lobes
from the more persistent membranous inner wall. Capillitium
consisting of numerous large white smooth-walled rounded
and branching lime-knots connected by slender hyaline threads.
Spores pale violet-brown, nearly smooth, 7-5 to 8-5 » diam.—
Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 238; Brandza in Ann. Sc. de
Univ. Jassy, xi. 120; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 54.
Diderma pallidum Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ii. 52 (1873)
undescribed. Physarum pallidum Lister in Journ. Bot.,

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 59

xxxvi. 117 (1898) ; Sturgis in Colo. Coll. Publ., Se. Ser. xii.,
20.

Pl. 50.—a. sporangia (Antigua) ; 0b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of double
sporangium-wall; ¢. spore.

Distinguished from P. sinuosum by the sporangia dehiscing by more or
less reflexed lobes and by the paler smoother spores.

Hab. On dead leaves: widely distributed throughout the tropics ;
recorded also from Moldavia, Portugal, the Cape, Brisbane, the southern
United States and Pennsylvania.

51. P. bitectum Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 78 (1911) (bis (bz)
twice, tectum covered). Plasmodium white. Sporangia scat-
tered, sessile, and either subglobose or obovoid, 0:6 to 0-8 mm.
diam., or forming curved and flexuose plasmodiocarps 2 to 6
mm. long, rounded, or laterally compressed, smooth, white or
buff, sometimes shining purplish-brown below or all over from
absence of lime ; sporangium-wall double, the outer wall densely
charged with white lime-granules, free and deciduous above,
recurved and persistent below ; inner wall smooth, membran-
ous, pale purplish, more persistent. Capillitium a network of
hyaline threads, with numerous variously shaped large smooth-
walled white ime-knots. Spores 10 to 12 » diam.,dark purplish-
brown, spinulose, with a paler smoother area of dehiscence.—
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,53. P. Diderma Lister non
Rost. in Journ. Bot., xxix. 260 (1891) & Mycetozoa, 57; Sturgis
in Colo. Coll. Publ., Sc. Ser. xii. 20.

Pl. 51.—a. sporangia (Bedfordshire) ; b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of
double sporangium-wall ; ¢. spore.

This species is allied to P. stnwosum with which it is often associated in
the south of England, and from which it differs constantly in having a smooth
purplish inner sporangium-wall and rougher spores smoother and paler on
one side. In the first edition of the present work this species was referred
to P. Diderma Rost.; a subsequent more complete translation of Rosta-
finski’s description shows P. Diderma to have had crowded globose sporangia,
characters inapplicable to the present species, for which therefore a new
name, P. bitectum, was adopted. In the absence of the type from Warsaw,
the position of P. Diderma remains uncertain, but the description agrees
with P. didermoides var. lividum.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs; abundant in most English counties in
autumn and winter; recorded from Sweden, France, Germany, Por-
tugal, the Cape, New South Wales, the western United States, and
Venezuela,

52. P. testaceum Sturgis in Colo. Coll. Publ., Sc. Ser. xii,
18 (1907) (testa a tile or shell). Plasmodium? Sporangia
sessile, white, subglobose, clustered and polygonal from mutual
pressure, 0:7 mm. diam.; outer sporangium-wall white,
egeshell-like, separating from the membranous colourless inner
wall. Capillitium consisting of numerous large and small
angular branching white lime-knots connected by short
hyaline threads. Spores purplish-brown or greyish-purple,
spinulose, distinctly darker and more spinulose on one side,

60 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

8 to 10 » diam.—P. didermoides var. lividum Lister in Journ.
Bot., xxxvi. 162 (1898), in part. P. Diderma Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 55 (1922).

Pl. 54.—a. sporangia (Colorado) ; b. capillitium and spores; ¢. spore.

This species is closely allied to P. didermoides var. lividum, from which
it differs in the shell-like outer sporangium-wall, the large branching lime-
knots and paler spores ; it has hitherto been recorded only from the United
States, where it appears to be widely distributed. In a specimen from
Ouray, Colorado, gathered by Prof. Bethel, every sporangium has a large
white hollow columella; this appears to be an exceptional feature.

Hab. On dead wood. Not uncommon in New England; recorded also
from Ohio, Michigan, Iowa, Oregon and Colorado.

53. P. contextum Pers. Syn. Fung., 168 (1801) (woven toge-
ther). Plasmodium yellow. Sporangia sessile, subglobose, ovoid,
0-4 to 0-6 mm. diam., or reniform and elongated on a broad
base, free or usually crowded in large colonies, often angled by
mutual pressure, rounded or flattened above, smooth, yellowish-
white or ochraceous ; sporangium-wall double, the outer layer
thick with dense deposits of lime, often breaking away in the
upper part from the thin colourless inner layer. Capillitium
with scanty hyaline threads and numerous large irregularly
branching white or yellowish lime-knots. Spores dark violet-
brown, spinulose, 10 to 13 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 109.; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,56. Diderma contextum Pers. Obs.
Mye., 1. 89 (1796). D. ochroleucum Berk. & Curt. in Grev.,
ii. 52 (1873). D. flavidum Peck in Rep. N.Y. State Mus.,
xxvill. 54 (1879). Physarum conglomeratum Mass. Mon.,
304 (1892). Lycoperdon lutewm Jacq. Misc., 138, t. 8 (1778) ?
Leocarpus contextus Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., 450 (1849).

Var. Mortoni G. Lister (Prof. Morton E. Peck). Spor-
angia loosely clustered.—Physarum Mortoni Macbr. l.c., 58
(1922).

Pl. 55.—a. sporangia (Surrey); 0b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of spor-
angium-wall; c¢. spore.

The present species is closely allied to P. conglomeratum, from which it
differs in the larger rougher spores and in the structure of the sporangium-
wall. The type of Diderma ochroleucum Berk. & Curt. from Pennsylvania
(K. 1533) is typical P. contextum. The var. Mortoni has been found several
times in Oregon by Prof. Morton E. Peck, and also by Prof. Bethel in Colorado;
it appears to be constant in the more scattered habit.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs; frequent in England from summer to
winter; widely distributed in Scotland and throughout Europe, Canada
and the United States ; recorded also from South Australia and Tasmania.

54. P. conglomeratum Rost. Mon., 108, figs. 73, 79, 90
(1875) (con together, glomerare to collect). Plasmodium ?
Sporangia subglobose, sessile on a broad base, crowded,
angled by mutual pressure, 0-3 to 0-5 mm. broad, pale yellow
or buffish-white, mottled with paler shades ; sporangium-wall
double, the inner layer of the convex upper wall having

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 61

translucent pale yellow curved thickened areas, with a vitreous
fracture; the outer layer thick, with deposits of easily
crumbling yellow lme-granules. Capillitium consisting of
slender branching hyaline threads, with numerous white or
yellowish branching often confluent lime-knots. Spores pale
violet-brown, almost smooth, 8 to 10 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,57. Spumaria minuta Schum. Enum. PI.
Saell., ii. 196 (1803)? 8S. granulata Schum. l.c.? Diderma
conglomeratum Fr. Syst. Myc., ili. 110 (1829)? D. minutwm
Fr. le., 111? D. granulatum Fr. l.c.? D. flavum Weinm.
Hymen. & Gastrom., 593 (1836) ? D. rugulosum Weinm. l.c.,
594? Leocarpus granulatus Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., 451 (1849) ?
L. minutus Fr. 1.c., 450 ? Carcerina conglomerata Fr. |.c., 451 ?
Physarum Rostafinskii Mass. Mon., 301 (1892).

Pl. 56.—a. sporangia (Germany); 0b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of
sporangium-wall; ¢. spore.

This species usually forms smaller clusters than the preceding but is
mainly distinguished by microscopic characters which the earlier authors
were unable to detect ; the synonymy quoted above is therefore uncertain,
and may refer in part to P. contextum. Fries distinguished Diderma con-
glomeratum from D. contextum chiefly by the difference of the capillitium ;
he describes the presence of a columella in both species, but speaks of the
deposits of lime as being more largely developed in D. conglomeratum. This
is an uncertain character, and varies in different gatherings. Rostafinski
was the first to detect the main specific difference, and pointed out that in
Physarum contextum the spores are rough and measure 10 to 13 py, while
in P. conglomeratum they are nearly smooth and measure 8 to 9, diam.
He follows Fries in referring to a columella in P. conglomeratum, but adds
that it is free and not always evident ; he describes P. contextum as being
usually without a columella. The specimen K. 1277 marked Diderma
conglomeratum by -Fries, gathered in West Sweden and taken by Massee as
his type of P. conglomeratum (l.c. 304) is typical P. contextum; the name
P. Rostafinskit Mass., which is given to supersede P. conglomeratum Rost.
is therefore unnecessary.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs; occurring in many English counties
throughout the year; recorded from North Wales, Scotland, Clare Island,
France, Germany, Sikkim, India, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Louisiana, and
Antigua.

55. P. Serpula Morgan in Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix.
29 (1896) (a genus of marine worms). Plasmodium greenish-
yellow to yellow. Sporangia sessile, subglobose or forming long
straight or flexuose, simple, branched or ring-shaped plasmo-
diocarps, 0-3 mm. diam., yellow or ochraceous ; sporangium-
wall membranous, with dense evenly distributed deposits of
yellow lime-granules. Capillitium consisting of numerous
angular and branching pale yellow lime-knots, connected by
short and scanty hyaline threads. Spores purplish-brown,
spinulose, with a paler and smoother area of dehiscence, 10 to
12 » diam.—Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 116 (1898); Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 49. P. gyroswm Mass. Mon., 307

62 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

(1892), in part. Badhamia decipiens Lister Mycetozoa, 32
(1894), in part.

Pl. 57.—a. plasmodiocarp (Philadelphia) ; }. capillitium and spores, with fragment
of sporangium-wall; e¢. spore.

Various attempts were made to unite this well-marked form with pre-
viously known species, until the late A. P. Morgan gave it specific rank.
In Schweinitz’s herbarium at Philadelphia it was named P. reticulatum
Alb. & Schw. (syn. Cienkowskia reticulata Rost.) ; it was distributed as
P. gyrosum Rost. by Ellis (N. Am. Fungi, No. 1396); and in the first
edition of the present work it was included under a nearly related species,
Badhamia decipiens Berk. ; from this it differs in the paler lime-knots being

connected by hyaline threads, and in the spores being distinctly paler and ~

smoother on one side.
Hab. On dead leaves. Recorded from the States of Pennsylvania,
Virginia, Ohio and Iowa.

56. P. aeneum R. E. Fries in Arkiv. Bot., i. 62 (1903)
(made of brass). Plasmodium? Sporangia sessile, sub-
globose, or forming straight or curved simple branching or
netlike plasmodiocarps, 0-3 to 0-4 mm. diam., pinkish-brown
or bronze colour, glossy ; outer sporangium-wall somewhat
cartilaginous, brown, brittle, with deposits of lime-granules,
separating and folding back above from the shining membra-
nous inner wall. Capillitium a network of hyaline threads with
numerous rather small round or angular dark or pale brown
lime-knots which sometimes unite to form a pseudo-columella.
Spores pale brownish-lilac, nearly smooth, 6 to 10 » diam.—
P.murinum var. aeneum Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 117 (1898).

Pl. 58.—a. sporangia (Bolivia); 6. capillitium and spores, with fragment of spor-
angium-wall; ¢. spore.

This species was first discovered by the Rev. W. Cran in the island of
Dominica in 1897; in July 1902 it was collected in Bolivia by Dr. R. E.
Fries, who established its right to specific rank ; since then large gatherings
have been made in the island of Santa Cruz, West Indies, by Prof. C.
Raunkiaer ; it was found also at Serampore, Bengal, by Mr. J. Drake in
1918, on fern pinnules.

Hab. On dead palm leaves, twigs, &c.—Antigua, Dominica, and Santa
Cruz, West Indies, Bolivia, and Bengal.

57. P. rubiginosum Fries Symb. Gast., 21 (1817) (rusty).
Plasmodium orange-red. Sporangia subglobose, 0:5 to 1 mm.
diam.,sessile, gregarious orclustered, smooth or rugulose, scarlet,
reddish- or olive-brown ; sporangium-wall membranous, with
dense included clusters of orange lime-granules. Capillitium
an abundant network of hyaline threads with frequent
triangular membranous expansions at the axils of the branches ;
lime-knots large, angular, branching, orange-red or red-brown.
Spores pale violet-brown, minutely spinulose, 8 to 11 diam.—
Rost. Mon., 104; Blytt in Bidr. Norg., Sop., iii. 4; Schréter
in Cohn Krypt. FI. Schles., iii. 129; Mass. Mon., 302 ; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 62. P. fulvum Fr. Syst. Myc.,

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 63

ili. 143 (1829). Leangium rubiginosum Fr. Stirp. Femsj.,
83 (1825).

Pl. 59.—a. sporangia (Brandenburg) ; b. sporangia (New York); ec. capillitium and
spores, with fragment of sporangium-wall; d. spore.

Closely allied to P. auriscalpium and P. lateritiwum; from the former it
differs in the sessile habit of the sporangia and in the more abundant
sometimes elastic network of the capillitium; from P. lateritiwm in the
redder and more angular lime-knots. A gathering from Philadelphia sent
by Mr. Wingate to Mr. Massee under the unpublished name Leocarpus
squamulosus has glossy red-brown sporangia and dark red-brown capillitium ;
another from Gaddonfield, New York, collected by Dr. Sturgis, has similar
capillitium and orange-red sporangia fading where exposed to strong light
to a dull ochraceous colour; in all other respects these gatherings agree
with the typical form of P. rubiginoswm.

Hab. On dead wood and beds of moss.—Norway, Sweden, France,
Germany, Switzerland, New York and Pennsylvania.

58. P. lateritium Morgan in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
xix. 23 (1896) (brick red). Plasmodium yellow-orange.
Sporangia subglobose, 0-3 to 0-7 mm. diam., sessile, or forming
simple branched or netlike plasmodiocarps, terete or laterally
compressed, gregarious, more rarely clustered, orange, brick-
red, rosy-red, or red-brown, somewhat rugose, rupturing
irregularly ; sporangium-wall membranous, colourless above,
yellow at the base, with included clusters of red or orange
lime-granules. Capillitium a network of slender colourless or
pale yellow threads, with rounded lime-knots varying in shape
and size, either orange, or with red centres surrounded by
round yellowish lime-granules. Spores pale brownish-lilac,
almost smooth, 6 to 9 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2,50. Didymium lateritium Berk. & Rav. in Grev., ii. 65
(1873). D. croceoflavum Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv.
84 (1875). Physarum Braunanum de Bary ex Rost. Mon.,
105 (1875). P. Ditmari y lateritium Rost. 1.c., App. 9 (1876).
Physarum Ditmari B croceoflavum Rost. lc. P. inaequale
Peck in Rep. N. York Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxi. 40 (1879).
P. chrysotrichum Mass. Mon., 300 (1892), in part. P. fulgens
Pat. in Bull. Soc. Myce. Fr., viii. 122 (1892) ?

Pl. 60.—a. sporangia (South Carolina) ; b. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; ¢. capillitium
and spores, with fragment of sporangium-wall; d. spore.

Pl. 61.—d. sporangia of type of P. Braunianum de Bary (Berlin).

This species is variable in the colour and shape of the sporangia; the
bright red form almost merges into P. rubiginosum, but is usually distin-
guished by the paler more rounded lime-knots; the orange form appears
to be nearly allied to P. virescens, but differs in the sporangia being more
scattered and having a tendency to form long slender plasmodiocarps,
which are often pale yellow or grey in the lower part. A specimen on soil
from Carolina marked Didymium terrigenum Berk. & Curt. (B.M. 575) is in
poor condition but seems to be the present species rather than P. virescens,
with which it was placed in the first edition of this work. Dr. Jahn has
recently found in the herbarium of the Berlin Museum the type of P.
Braunianum de Bary, collected in June 1852 on moss in Grimewald near

64 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM

Berlin, by A. Braun. The minute sporangia are globose, clustered or
scattered, 0-2 to 0:3 mm. diam., purplish-brown and without lime-deposits,
or spotted and veined with clusters of brick-red lime-granules ; the scanty
capillitium consists of slender hyaline threads and yellow or nearly white
lime-knots; the spores are violet-grey, 9 diam.; the specimen is not
perfectly developed, and it is a question whether it should be placed with
P. virescens or P. lateritium but the brick-red colour of the sporangia
favours the latter position. The present species was found in abundance in
bramble thickets by Mr. H. J. Howard in Norfolk woods in the summer
and autumn of 1916, 1917, 1919.

Hab. On dead leaves, twigs and wood.—Staffordshire, Norfolk, Germany,
Switzerland, Moldavia, Ceylon, Malaya, Java, the United States, Brazil,
and Chili.

59. P. virescens Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fl., Pilze, 1.
123, t. lxi (1817) (becoming green). Plasmodium lemon-
yellow. Sporangia subglobose or irregularly ovoid, 0:2 to
0-4 mm. diam., sessile, heaped or gregarious, rugose or nearly
smooth, pale yellowish-green, orange-yellow, or purple-brown
from the absence of lime ; sporangium-wall membranous, with
dense included clusters of minute yellow lime-granules, rarely
without lime. Capillitium a network of hyaline threads with
fusiform or irregular yellow lime-knots. Spores pale violet-
brown, 7 to 10 » diam., minutely spinulose, the spinules either
equally distributed, or slightly clustered.—Rost. Mon., 103;
Mass. Mon., 277; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 61.
P. thejoteum Fr. Symb. Gast., 21 (1818); P. caespitosum
Schwein. in Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., iv. 258 (1832). P. Ditmarr
Rost. l.c., App. 8 (1876). Didymium nectrieforme Berk. & Curt.
in Grev., ii. 66 (1873). D. sinapinuwm Cooke Myx. Brit., 33
(1877).

Var. obscurum Lister Mycetozoa, 59 (1894) (dark).
Sporangia sessile, 0-4 to 0-8 mm. diam., subglobose or forming
plasmodiocarps, gregarious or crowded, greenish-grey, often
spotted with pale yellow or olive-brown, somewhat glossy ;
sporangium-wall membranous, colourless above, yellow at the
base, either without lime, or with widely scattered clusters of
whitish lime-granules : lime-knots bright yellow : spores 6 to
8 p» diam.

Var. nitens Lister (bright). Sporangia subglobose, 0-5 to 0-9
mm. diam., sessile, gregarious or clustered, bright yellow or
orange: spores 7 to 9 » diam.—P. luteolum Peck in Rep. N.
York Mus. Nat. Hist., xxx. 50 (1878) ?; see Sturgis in Trans.
Conn. Ac., x. 470 (1900). P. auriscalpiwm Macbr. (non Cooke)
in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 158 (1893).

Pl. 61.—a. sporangia (Essex); 0. capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporan-
gium-wall, showing three of the calcareous discs; c¢. spore; d. sporangia of var.
obscurum (Devon).

Pl. 62.—a. sporangia of var. nitens (Maine) ; b. capillitium and spores, with fragment
of sporangium-wall; c. spore.

Glycerine mountings of the typical form show, dispersed in the spor-
angium-wall, flattened disc-shaped crystalline bodies with a radiating

PHYSARUM | PHYSARACEAE 65

structure, measuring 10 to 20, diameter. These are also found in the
sporangium-wall of P. psittacinum, P. digitatum, and Crateriwm leuco-
cephalum; they do not appear to be present in vars. obscurum and nitens.
The var. obscwrum has been found frequently in England, and has also been
recorded from Scotland, Hungary, and the Adirondack Mts., New York ;
the capillitium and spores are similar to the typical form, but in external
appearance it differs markedly in the larger and more scattered sporangia
with glossy and almost limeless walls. The var. nitens is a handsome form,
having rather larger sporangia than the type, with which it is connected
by gatherings intermediate in character. A robust form of this variety is
seen in two gatherings from Somerset, made in 1916 and 1922, in which
the orange-yellow sporangia are either globose or form stout plasmodio-
carps, from | to 1-8 mm. long, clustered on an orange hypothallus. Dr.
Sturgis has examined the scanty and injured remains of the type of P.
luteolum Peck in the New York State Museum at Albany; he regards it as
being probably P. virescens var. nitens, and considers that Peck’s name
should be discarded (see Sturgis l.c.).

Hab. On dead leaves, moss and twigs, rarely on wood; probably not
uncommon throughout England and Scotland, widely distributed in Europe,
the United States and Canada: var. obscurum recorded from Devon, Bed-
fordshire, Essex, Norfolk, Northumberland, Wigtownshire, Aberdeen ; also
from Hungary and Roumania: var. nitens recorded from Surrey, Bedford-
shire, Warwickshire, Somerset, Aberdeenshire, Co. Kerry, Bohemia, New
England and Iowa State.

60. P. digitatum Farquh. & G. Lister in Journ. Bot., liv. 128
(1916), Pl. 541, figs. 1, la, b (digitus a finger). Plasmodium
greyish-yellow. Sporangia subglobose or cylindrical, ascending,
simple or branched and irregularly lobed, closely clustered,
sessile, tawny or clay-coloured, 0:1 to 0:3 mm. diam., 0-3 to
1 mm. high, seated on a membranous hypothallus ; sporan-
gium-wall membranous, with abundant deposits of clay-
coloured lime-granules, and with a few scattered crystalline
discs. Capillitium a network of hyaline threads with fusiform
or angular yellowish-brown lime-knots which may unite to
form a pseudo-columella. Spores pale violet-grey, 5 to 6u
diam., marked with small scattered clusters of minute warts ;
from three to five of these clusters are seen on the hemisphere.
P. thejotewum Morgan in Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix. 22
(1896) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 36 (1899). P. instratum
Macbr. l.c., ed. 2, 62 (1922).

Pl. 203.—a. group of sporangia; 6. capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporan-
gium-wall; c. spores.

This inconspicuous species forms large colonies on decaying wood. It is
distinguished from P. virescens, its near relative, by the clay-coloured,
often cylindrical sporangia, and by the smaller spores spotted with scattered
clusters of warts. The specimens from South Nigeria and the Cape Province,
collected by C. O. Farquharson and Miss A. V. Duthie respectively, have
the majority of the sporangia cylindrical. Specimens from Ohio and
Iowa, courteously sent us by Prof. Macbride, have both ovoid and globose
sporangia ; they are clearly forms of the same species.

Hab. On dead wood.—Agege, South Nigeria ; Knysna Forest, Cape Pro-
vince ; Ohio, Illinois, lowa, Missouri, Nebraska.

F

66 ENDOSPOREAE [FULIGO

61. P. alpinum G. Lister in Journ. Bot., xlviii. 73 (1910).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia clustered or scattered, sessile,
subglobose, 1 to 1-3 mm. diam., or forming curved or straight
plasmodiocarps 2 to 30 mm. long, pale yellow or ochraceous,
scaly or smooth ; outer sporangium-wall densely charged with
calcareous deposits, separating from the membranous inner
wall. Capillitium with abundant and rather large simple or
branching yellow lime-knots connected by a scanty network
of firm hyaline threads with broad membranous expansions.
Spores purple-brown, closely and minutely warted, 9 to 14
diam.—R. E. Fries in Svensk Bot. Tidskr., vi. 743 (1912) ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 54. P. virescens var.
alpina Lister in Journ. Bot., xlvi. 216 (1908).

Pl. 62.—d. sporangia (California); e. capillitium and spores, with fragment of
sporangium-wall; /. spore.

This species was first gathered in the Blue Canon, California, by Dr.
Harkness (B.M. 2327), and was named in Phillips’s herbarium Badhamia
inaurata (see Mycetozoa, ed. 1, p. 61). It has been found on the Belalp and
near Arolla, Switzerland, 8,000 feet altitude ; M. Ch. Meylan has repeatedly
gathered it in the Jura Mountains, near Ste. Croix at an elevation of from
3,000 to 4,000 feet, where it appears on turf on the mountain-side asso-
ciated with P. vernum after the thawing of the winter snows. In general
structure and in the colour of the spores the present species is curiously
like the alpine form of P. vernum, though differing entirely in the yellow
colour of the sporangia and lime-knots. It appears to be related to P.
virescens var. nitens, but is distinguished by the double sporangium-wall,
the frequent plasmodiocarp habit, and the larger darker spores.

Hab. On grass, leaves and sticks in alpine regions.—Jamtland (Sweden),
Switzerland, Washington State (teste Macbride) and California.

Genus 4.—FULIGO Haller Hist. Stirp. Helv., iii. 110
(1768) (soot). Sporangia elongated, branching and _ inter-
woven, combined to form a pulvinate aethalium, the outer
layer of sporangia often barren and forming a cortex charged

with deposits of lime-granules and without spores ; capillitium
with few or many lime-knots.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF FULIGO.

Aethalium and lime-knots yellow, less often reddish or white ;
spores 7 to 9 p. 1. F'. septica
Aethalium yellowish-grey ; lime-knots numerous, orange-
yellow ; spores 10 to 11 p. 2. F. muscorum
Aethalium and lime-knots pure white, the latter large ; spores
10 to 14 yp, often ellipsoid. 3. I. cinerea
Aethalium white ; spores 15 to 20 p, tuberculate.
4. F’. megaspora
1. F. septica Gmelin Syst. Nat., 1466 (1791) (onrrikds
decaying). Plasmodium yellow, rarely white. Aethalia

FULIGO | PHYSARACEAE 67

pulvinate, varying much in size, from 2 mm. to 20 cm. broad,
yellow. The sporangia constituting the aethalium are in-
tricately coiled and anastomosing, 2 to 2-5 mm. broad, with
air spaces in the intervals which permeate the mass ; cortex
yellow, thick, thin or wanting, when the surface is greenish-
grey and marked with brain-like coils of the perfect sporangia ;
sporangium-walls within the aethalium membranous, very
fragile, colourless with scattered deposits of lime-granules.
Columella none. Capillitium scanty or abundant, consisting
of a loose network of slender hyaline threads more or less
expanded at the axils, with fusiform or branching yellow
lime-knots, varying much in size. Spores violet, almost smooth,
6 to 8 p, rarely 8 to 10 » diam.—Blytt in Bidr. Norg., Sop., iii.
5; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 27. Mucor septicus
Linn. Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1656 (1763). M. primus (ovatus) Schaeff.
Fung. Bav., 132, fig. 192 (1763). M. Mucilago Scop. FI. Carn.,
ii. 492 (1772). Reticularia lutea Bull. Champ., 87, t. 380, fig. 1
(1791). &. hortensis Bull. l.c., 86, t. 424, fig. 2. R. carnosa
Bull. l.c., 85, t. 424, fig. 1. R. ovata Wither. Br. Pl., ed. 4, iv.
463 (1801). R&R. septica Wither. l.c. &. vaporaria Chev. FI. Par.,
i. 342 (1826). Fuligo flava Pers. in Roemer, N. Mag. Bot., i. 88
(1794). F. vaporaria Pers. Obs., i. 92 (1795). F. laevis Pers.
Syn. Fung., 160 (1801). #. violacea Pers. l.c. ; Macbr. L.c., ed.
1, 24. FF. flavescens Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 194 (1803).
F. varians Somm. Fl. Lapp., 239 (1826); Rost. Mon.,
134; Mass. Mon., 340. J. tatrica Racib. in Hedw., xxiv.
169 (1885). F. ovata Macbr. l.c., 23 (1899). F. cerebrina
Brondeau in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris, Ms 74 (1825). Aethalium
flavum Link in Berl. Mag., Diss., i. 42 (1809). A. septicum
Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 93 (1829). A, i aaa Spreng. Syst. Veg.,
iv. 533 (1827).

Var. candida R. E. Fries in Svensk Bot. Tidskr., vi. 744
(1912) (white). Plasmodium cream-white ; aethalia and lime-
knots white.—F’. candida Pers. Obs., i. 92 (1795). Aethalium
candidum Schlecht in Spreng. l.c.

Var. rufa R. E. Fries l.c., 745 (red). Plasmodium yellow or
cream-coloured ; aethalia and lime-knots dull brick-red.—
F. rufa Pers. in Roemer, N. Mag. Bot., i. 88 (1794). F. carnea
Schum.., l.c., 194? Reticularia carnea Fr. Vor Ol te ee rufa.
Schwein. in Ty. Am. Phil. Soc., iv. 261 (1832). ’ Aethalium fer:
rincola Schwein. l.c. A. rufum Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii.
341 (1833). Licea Lindheimert Berk. in Grev., ii. 68 (1873).
Tubulina Lindhewmeri Mass. Mon., 42 (1892).

Pl. 74.—a. part of a small ecorticate anata (Essex) 5 6. white aethalium (Hants) ;
c. reddish aethalium of var. rufa (Essex); d. capillitium and spores from aethalium

‘ce’; e. capillitium and spores from aethalium ‘ a?’ > f. spore.

This conspicuous species has received the popular English name of
‘Flowers of Tan’ from its frequent occurrence in tan-yards on heaps of
spent tan. It is perhaps the most abundant and widely distributed of all

F 2

68 ENDOSPOREAE [FULIGO

the Mycetozoa. The aethalia vary much in size, in colour, and in the
amount to which the cortex is developed. It is found that if the rising
plasmodium is protected by a bell-glass from currents of dry air, the sporan-
gia develop well throughout, there is no cortical layer, and a number of
small aethalia may be formed rather than a single large one; when, on the
other hand, the young aethalium is exposed to dry winds or sunlight, the
cortex becomes thick from the outer layers of sporangia containing no
spores. Occasionally the lime in the sporangium-walls is in the form of
crystalline nodules. In the type of Licea Lindheimeri Berk.* from Texas
(K. 1648) only the basal part of an aethalium remains ; it is an orange form
of var. rufa with scanty capillitium and violet spores measuring 5 to 7 p.
An unusual habitat for the present species was seen when a number of yellow
aethalia appeared on the skull of a whale exposed for cleaning purposes in
the grounds of the British Museum, South Kensington ; fresh aethalia con-
tinued to develop during the summers of 1913 and 1914; the plasmodium
must almost certainly have been feeding on the animal matter remaining
in the spongy tissue of which the skull is composed.

Hab. On dead wood, leaves, &c., in summer. The yellow and white
forms are abundant in temperate and tropical regions; var. rufa is less
frequent but is also widely distributed.

2. F. muscorum Alb. & Schwein. Consp. Fung., 86, t. vii,
fig. 1 (1805) (muscus moss). Plasmodium apricot-yellow,
translucent. Aethalia pulvinate or effused, 2 mm. to 5 cm. in
diam., scattered, clustered or somewhat imbricated, nearly
smooth, formed of very closely interwoven sporangia, yellowish-
grey or grey, seated on a pale orange hypothallus ; cortex
scanty or none ; sporangium-wall membranous with scattered
deposits of orange lime-granules. Capillitium of numerous
irregular often branching orange lime-knots connected by
rather short hyaline threads. Spores violet-brown, spinulose,
10 to 11 pw diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 25.
Lignidium griseoflavum Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl.,
iii. p. 24 (1809). LZ. muscicola Fr. Symb. Gast., 10 (1817). Z.
reniforme Fr.l.c.? Reticularia muscorum Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 91
(1829). Physarum gyrosum Rost. Mon., 111 (1875), in part.
P. muscorum Berl. in Sacc. Syll. Fung., vii. 346 (1888), in part.
Iicea ochracea Peck in Rep. N. York Mus. Nat. Hist., xxviii.
55 (1876). Fuligo ochracea Peck l.c., xxxi. 56 (1879); Mass.
Mon., 342; Lister Mycetozoa, 67 (1894). F. somulans Karst.
in Bidr. Kann. Finl. Nat., xxxi. 108 (1879).

Pl. 77.—a. aethalium, on moss (Surrey); 0. capillitium and spores, with fragment
of sporangium-wall; ¢. spore.

This species differs from F. septica in the smooth clustered aethalia, in
the orange lime-knots connected by short hyaline threads, and in the
larger darker rougher spores. In some seasons the plasmodium is abundant

* Through the courtesy of Prof. Macbride we have had the opportunity of examining
the specimen described under the name of Licea Lindheimeri Berk. by Morgan (see
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 147, t. xii, figs. 6, 6a, 66); it is an ascomycetous fungus
belonging to the Order Perisporiacei, probably a species of Emericella,

FULIGO] PHYSARACEAE 69

on turf, rushes, &c., on moist moorland, occurring in masses many inches
across, and creeping up the adjacent plants to form on the under surface
of their stems and leaves numerous rounded aethalia, whose dingy colour
when mature and dry renders them inconspicuous. When protected from
currents of air, the sporangia form less compact aethalia, and may in part
remain free as simple or branched plasmodiocarps.

Hab. On sticks, rushes, bracken, moss, &c., in moist places, not unfre-
quent in the British Isles in summer and winter. Recorded from Essex,
Surrey, Berkshire, Bedfordshire, Devon, Somerset, Salop, Yorkshire,
Northumberland, North Wales, North Scotland, Co. Mayo; France, Sweden,
Germany, Switzerland, Ceylon, New England.

3. F, cinerea Morg. in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix. 33
(1896) (ashy). Plasmodium white. Aethalia pulvinate,
elongate, simple or branched, 4 to 60 mm. long, scattered or
gregarious, formed of closely interwoven sporangia usually
enclosed in a smooth white cortex densely charged with lime,
seated on a white hypothallus. Sporangium-walls within the
aethalium more or less perfect, membranous, with deposits of
white lime-granules. Capillitium consisting of simple or
branched hyaline threads, and large white lime-knots that may
unite to form a pseudo-columella, or almost Badhamia-like.
Spores brownish-violet, spinulose, ellipsoid, 13 to 17 x 8 to 12 y,
or subglobose, 9 to 12 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2,26. Hnteridiwm cinereuwm Schwein. in Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc., n.s. iv. 261 (1832). Lachnobolus cinereus Schwein. l.c.
Physarum ellipsosporum Rost. Mon., App. 10 (1876); Mass.
Mon., 310. Badhamia coadnata Rost. Mon., 146 (1875);
Mass. l.c., 325. <Aethaliopsis stercoriformis Zopf Pilzthiere,
150, fig. 26 (1884). Fuligo stercoriformis Racib. in Hedw.,
xxvl. 111 (1887); Mass. l.c., 342. FF. elliopsospora Lister
Mycetozoa, 67; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 342.

- Var. ecorticata Lister l.c., ed. 2, 88 (1911) (without cortex).
Aethalia composed of more loosely combined sporangia,
irregular in outline, without cortex, white, buff, or pale
reddish-brown ; spores often globose, 9 to 12 py diam.—Jl.
intermedia Macbr. l.c., 30.

Pl. 75.—a. part of an ecorticate aethalium (Beds.); 6. group of aethalia, on straw ;
ce. capillitium and spores; d. spore.

The typical form of this widely distributed species has occurred some years
in great abundance about heaps of old straw in Bedfordshire, and is not
uncommon in the British Isles. Mr. Petch describes it as being fairly
abundant in Ceylon. The var. ecorticata occurs both on dead leaves and on
wood, and is not unfrequent in this country; the spores are usually rather
paler and smaller than in the typical form, between which and the white
variety of F’. septica it holds an intermediate position. The type of Bad-
hamia coadnata Rost. from Cuba in the Strasburg Herbarium consists of
smooth corticate aethalia of the present species. From the description and
illustration of Aethaliopsis stercoriformis Zopf there can be no doubt that
it also is Fuligo cinerea. Dr. Sturgis has examined the type of Lachnobolus
cinereus Schwein. and finds it is a typical form of the present species.

Hab. On dead leaves, straw, &c.—Essex, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire,

70 ENDOSPOREAE [ERIONEMA

Sussex, Warwickshire, Somerset, Cheshire; Germany, Roumania, South
Nigeria, Ceylon, New South Wales, Japan, United States, West Indies :
var. ecorticata recorded from Essex, Elginshire, Nairnshire; Sweden,
Germany, Pennsylvania, Kansas, Colorado and Iowa.

4. F. megaspora Sturgis in Colo. Coll. Publ., Se. Ser. xii.
443, Pl. 2, figs. 1 to 2 (1913) (néyas large, azopa seed). Plas-
modium ? Aethaliapulvinate with a thick white spongy cortex,
white or yellowish below, 15 to 40 cm. diam.; walls of the
closely convolute sporangia membranous, charged throughout
with lime-granules 1:5 to 2 mm. diam. Capillitium scanty,
somewhat Badhamia-like with few hyaline threads connecting
the branching lime-knots with the walls. Spores spherical or
slightly oval, dark brownish-purple, 15 to 20 p» diam., either
uniformly warted or marked with patches of close spinulose
reticulation.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 30.

Pl. 202.—d. small aethalium ; e. two spores, and fragment of capillitium attached
to sporangium-wall; f. spore, showing spines and broken reticulation,

Dr. Sturgis found this striking species in some abundance in two successive
years on Cheyenne Mountain, near Colorado Springs; Dr. R. E. Fries also
obtained it near Lake Albert in East Africa.

Hab. On dead wood.—Colorado and East Africa.

Genus 5.—ERIONEMA Penzig in Myx. Buit., 36 (1898)
(épov wool, vjua thread). Sporangia forming long cylindrical
simple or branched plasmodiocarps ; capillitium a close elastic
network of slender colourless threads with few small lime-knots.

1. E. aureum Penz. l.c., 37 (golden). Plasmodium
colourless, yellowish or rich chrome yellow. Sporangia long,
cylindrical, 0-2 to 0:3 mm. diam., lemon-yellow, or greyish-
olive spotted and banded with yellow, either clustered and
drooping on slender branched stalks, or sessile and forming
straight or curved, branched and often interlacing plasmodio-
carps ; sporangium-wall a pale yellow membrane, with more
or less abundant deposits of yellow lime-granules. Stalks
yellow, filiform, merging into the anastomosing strands of the
hypothallus. Capillitium a close persistent network of slender
colourless threads with few small fusiform yellow lime-knots ;
at maturity the sporangium-wall breaks away in flakes, and
the cylindrical network of capillitium expands longitudinally
to several times its original length. Spores pale brownish-
violet, nearly smooth, 6 to 7 w diam.—Lister in Journ. Bot.,
xlii. 98, tab. 458 ; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 341.

Pl. 73.—a. sporangia (Java); b. capillitium and spores; ce. spore.

The present species is distinguished from Fuligo septica, some ecorticate
forms of which it resembles, by the remarkable elastic capillitium. Hrionema
aureum was first found by Professor Penzig in the botanic gardens of

Buitenzorg, in November, 1896. Mr. A. R. Sanderson observed it several
times in Johore, Malay Peninsula, twice on much decayed wood, and once

TRICHAMPHORA | PHYSARACEAE 71

forming a very large colony on a great polypore; he also saw the rich
chrome yellow plasmodium emerging from a stump (see Trans. Brit. Myc.
Soc., vii. 245).

Hab. On dead wood, twigs, &¢.—Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Java, Japan.

Genus 6.—TRICHAMPHORA Junghuhn FI. Crypt. Jav.,
12 (1838) (6péé hair, dudope’s jar). Sporangia discoid or
saucer-shaped, stalked; stalk red-brown; sporangium-wall
membranous, with evenly distributed deposits of lime-
granules; capillitium consisting of colourless branching
threads with many or few lime-knots, or of membranous tubes
filled with lime throughout, or without lime.

Trichamphora is somewhat artificially separated from the unwieldy
genus Physarum, to which it is very closely allied, on account of the remark-

able saucer-like shape of the sporangia, and from the capillitium being
frequently without any deposits of lime.

1. T. pezizoidea Jungh. l.c. (like a Peziza). Plasmodium
greyish-white. Total height 1to2-5mm. Sporangia gregarious,
stalked, discoid or saucer-shaped, erect or somewhat inclined,
0-8 to 1:3 mm. broad, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. thick, greyish-white ;
sporangium-wall membranous, with thin deposits of lime
equally distributed, breaking up at maturity into areolae
which remain attached to the capillitium after the dispersion
of the spores. Stalk subulate, longitudinally striate, reddish-
brown, translucent. Capillitium very variable, consisting either
of branching anastomosing colourless threads with broad
expansions at the axils and at the attachment to the sporan-
gium-wall, and either with or without fusiform lime-knots, or
Badhamia-like and formed of membranous tubes filled with
lime throughout. Spores dark or pale purplish-brown, spinose,
spinulose or nearly smooth, 9 to 17 » diam.—Lister in Journ.
Bot., xxxix. 85, & xlii. 132. Physarum macrocarpum Fuckel
Symb. Myc., 343 (1869) (non Cesati). P. Muelleri Berk. MS.
inherb. P. pezizoideum Pav. & Lag. in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr., xix.
7, Pl. iv, figs. Al, A2 (1903). Zrichamphora Fuckeliana Rost.
in Fuckel l.c., Nachtr. 2, 71 (1873) ; Rost. Mon., 138. Didy-
mium zeylanicum Berk. in Hook. Journ. Bot., vi. 230
(1854). D. pezizoideum Mass. Mon., 239 (1892). D. australe
Mass. in Grev., xvii. 7 (1888). D. parasiticum Sacc. & Syd.
Syll. Fung., xiv. 836 (1899). Chondrioderma pezizoideum Rost.
Mon., 424 (1875). C. zeylanicum Rost. l.c., App. 15 (1876).
C. Muelleri Rost. l.c. C. Berkeleyanum Rost. l.c., 16. Badhamia
Fuckeliana Rost. l.c., 2; Mass. l.c., 321.

Pl. 72.—a. sporangia (Brisbane); b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporan-
gium-wall; ¢. spore (Brisbane); d. spore (EH. Africa),

This species often forms large plasmodia, resulting in many hundred
sporangia. It displays in its various forms all the types of capillitium
characteristic of Badhamia, Physarum and, to some extent, of Diderma,
and has been published under many names in each of these genera. A large

72 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARELLA

number of gatherings have now been obtained from many parts of the
world, having the characteristic saucer-shaped sporangia and translucent
red-brown stalks, but exhibiting great variety both in the amount of lime
in the capillitium, and in the size, colour and roughness of the spores.
Junghuhn’s type from Java is the form with no lime in the slender threads
of the capillitium, as also are the types of Physarum Muelleri Berk. from
Queensland, Chondrioderma Berkeleyanum Rost. from Tahite, Didymium
zeylanicum Berk. & Br. from Ceylon, and D. australe Mass. from Brisbane.
In the type of Badhamia Fuckeliana Rost. from Germany, the capillitium
consists of membranous tubes free from lime-granules. A specimen from
Togo, East Africa (B.M. 2343), collected by Staudt in 1897 has Badhamia-
like capillitium and dark echinulate spores 15 diam. A large gathering
made by Mr. Petch in the Peradeniya Gardens, Ceylon (B.M. 2344), has
rather broad and nearly simple capillitium threads with long fusiform lime-
knots; the spores are dark, spinulose, and measure 17 pdiam. The specimen
B.M. 2052 from the Philippine Islands has slender branching capillitium,
small lime-knots, and violet-brown, minutely warted spores measuring 9 p.
The present species appears to be nearly allied to Physarum javanicum,
but is distinguished by the more saucer-shaped sporangia, the red colour
of the stalks and the darker, usually larger spores.

Hab. On dead wood, Auricularia, &c.—Abundant throughout the
tropics ; recorded also from Sweden, France, Germany, Moldavia, Natal,
and Japan.

Genus 7. PHYSARELLA Peck in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xi.
61 (1882) (diminutive of Physarum). Sporangia stalked,
shortly cylindrical, perforated from above by a deep umbilicus ;
capillitium consisting of slender threads with minute fusiform
lime-knots, and stout spine-like processes arising from the
sporangium-wall.

1, P.oblonga Morg. in Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix (1896).
Plasmodium rich yellow. Total height about 3mm. Sporangia
gregarious, stalked, shortly cylindrical, inclined, 0-8 mm. long,
0-6 mm. broad, perforated from above by a deep umbilicus,
which is continuous with the hollow stem, greenish- or reddish-
yellow ; abnormal growths have sporangia erect, funnel-
shaped or irregularly expanded ; occasionally they are sessile,
and form net-like plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall a yellow
membrane thickened with deposits of yellow lime-granules and
studded with the spine-like processes of the capillitium, at
length dehiscing round the cylindrical apex of the sporangium
and recurving in stellate lobes from the wall of the umbilicus,
which persists as a hollow orange-yellow columella. Stalk
cylindrical, striate, red-brown, translucent, slender, broader
at the base, or thick and irregular. Capillitium consisting
normally of abundant filiform forking pale yellow threads, with
few small fusiform yellow lime-knots, and yellow or orange
spine-like processes 0-2 mm. long, 20 » thick, extending from
the outer wall of the sporangium to the walls of the columella,
densely charged with granules of lime; in plasmodiocarp
forms the capillitium may consist of a network of yellowish

CIENKOWSKEIA | PHYSARACEAE 73

threads with large irregular orange lime-knots, and with no
spine-like processes. Spores violet-brown, nearly smooth, 6
to 8m diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 109.
Trichamphora oblonga Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ii. 66 (1873).
Physarum rufibasis Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv. 85
(1873). P. hians Mass. Mon., 296 (1892). Chondrioderma
inflatum Rost. Mon., 425 (1875). Tilmadoche oblonga Rost.
l.c., App. 13 (1876). 7. hians Rost., l.c., 14. 7. minuta Berl.
in Sacc. Syll., vii. 361 (1888). Physarella mirabilis Peck in
Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl., ix. 61 (1882); Lister Mycetozoa, 68 ;
Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 339. P. lusitanica Torr. Fl. Myx.,
173 (1909) ?

PJ. 71.—a. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; 6. capillitium and spores, with fragment of
sporangium-wall; c. capillitium from an irregularly formed sporangium; d. spore.

This species when well formed presents a striking aspect either in the
stage where the sporangia are still unbroken, or when they have expanded
in a flower-like manner to expose the golden trumpet-shaped columellae
and curious spike-like processes of the capillitium. When development
has not been perfect irregular distorted sporangia occur. The type of
Physarum rufibasis Berk. & Br. from Ceylon has open funnel-shaped
sporangia on short stout stalks connected below by an ample hypothallus.
This is one of the two specimens quoted by Rostafinski as types of his
Tilmadoche hians ; the other is referred to as follows :—‘ The specimen seen
was gathered by Jan Kickx (father) in Flanders, and marked by him
Craterium minutum Fr.’ ; it appears to be the only typical example of the
present species yet recorded from Europe. A specimen gathered by Mr.
W. G. Freeman at Onitcha Olona, Nigeria (B.M. 2349), shows every variety
between typical sporangia and net-like plasmodiocarps ; the latter have in
- part the characteristic capillitium, and in part a capillitium consisting of
a close network of orange threads with small and large irregular and branch-
ing lime-knots. A remarkable form showing close affinity to the present
species has been found by Dr. Torrend on the bark and leaves of Hucalyptus
globulus in the royal park of Alfieti, Portugal, and has been named by him
Physarella lusitanica. The sporangia are subglobose or lenticular, and for
the most part are deeply umbilicate above ; in some cases the umbilicus
is shallow, in others it is so deep as to be continuous with the stalk; the
capillitium consists of a close network of orange threads with few or many
large irregular lime-knots, but in one sporangium was almost Badhamia-like.
If this form should prove constant it may well deserve specific rank.

Hab. On dead wood, &c.; on worm-casts in 8. Nigeria.—Abundant
throughout the United States and in the tropics; recorded also from the
Cape Province.

Genus 8.—CIENKOWSKIA Rostafinski Versuch, 9 (1873)
(Dr. S. Cienkowski, 1822 to 1887, a Russian botanist).
Sporangia forming net-like plasmodiocarps. Sporangium-
wall cartilaginous at the base ; capillitium a loose network of
rigid threads, with free, curved, sharp-pointed branchlets,
connected with flat perforated calcareous plates attached at
their margins to the sporangium-wall.

1. C. reticulata Rost. l.c. (net-like). Plasmodium deep
orange-red. Sporangia sessile, scattered, pulvinate, forming

74 ENDOSPOREAE [CRATERIUM

cylindrical simple or branched and net-like plasmodiocarps,
0-5 mm. diam., attached by a narrow base to the substratum,
yellow-brown or orange, with transverse pale ridges and waxy
crimson spots; sporangium-wall orange-yellow, membranous
above, cartilaginous below, marked with the bases of the
calcareous plates of the capillitium. Capillitium consisting
of an elastic network of flexuose rigid yellow threads with
free sharp-pointed uncinate branchlets, and of lime-deposits
in the form of flat perforated pale yellow plates disposed
transversely to the axis of the sporangium and connected by
broad or narrow attachments to the sporangium-wall, occa-
sionally with irregular rounded lime-knots intermixed. Spores
clear violet-brown, minutely spinulose, 9 to 12 diam.—
Rost. Mon., 91; Mass. Mon., 337; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 111; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 341. Physarum
reticulatum Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 90 (1805). Diderma
reticulatum Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 112 (1829).

Pl. 70.—a. plasmodiocarp (Leicestershire); 6. portion of a plasmodiocarp with
ae wall broken and showing vertical plate-like lime-knots ; ¢. capillitium and spores ;
. Spore.

The net-like plasmodiocarps of this species are often very extensive, and
may cover an area of several inches. On maturity the sporangium-wall
usually breaks away above, and the capillitium expands longitudinally to
several times its original length and lies in orange-coloured festoons about
the surface of the bark, leaving exposed the glossy crimson bases of the
net-like plasmodiocarps. On exposure to sunlight the rich red-brown
colour of the sporangia is soon lost, and they become blackish-brown, while
the capillitium is bleached almost white.

Hab. On dead wood and sticks.—Cornwall, Leicestershire, North Wales,
Aberdeen; France, Germany, Portugal, Cape Province, Ceylon, Malaya,
Java, New Zealand, Colorado, Iowa.

Genus 9.—CRATERIUM Trentepohl in Roth Catal. Bot.,
i. 224 (1797) (xparjp bowl). Sporangia stalked, either goblet-
shaped, with a lid of thinner substance, or without a distinct
lid and obovoid or subglobose ; sporangium-wall charged with
granules of lime, and cartilaginous at least in the lower part.
Capillitium consisting of hyaline threads connecting large
lime-knots, some of which often combine in the centre of the
sporangium to form a pseudo-columella. Stalk cartilaginous.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CRATERIUM.

A. Sporangium-wall smooth, glossy ; lid distinct :—

Lime-knots white. 1. C. minutum
Lime-knots small, yellowish-brown. 2. C. concinnum

Lime-knots large and small, reddish-brown.
3. C. rubronodum

CRATERIUM | PHYSARACEAE 75

B. Sporangium-wall mealy, often rugose ; lid less distinct or
indefinite :—

Sporangia violet. 4. C. paraguayense

Sporangia brown, powdered with white in the upper part.
5. C. leucocephalum

Sporangia bright yellow. 6. C. aureum

1. C. minutum Fries Syst. Myc., iii. 151 (1829) (small).
Plasmodium rich yellow. Total height 0-7 to1-5mm. Sporan-
gia goblet-shaped, stalked, erect, gregarious, 0-4 to 1-2 mm.
high, smooth, pale ochraceous, nut-brown or olive-brown ; lid
convex or flat, sometimes depressed, white or concolorous
with the sporangium ; sporangium-wall of two layers, the
outer cartilaginous, thickened at the rim below the lid,
translucent below and continued into the translucent stalk,
the inner layer densely charged with white lime-granules ;
lime almost absent in the olive-brown form. Stalk cylindrical,
plicate, 0:3 to 0-5 mm. long, dark brown, orange-brown or
yellowish, rising from a circular hypothallus. Capillitium con-
sisting of slender colourless or yellow threads connecting
numerous large white or yellow lime-knots, some of which
often combine in the centre to form a pseudo-columella.
Spores violet-brown, minutely warted, 8 to 9 » diam.—Rost.
Mon., 120; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,107. Peziza
minuta Leers Fl. Herborn, 277 (1775). Crateriwm peduncula-
tum Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 224 (1797); Lister
Mycetozoa, 70. C. vulgare Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fl., Pilze, i.
17, t. 9 (1813); Rost. l.c., 118. C. pyriforme. Ditm. 1.c., 19,
t.10; Rost. l.c., 120. C. turbinatum Fr. 1.c., 152. C. nutans
Fr. l.c., 151. C. Oerstedin Rost. l.c., 120 (1875). C. Friesi
Rost. l.c., 122. C.confusum Mass. Mon., 263 (1892). Cya-
thus minutus Hoffm. Veg. Crypt., 6 (1787). Sphaerocarpus
turbinatus Bull. Champ., 132, t. 484, f. 1 (1791)? S. operculata
Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell., ii. 220 (1803)? Physarum turbinatum
Schum. l.c., 205. P. pedunculatum Schum. l.c.

Pl. 78.—a, b, c. sporangia of various shapes (Dorset); d. capillitium and spores, with
a fragment of sporangium-wall; e. spore.

Observations of sporangia from extensive plasmodia in leaf-heaps and in
cultures show that the varieties in shape and colour described by Rosta-
finski under the names of C. vulgare, C. pyriforme, C. minutum, and C.
Friesii may arise from one source, and no specific characters exist to
separate the four forms. The type specimen of C. Oerstedtii Rost. in the
Strasburg Herbarium differs in no character from the present species ; the
sporangia are pyriform and yellow-brown; no lids remain, but they are
described as white ; the capillitium resembles that met with in most forms
of C. minutum; a distinct pseudo-columella is present. Specimens from
America have small sporangia of a dark-olive or greyish-brown colour and

76 ENDOSPOREAE [CRATERIUM

no pseudo-columella developed. The most frequent form in Europe is
larger and the sporangia are brighter brown. When weathered they become
bleached and white; in abnormal developments they may be sessile or
form short plasmodiocarps, but there is usually some differentiation into
a lid in the upper part of the sporangium-walls.

Hab. On dead leaves and sticks; common in the British Isles from
summer to early spring, and apparently equally abundant in all temperate
regions ; less common in the tropics.

2. C. coneinnum Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. (1893),
370 (neat). Plasmodium at first milky, then cream-coloured.
Total height 0-5 to 0:7 mm. Sporangia broadly funnel-shaped
or goblet-shaped, stalked, 0-2 to 0:6 mm. diam., smooth,
pinkish-red or olive-brown, often paler above, opening by
a well-defined convex paler lid ; sporangium-wall cartilaginous.
Stalk red or brown, 0-1 to 0:2 mm. long. Capillitium consisting
of numerous small yellowish-brown. angular lime-knots, con-
nected by short and sparingly branched hyaline threads,
sometimes with a small pseudo-columella. Spores purplish-
brown, minutely warted, 8 to 9, diam.—Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 107.

Pl. 79.—a, b. sporangia of various shapes (Philadelphia) ; c. capillitium and spores,
with fragment of sporangium-wall; d. spore.

This species differs from C. minutum in the smaller size, the brown lime-
knots, and the browner spores. A specimen from Japan, where C. con-
cinnum appears to be not uncommon, has nearly sessile and strangely
distorted sporangia.

Hab. On bark and moss, or on the burrs and leaves of Castanea dentata
Borkhausen ; recorded from the eastern United States and Japan.

3. C. rubronodum G. Lister in Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc., v. 74,
Pl. I, figs. 1, la-d (1915) (ruber red, nodus knot). Plas-
modium primrose-yellow, then orange. ‘Sporangia gregarious,
stalked, goblet- or saucer-shaped, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. high, 0-2 to
0-6 mm. wide, smooth, pearl-grey with a dark red-brown base ;
lid well defined, convex or nearly flat with an upturned rim,
white or pinkish-grey, smooth: sporangium-wall somewhat
cartilaginous, pinkish-grey, with uniform deposits of lime-
granules, studded on the inner side with many small pouches
also containing lime. Stalk dark red-brown, slender, 0-1 to
0-2 mm. high, arising from a discoid hypothallus. Capillitium
consisting of ovoid or irregular rounded pale pink lime-knots
(dark red-brown by transmitted light) connected by slender
hyaline threads, usually with a large central hollow or solid
pseudo-columella. Spores purplish-grey, 10 to 12 diam.,
marked with scattered spines whose bases may be connected
so as to form a broken reticulation.—Badhamia rubiginosa
var. concinna G. Lister in litt., see Minakata in Bot. Mag.
Tokyo, xxvii. 408 (1913).

Pl. 205.—a. sporangia; 0b. sporangium with one-half cut away to show the large
couitel ball of lime; ec. capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporangium-wall ;
. spores,

CRATERIUM] PHYSARACEAE Ct!

Distinguished from C. concinnum by the pearl-grey sporangia, red lime-
knots and large rough spores.

Hab. Found by Mr. K. Minakata, on dead bamboo leaves and rotting
wood on the ground, in company with C. concinnum, Tanabe, Kii, Japan,
Aug. 1911; found also on dead leaf, Bie Bengal, by Mrs. Drake,
Jan. 1924.

4. C, paraguayense Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 95 (1911)
(Paraguay, S. America). Plasmodium? Sporangia stalked,
gregarious, goblet-shaped or cylindrical with a convex apex,
erect, 0-7 to 0-8 mm. high, 0-3 to 0-6 mm. broad, rugose, bright
reddish-violet reticulated with a paler shade; on maturity
the apex falls away as a more or less distinct lid ; sporangium-
wall cartilaginous, composed of two closely connected layers
with deposits of pale violet lime-granules distributed through-
out but chiefly concentrated in pouch-like cavities of the wall,
giving the effect of pale reticulations to the opaque object.
Columella irregular or cylindrical, pale violet, charged with
lime throughout. Stalk cylindrical, 0-4 mm. high, 0-07 mm.
thick, plicate, purple, opaque, arising from a disc-shaped
hypothallus. Capillitium consisting of pale violet threads
connecting large violet lime-knots that combine in the centre
of the sporangium to form a columella which is either con-
nected with or free from the apex of the stalk. Spores violet,
nearly smooth, 8 to 9 w diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 103. Didymiwm paraguayense Spegaz. in Anal. Soc.
Cient. Argent., xxii. 186 (1886) ; Mass. Mon., 250. D. guara-
piense (errore) Spegaz. l.c., xxvi. 60. Craterium rubescens Rex
in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1893, 370 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 71.
Tocraterium rubescens Jahn in Hedw., xliii. 302, fig. 1 a-e
(1904). Jocraterium paraguayense 'Torrend Fl. Myx., 174

1909).
Pi. et —a. sporangia, from Brazil; 6. a sporangium with broken walls showing the

columella; c¢. capillitium and spores; d. sporangia (Paraguay); e. capillitium and
spores of the same, with fragment of sporangium-walls ; f. spore.

This species was placed by Dr. Jahn in a new genus, Jocrateriwm, on the
ground that the central mass of confluent lime-knots is connected with
the apex of the stalk, and thus forms a true columella; but this character
does not appear to be constant, and is not evident in the type of C. rubescens

Rex from Louisiana.
Hab. On dead leaves.—Recorded from Louisiana, Paraguay, and Brazil.

5. C. leucocephalum Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fl., Pilze,
i. 21, t. 11 (1813) (Aeveds white, xepary head). Plasmodium rich
yellow. Total height 1mm. Sporangia ovoid or turbinate,
stalked, erect, 0:7 mm. high, 0-4 to 0-6 mm. broad, red-brown
with white incrustations of lime, usually spotted with minute
yellow warts on the upper half; in abnormal developments
plasmodiocarp forms may occur. Lid white, convex. Sporan-
gium-wall thin, consisting of two closely connected layers ;
’ the outer yellow, provided in the upper part with scattered

78 ENDOSPORBAE [CRATERIUM

lime-deposits and studded with shallow pouches containing
white lime-granules, usually associated with yellow crystalline
disc-shaped bodies ; the lower part cartilaginous, translucent,
darker ; the inner ‘layer membranous and colourless. Stalk
cylindrical, plicate, 0-3 to 0-5 mm. long, red-brown, translu-
cent, cartilaginous, rising from a_ circular hypothallus.
Capillitium consisting of large, irregularly shaped white,
yellowish or orange lime-knots, connected by yellow branching
hyaline threads, with frequent flattened expansions at the axils,
often with a pseudo-columella. Spores violet-brown, minutely
warted,7 to 9 w diam.—Fr. Syst. Myc., 111.153; Rost. Mon., 123;
Mass. Mon., 267; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 105.
Stemonitis leucocephala Pers. in Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1467 (1791).
S. cyathiformis Schrank in Roemer & Usteri Mag. Bot., iv
pt. 12, 19 (1790)? Peziza convivale Batsch Elench. Fung.,
121 (1783)? Arcyria leucocephala Hoffm. Fl. Crypt. Germ.,

6 (1795). Cupularia leucocephala Link Handb., iii. 421.
Cyathus cinereus Purton Midl. FI., iii. 309 (1821). Physarum
leucostictum Chev. Fl. Paris, 336 (1826) ? C. xanthopus Wallr.
Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 358 (1833). C. deoperculatum Fr. in
Weinm. Hymen. & Gastrom., 597 (1836). C. pendulum Fr.
l.c.? C. pruinosum Corda Icon. Fung., v. 13, t. ii, fig. 33 (1854).
C. Fuckelit Mass. |.c., 272 (1892). C. convivale Morg. in Journ.
Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix. 14 (1896).

Var. ecylindricum Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 97 (1911).
Sporangia cylindrical, nearly white with a reddish-brown base,
the walls often without crystalline discs—C. minimum Berk.
& Curt. in Grev., ii. 67 (1873) ; Mass. Mon., 272. C. cylindricum
Mass. l.c., 268 (1892) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 106.

Var. scyphoides Lister l.c. (oxi¢os a cup). Sporangia tur-
binate, greyish-white with a red-brown base, dehiscing
irregularly and not by a distinct lid——Physarum scyphoides
Cooke & Balf. (in Raven. Fung. Am. Exs., No. 480) ex Mass. in
Journ. Myc., v. 186, t. xiv, fig. 7 (1889) ; Mass. Mon., 282.

Var. inelusum (el. fil. Myx. Bohm., 79, Tale figs. 1 to 3
(1893) (enclosed). Similar to var. scyphoides but the sporangia
are clustered on a common stalk.

Var. rufum G. Lister (red). Sporangia obovoid-cylindrical
with very short stalks, brownish-red all over, including the
well-defined lid. |

Pl. 81.—a, b. sporangia of various shapes; the wall of the middle one in b. is broken
and shows a pseudo-columella (England); c. sporangia of var. cylindricum (Ceylon) ;
d. sporangia of var. scyphoides (Georgia, U.S.A.); e. spores and capillitium, with
fragment of sporangium-wall showing crystalline discs); Jo spore:

In the typical form the yellow crystalline bodies are present in the
sporangium-wall, in the lime-knots and columella, and can easily be detected
by treating the sporangia with xylol. Those in the wall are usually disc-
shaped with a crenate margin, measuring 15 to 40 » diam.; those in the
lime-knots are somewhat globular, varying from 5 to 20y diam., often

CRATERIUM | PHYSARACEAE 79

clustered ; they dissolve rapidly in dilute carbolic acid. The vars. cylin-
dricum and scyphoides have the characteristic discs in the lime-knots, but
not as a rule in the sporangium-wall. The var. inclusum, with its clusters
of more or less confluent grey sporangia on a common dark-red stalk, is
a curious growth, and is, perhaps, hardly more than a form of var. scyphoides.
The var. rufum was found in large quantities by Mr. K. Minakata in July,
1916, in the province of Erchu, Japan. It resembles var. cylindricum in
shape ; in the walls are embedded the * discs’ characteristic of the typical
form. The specimen issued by Fuckel as C. mutabile Fr., 1455 Fung.
Rhen. Exs. (B.M. 481) (type of C. Fuckelit Mass.), is a subglobose form of
the present species with scarcely any lime in the sporangium-wall; the
spores measure 9 to 10 » diam., and are minutely warted.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs.—The typical form is abundant through-
out the British Isles and Europe; it is less common in the United States,
and has also been recorded from New Zealand and Bermuda: var. cylin-
dricum is the common form in the United States and in the tropics ; it has
been gathered repeatedly in Moldavia and Japan: var. scyphoides has been
recorded from the south of France, the Cape Province, the United States

and the Galapagos Islands: var. inclusum from Bohemia and North
Germany.

6. C. aureum Rost. Mon., 124 (1875) (golden). Plasmo-
dium lemon-yellow. Sporangia gregarious, obovoid, ovoid or
globose, 0-4 to 0-6 mm. diam., stalked, erect, rugose, golden-
yellow or greenish, fading almost to white on exposure,
without a definite lid, breaking up at maturity in the upper
part into areolae, or dehiscing almost to the base in stellate
lobes ; sporangium-wall single, membranous, with deposits of
included yellow lime-granules which are denser and of a deeper
yellow on the summit, somewhat stouter and more persistent
at the base where it is continued into the cartilaginous stalk.
Stalk cylindrical, 0-2 to 0-5 mm. long, stout, deeply furrowed,
nearly translucent, but charged with lime-granules, orange-red
or yellow, arising from a circular hypothallus. Pseudo-colu-
mella either absent or represented by a central mass of con-
fluent lime-knots. Capillitium of irregularly shaped yellow
lime-knots, varying much in size, connected by a network of
hyaline threads with triangular expansions at the axils of the
branches. Spores violet-brown, spinulose, 8 to 9, rarely 10 pw
diam.—Mass. Mon., 269; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed.2,104. Trichia aurea Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell., ii.208 (1803).
Craterium mutabile Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 154 (1829) (non Symb.
Gast.); Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 357 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 73.

Pl. 67.—a. sporangia (Devon); 0. capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporan-
gium-wall; c. spore.

This species holds an intermediate position between the genera Physarum
and Craterium; it is retained somewhat doubtfully in the present genus
on account of the usually ovoid sporangia having the wall cartilaginous at
the base, and from its general resemblance to C. leucocephalum. It is allied
to P. citrinellum Peck, and differs in the shape of the sporangia, in the
orange-yellow stalks, and in the smaller spores. It also closely resembles
Badhamia viridescens Meylan, q.v. .A specimen gathered by Mr. W. G.

80 ENDOSPOREAE [LEOCARPUS

Freeman, on leaves, at Onitcha Olona, South Nigeria, in 1904 (B.M. 2372),
is probably a form of the present species, though in the structure of the
stalk it shows affinities with P. sulphureum; the sulphur-yellow obovoid
sporangia tend to expand on maturity in a stellate manner, and have
a columella which in some cases is attached to the apex of the stalk, and in
others is free; the spores measure 7 to 8y; the stalks are nearly white,
and are brittle from dense deposits of enclosed white lime-granules.

Hab. On dead leaves.—Not uncommon throughout the British Isles ;
recorded from France, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Moldavia, Portugal,
Algeria, Nigeria, Cape Province, Ceylon, and Japan ; in the United States
from New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Ohio, Iowa
and Colorado.

Genus 10.—LEOCARPUS Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl.,
ili, 25 (1809) (Actos smooth, dépya skin). Sporangium-wall
of two layers, the outer cartilaginous, shining, with deposits
of lime on the inner side, the inner hyaline. Capillitium
consisting of a network of rigid hyaline threads, with branched
anastomosing brownish lime-knots.

1. L. fragilis Rost. Mon., 132, fig. 93 (1875). Plasmodium
lemon-, then orange-yellow. Sporangia clustered, obovoid or
globose, sessile or shortly stalked, 2 to 4mm. long, smooth,
yellowish-brown, chestnut or purple-brown, rarely ochra-
ceous, shining, sometimes dehiscing in revolute floriform lobes ;
the outer layer of the sporangium-wall cartilaginous, brittle,
orange-brown by transmitted light, usually with dense
deposits of lime-granules on the inner side; the inner layer
a firm hyaline membrane, giving attachment to the capillitium.
Stalk short, weak, yellowish, translucent, arising from a
membranous hypothallus. Capillitium a network of rigid
hyaline threads with flattened expansions at the axils, con-
~ nected with angular branching and anastomising brown lime-
knots. Spores spinulose, 9 to 13» diam., occasionally 15 to
20 » diam., sometimes slightly clustered, purplish-brown or
dark brown, with a pale spot where dehiscence occurs.—Mass.
Mon., 338 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,112. Lycoper-
don fragile Dicks. Pl. Crypt. Brit., i. 25, t. iii, fig. 5 (1785).
Reticularia fragilis Poir. in Lam. Encyel., vi. 183 (1804).
Diderma vernicosum Pers. in Usteri Ann. Bot., xv. 34 (1795).
D. atrovirens Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 103 (1829). D. ramosum
Fr. l.c., 105. Lycogala parasiticum, Withering Br. PL., ed. 4,
iv. 372 (1801). Trichia lutea Trent. in Roth Catal. Bot.,
i. 230 (1797). Physarum nitidum Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell.,
ii. 205 (1803). P. vernicosum Schum. l.c., 206. Spwmaria
ramosa Schum. l.c., 195. Leocarpus vernicosus Link Le. ;
Lister Mycetozoa, 75. JL. spermoides Link l.c. L. atrovirens
Fr. Symb. Gast., 13 (1817). Z.ramosus Fr.Summ. Veg. Scand.,
450 (1849). Leangiwm atrovirens Fr. Stirp. Femsj., 83
(1827). ZL. vernicosum Fr. lc. Tripotrichia elegans Corda

DIDERMA | PHYSARACEAE 81

Icon. Fung., i. 22, t. vi. fig. 288a@ (1837). Liceopsis jurana
Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., liii. 459 (1921).

Pl. 81.—a. sporangia (England) ; 0. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporan-
gium-wall; c. spore.

The plasmodia of this species are often large, and when about to change
into fruit may creep for a considerable distance from their feeding grounds ;
sporangia have been found in one instance some feet up the trunk of a larch
tree, and on another occasion among the upper branches of a small furze
bush. Although abundant in temperate regions it is rarely met with in
the tropics. Liceopsis jurana Meylan appears to be an irregular limeless
development of the present species, judging from a mounting courteously
sent by M. Meylan. The sessile clustered shining golden-brown sporangia
developed from yellow-green plasmodium on a lichen, at Granges de Ste.
Croix, Jura, July 1920. The sporangium-wall is like that of Leocarpus ;
the capillitium consists of irregular branching strands, partly orange and
cartilaginous, partly purplish and membranous ; the spores are ill developed
and vary from 9 to 20 diam.; they are purplish-brown and closely
spinulose.

Hab. On dead leaves, twigs, &c.: common in the British Isles in summer
and autumn, and widely distributed throughout Europe; recorded also
from the Cape Province, from near Simla (North-West India), East Tibet,
Tasmania, New South Wales, South Australia, New Granada, Chili, and
in many of the United States.

Genus 11.—DIDERMA Persoon in Roemer N. Mag. Bot.,
i. 89 (1794) (ds double, dépua skin). Sporangia stalked,
sessile, or forming plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall of two
layers (single in D. simplex), containing deposits of lime in
granules (in crystalline nodules in D. T'revelyani). Columella
usually present. Capillitium threads simple or branched,
without lime-knots.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIDERMA.

Subgenus 1. EvuprpERMA. Outer sporangium-wall a smooth
crust composed of lime-granules densely compacted (wall single
in D. simplex) ; inner layer membranous.

A. Spores reticulated. 1. D. subdictyospermum

B. Spores not reticulated—

a. Sporangia white or nearly so—
Sporangia globose, stalked. 2. D. montanum

Sporangia disc-shaped, stalked.
3. D. hemisphericum

Sporangia sessile, discoid or forming plasmodiocarps ;
columella brownish flesh-colour ; spores 6-9 p.

4. D. effusum
Similar to No. 4, but sporangia scattered and spores
10-15 p. 5, D, arboreum

G

82 | ENDOSPOREAE [DIDERMA

Sporangia crowded, hemispherical ; columella white,
convex ; layers of sporangium-walls combined ;
spores violet-brown, 7-10 np. 6. D. spumariordes

Sporangia crowded, subglobose ; columella small,
convex, white; outer sporangium-wall shell-like,
separating from the persistent colourless inner
wall; spores purplish-brown, 10-14 p.

7. D. globosum

Sporangia crowded, usually forming plasmodiocarps,
with a shell-like outer wall; columella convex,
flesh-coloured. 8. D. alpinum

Sporangia subglobose, crowded, inner wall orange
below; columella subglobose or hemispherical,
orange or flesh-coloured ; spores 9-12 p, spinulose.

9. D. niveum

Sporangia subglobose or obovoid; columella sub-
globose or clavate, flesh-coloured ; spores coarsely
warted, 11-15 p. 10. D. Lyallia

Plasmodiocarps scattered, curved or ring-shaped,
with the inner wall orange ; columella none.

ll. D. deplanatum

b. Sporangia flesh-coloured, depressed. 12. D. testaceum

c. Sporangia reddish clay-coloured or brownish buff, rarely

yellow; walls ingle. 13. D. simplex
Subgenus 2.—LEANGIUM : sporangium-wall cartilaginous.

A. Sporangium-wall brown externally ; lime in crystalline
nodules ; columella often absent.
16. D. Trevelyani

B. Sporangium-wall without a crystalline layer—

a. Spores with widely scattered warts ; sporangia stalked.
17. D. floriforme

b. Spores closely spinulose or nearly smooth—

Sporangia pinkish or red-brown, sessile, hemispheri-
cal; columella indefinite; capillitium usually
colourless. 14. D. Sauteri

Sporangia ochraceous, sessile, subglobose or ring-
shaped ; columella indefinite ; capillitium purple-
brown. 15. D. ochraceum

Sporangia grey or brown; columella pale, hemi-
spherical ; stalk stout, ochraceous.

18. D. radiatum

Sporangia mottled, brown; columella convex,
ochraceous ; stalk short, black. 19. D. roanense

DIDERMA | PHYSARACEAE 83

Sporangia brown, marked with close radiating dark
lines, usually sessile, hemispherical; columella

white, convex. 20. D. asteroides
Sporangia sessile, crowded, red-brown; columella
rough. 21. D. antarctica
Sporangia and clavate columella white; stalk
slender, black, rarely none. 22. D. rugosum
Sporangia orange-red ; columella clavate or globose ;
stalk dark brown. 23. D. lucidum

Subgenus 1.—EuDIDERMA. Sporangia sessile (or stalked in
Nos. 2 and 10); sporangium-wall dehiscing irregularly, con-
sisting of two layers (single in No. 13), the outer layer a smooth
crust of globular lime-granules, the inner layer membranous.

1. D. subdictyospermum Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 101 (1911)
(sub somewhat, Sikrvov net, orépya seed). Plasmodium ?
Sporangia crowded, subglobose or hemispherical, sessile, 0-3 to
0-5 mm. diam., snow-white, seated on a well-developed white
hypothallus ; sporangium-wall thick, fragile, composed of
a smooth outer crust of lime-granules closely adhering to the
delicate membranous inner layer. Columella hemispherical or
subglobose, white. Capillitium consisting of somewhat rigid
purplish sparingly-branched threads, anastomosing near the
extremities. Spores 10 to 12» diam., purplish-brown, reti-
culated with raised ridges or with broken bands forming
a border about 2 » broad.—Chondrioderma subdictyospermum
Rost. Mon., App. 16 (1876); Lister Mycetozoa, 77; Penzig
Myx. Buit., 44. C. dealbatum Mass. Mon., 207 (1892).

Pl. 87.—d. sporangia (Venezuela) ; e. capillitium and spores; f. spores.

This species forms large colonies covering an area of one or two square
inches. It is allied to D. spwmarioides, but differs essentially in the reticu-
lated spores. The type from Venezuela (B.M. 570), marked in Berkeley’s
herbarium ‘ Didymium dealbatum B. & C.’ remained undescribed until
Rostafinski published it as Chondrioderma subdictyospermum; in this
specimen the spores are marked with ridges more or less combined into an
incomplete net. In other gatherings the spores are regularly reticulated
with raised bands.

Hab. On dead leaves and moss.—Ceylon, Java, Venezuela.

2. D. montanum Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat.,
lili. 454 (1921) (on mountains), Plasmodium white or pale
yellow? Sporangia scattered or in groups, stalked, sub-
globose, flattened or umbilicate beneath, pearl- or pinkish-
grey or nearly white, smooth or somewhat wrinkled, 0-6 to
0-8 mm. diam.; sporangium-wall of two often separating
layers, the outer densely charged with lime-granules, the inner
membranous, reddish-brown throughout or towards the base.
Stalk pale or bright yellow-brown, slender or stout, enclosing

G 2

84 ENDOSPOREAE [_DIDERMA

white lime deposits, 0-1 to 0-8 mm. high. Columella hemi-
spherical or more usually globose, small, brownish-red, some-
times stalked. Capillitium consisting of slender purplish or
hyaline threads, branched and anastomosing towards the
extremities. Spores pale brownish-purple, faintly spinulose,
8 to 10 » diam.—D. cor-rubrum Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 140 (1922). Chondrioderma montanum Meylan in Bull.
Soc. Bot. Genéve, sér. 2, 11. 262 (1910).

Var. album G. Lister (white). Sporangia white or bluish-
white, stalks and columellae white or cream-white ; capilli-
tium colourless.—Chondrioderma radiatum var. album Torrend
Fl. Myx., 168 (1909).

Var. roseum Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., lii. 450
(1919). Plasmodium red; sporangia and stalks pale pink ;
columella dull pink.

Pl, 207.—a. sporangia, two of which are broken and show the membranous inner
wall; 0. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-wall; ce. spore.

This species is closely allied to D. radiatum var. umbilicatwm, under which
it was included until M. Meylan recognized its claims to specific rank.
It is distinguished by the sporangium-wall consisting of two layers, and by
the spores being paler, smoother and smaller. D. cor-rubrum, a specimen of
which from Iowa has courteously been sent us by Prof. Macbride, is a form
of the present species with white wrinkled sporangium-wall and stalk,
and dark red columella and inner sporangium-wall ; in some of the sporangia
a few spike-like processes connect the walls with the columella, such as
occur sometimes in D. radiatum and other species of the genus when con-
ditions of development have not been perfect.

Hab. On dead leaves, moss and twigs: apparently not unfrequent in
the British Isles ; recorded from Essex, Surrey, Devon, and Salop; also
from North Germany, Norway, Switzerland, Moldavia, and Iowa: var.
album from Dorset, France, and Portugal: var. rosewm has been obtained
once in the Jura Mountains.

3. D. hemisphericum Hornem. Fl. Dan., xxxiii. 13 (1829).
Plasmodium opaque white. Sporangia scattered, flat, disc-
shaped on a central stalk, 1 to 1-25 mm. diam., rarely sessile
and confluent, chalk-white ; sporangium-wall of two layers
on the flat upper surface, the outer a smooth crust composed
of globular lime-granules 1 to 3p diam., easily separating
and breaking away from a more persistent membranous inner
layer ; under surface rugose, thickened. Stalk ochraceous or
brownish, 0:2 to 0-8 mm. long, 0:25 mm. thick, furrowed
with wrinkles which are continued over the flat under side of
the sporangium, densely calcareous, often seated on a white
hypothallus. Columella consisting of the broad thickened
base of the sporangium, flesh-red or flesh-brown, charged with
calcareous deposits usually in the form of nodules and large
rhomboidal crystals. Capillitium consisting of slender colour-
less threads, branched and anastomosing, or of violet-brown
threads 1 to 2 » thick, sparingly branched except at the pale
extremities. Spores pale violet-brown, almost smooth, 7 to

DIDERMA | PHYSARACEAE 85

9 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 138. Reticu-
laria hemispherica Bult. Champ., 93, t. 446, fig. 1 (1791), in
part; Sow. Engl. Fung., t. 12. A. contorta Poiret in Lam.
Encyel., vi. 182 (1804). Physarum depressum Schum. Enum.
Pl. Saell., ii. 202 (1803). P. Michela Corda Icon. Fung., v.
57, tab. ili, fig. 33 (1842). Didymium hemisphericum Fr. Syst.
Mye., iii. 115 (1829), in part. D. Micheli Lib. Pl. Arduen.
Exsic., fasc. ii. no. 180 (1832). Diderma depressum Er. l.c.,
108? D. Michela Morgan in Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., xvi.
153 (1894). Chondrioderma Michelit Rost. in Fuckel Symb.
Myc., Nachtr., ii. 74 (1873); Rost. Mon., 172; Mass. Mon.,
204; Lister Mycetozoa, 79. C. Friesianum Rost. l.c., 172?
C. hemisphericum Torrend Fl. Myx., 163 (1909).

Pl. 83.—a. sporangia (England); 6. capillitium with fragment of sporangium-
wall and spores; c. capillitium of stouter form; d. nodules of lime from the stalk ;
e. spore.

This species may usually be distinguished from Diderma effusum by the
larger discoid sporangia having pale stalks, which are rarely entirely absent
in any development. D. depressum Fr. is described as having regular
orbicular sessile sporangia with a thick white fugaceous outer peridium ;
it was probably a sessile form of the present species, or possibly D. effusum.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs: not uncommon in England and Scotland
throughout the year; widely distributed throughout Europe, the United
States and the tropics; recorded from Algeria, Cape Province, and Japan.

4. D. effusum Morg. in Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi.
155 (1894) (non Link) (poured out). Plasmodium white.
Sporangia sessile, gregarious or crowded, depressed, smooth,
white or pale drab, either rounded, 0-7 mm. diam., or forming
elongated and flat, simple or branching net-like or effused
plasmodiocarps, sometimes 6 cm. long and 1 cm. or more
broad ; sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer a fragile crust
of globular lime-granules, separating from the membranous
colourless inner wall. Columella pulvinate, depressed, brown-
ish flesh-coloured, enclosing white lime-granules. Capillitium
consisting of delicate colourless or pale purplish threads,
sparingly branched and anastomosing. Spores pale violet-
brown, nearly smooth, 6 to 10 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 1380. Physarum effusum Schwein. in Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc., n.s. iv. 257 (1832). P. crustiforme Speg. in
An. Mus. Nac. Buen. Airos, vi. 200 (1898-9). Didymiwm
reticulatum Rost. in Fuckel Symb. Myc., Nachtr., 11. 73 (1873).
Chondrioderma reticulatum Rost. Mon., 170 (1875); Mass.
Mon., 216; Lister Mycetozoa, 79; Petch in Ann. Perad.,
iv. 344. C. Saundersii Berk. & Br. in litt.; Mass. Mon.,
209 (1892). Diderma reticulatum Morg. |.c., 155; Macbr. L.e.,
ea, I, 95,

Pl, 83.—f. orbicular and plasmodiocarp forms of sporangia (Philadelphia).

The name Diderma effusum was adopted by Morgan for this species after
it had been shown by Dr. Rex to be similar to the Schweinitzian type of

86 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDERMA

Physarum effusum. Morgan’s graphic description leaves no doubt that his
specimens were the reticulate and effused form of the present species,
which had been distributed under the name Chondrioderma reticulatum
Rost. Diderma effusum is closely allied both to D. hemisphericum (q.v.)
and to D. testaceum ; from the latter it is distinguished by the more frequent
plasmodiocarp habit, the flatter sporangia and the absence of any rosy
tinge in the sporangium-wall and columella. Ceylon gatherings, marked
‘75. Diderma depressum Fr.’ (B.M. 514; K. 1438, 1439), showing flattened
white plasmodiocarps with brownish flesh-coloured columella, must be
referred to the present species; so also must the type of Chondrioderma
Saundersii Berk. & Br. from Java (B.M. 1962), in which the flat plasmodio-
carps are effused over the under side of pinnules of a species of Adiantum.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs: not unfrequent in the British Isles in
summer and autumn ; widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions.

5. D. arboreum G. Lister & Petch in Journ. Bot., li. 2, t. 524,
f. 2 (1913) (arboreal). Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered, disc-
oid, sessile, rarely stalked, 0-5 to 0-7 mm. diam., or forming
expanded and lobed, flattened plasmodiocarps 1 to 3 mm.
diam., white, or purplish-grey from absence of lime-deposits ;
sporangium-wall membranous, with deposits of round or
angular lime-granules either united to form a thin crust or
sparsely distributed, often with scattered deposits of refuse
matter. Stalk when present very short, dark brown. Colu-
mella low, convex, flesh-coloured, or reduced to a slight
thickening of the sporangium-floor, with deposits of lime in
the form of granules or small nodules, often mixed with refuse
matter. Capillitium consisting of simpie or branching and ana-
stomosing colourless or purplish rather stout threads, often with
membranous expansions at the axils. Spores very minutely
and closely spinulose, pale purplish-grey, 10 to 15 w diam.—
Chondrioderma Alexandrowiczit Rost. Mon., 169 (1875) ?

Pl. 206.—a. Two discoid sporangia and a plasmodiocarp ; 0. spores and capillitium,
showing attachment of threads to upper and lower sporangium-walls; c¢. irregular
capillitiums ; d. spore.

This inconspicuous species is probably often overlooked from the scattered
sporangia appearing on moss and lichen on the bark of living trees; it has
been noted by the Rev. W. Cran near Aberdeen and by Mr. K. Minakata
in late summer and autumn in most years since 1910, and may be not
uncommon. It is distinguished from D. effusum by the larger spores and
coarser often irregular capillitium. The calcareous deposits are sometimes
in the form of small irregular crystals instead of round granules, when the
species defies the characters distinguishing the genus Diderma from Didy-
mium. Itis probable that the type of Chondrioderma Alexandrowiczii Rost.,
syn. Didymium chondrioderma de Bary & Rost. in Alex. Stroj. &c., 89
(1872), found on alder bark at Bielany, Poland, by Prof. Alexandrowicz,
was the present species.

Hab. On moss, lichen and bark, on the trunks of living trees: recorded
from Cornwall, Aberdeenshire, Moldavia, Ceylon, Malaya, and Japan.

6. D. spumarioides Fries Syst. Myc., iii. 104 (1829) (Spumaria,
synonym for genus Mucilago). Plasmodium opaque white.
Sporangia crowded, forming large colonies, globose, sessile,
0-5 to 1 mm. diam., smooth or rugose, white ; often seated

DIDERMA | PHYSARACEAE 87

on a strongly developed white hypothallus ; sporangium-wall
of two layers, the outer thick, fragile, composed of globular
lime-granules 1 to 2 diam., more or less adhering to the
membranous inner layer. Columella convex or hemispherical,
white or pale flesh-coloured. Capillitium consisting of slender
flexuose purplish threads, branching at an acute angle and
anastomosing. Spores violet-brown, spinulose, 8 to 11 p diam.
—Morgan in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi. 151; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 1382. Didymiuwm spumarioides
Fr. Symb. Gast., 20 (1818); Mass. Mon., 232. Reticularia
sphaeroidalis Bull. Champ., 94, t. 446, fig. 2 (1791)? Spumaria
physaroides Pers. Syn. Fung., 163 (1801)? Physarum sphaeroi-
dale Chev. Fl. Paris, i. 339 (1826) ? P. stromateuwm Link Handb.,
iii. 409 (1833). Carcerina spumarioides Fr. Summ. Veg.
Scand., 451 (1849). Chondrioderma spumarioides Rost. Mon.,
174 (1875); Lister Mycetozoa, 76. C. stromatewm Rost. lL.c.,
App. 18 (1876). C. virginewm Mass. |.c., 207 (1892). Diderma
cinereum Morg. l.c., 154 (1894); Macbr. l.c., 1388. D. stroma-
teum Morg. l.c., 152 (1894).

Pl. 84.—a. sporangia (England) ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporan-
gium-wall; c. spore.

This species is closely allied to D. globoswm with which it is connected
by intermediate forms ; it differs in having the layers of the sporangium-
wall more closely connected and in the smaller smoother spores. The
latter, being a microscopic character, could not be observed by the earlier
authors, who probably confused the two species. The type of C. virgineum
Mass. from Hampstead (K. 560) is a form of D. spumarioides without
hypothallus ; the capillitium in some sporangia is normal, in others there
are the expansions described by Massee. The type of C. stromatewm Rost.,
from Lochem (leg. Spree, Rab. Fung. Eur., no. 432, B.M. 515), does not
present any character by which it can be separated from the present species,
In gatherings made by Mr. Petch in Ceylon the mature sporangia have their
walls cracked into concave polygonal areole, whose edges form polygonal
ridges (see Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 343); a similar mode of dehiscence
occurs in a gathering made by Mr. A. F. Blakeslee in Venezuela (B.M. 2391) ;
in other respects these specimens are typical of the present species.

Hab. On dead leaves: abundant in the British Isles and, apparently,
throughout Europe, the United States and the southern region of Canada ;
widely distributed elsewhere, being recorded from Ceylon, Japan, the
West Indies, Bermuda, and South Chili.

7. D. globosum Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 89, t. iv,
figs. 4, 5 (1794). Plasmodium white. Sporangia subglobose,
sessile, crowded and often forming large colonies, 0-5 to
0-8 mm. diam., rarely forming plasmodiocarps, smooth, white
or cream-coloured ; usually seated on a strongly developed
white or cream-coloured hypothallus ; sporangium-wall of
two layers, the outer eggshell-like, composed of globular
lime-granules 1 to 2 diam., often separating widely from
the membranous inner layer. Columella hemispherical or
subglobose, usually minute, white or pale flesh-coloured.

88 ENDOSPOREAE | DIDERMA

Capillitium consisting of slender irregularly branched and
anastomosing pale purplish threads, often with irregular
expansions towards the base enclosing a few lime-granules.
Spores dark purplish-brown, spinulose, 10 to 14 y diam.—
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 134. D. crustacewm Peck
in Rep. N. York Mus., xxvi. 74 (1874); Macbride l.c., 135.
Didymium candidum Schrad. Nov. Pl. Gen., 25 (1797) ?
D. globosum Chev. Fl. Paris, i. 334 (1826)? Reticularia
globosa Poiret in Lam. Encycel., vi. 182 (1804). Cioniuwm
globosum Spreng. Syst. Orb. Veg., iv. 529 (1827). Chondrio-
derma globosum Rost. Mon., 180 (1875); Mass. Mon., 206 ;
Lister Mycetozoa, 78. C. affine Rost. Mon. l.c., 18 (1876) ;
Mass. l.c., 210. ©. similans Rost. l.c., 20; Mass. l.c., 209.
C. crustaceum Berlese in Sacc. Syll., vii. 373 (1888); Mass.
lic., 215. C. frustulosum Pat. in Bull. Herb. Boiss., in. 61
(1895) ? |

Pl. 85.—a. sporangia seated on a stout hypothallus (Poland); 0. capillitium and
spores with fragment of sporangium-wall; c. spore.

. Rostafinski describes the spores of Chondrioderma globosum as * pale
violet, 8 « diam.’, but the specimen from Warsaw in the Strasburg Her-
barium marked with this name in his handwriting (referred to Rost. Mon.,
180) has dark rough spores, 11 to 13. diam. Whether Rostafinski had
seen other specimens corresponding with his description remains uncertain ;
such forms have been occasionally met with in the United States (Macbr.
l.c., 98), and appear to lie on the border line between D. globoswm and
D. spumarioides. The type of C. affine Rost., also from Warsaw, is similar
in all respects to the Warsaw gathering of D. globosum above referred to.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs: recorded in the British Isles from
Norfolk, Wiltshire, and North Wales ; widely distributed in Europe, frequent
in the United States ; recorded also from British Columbia.

8. D. alpinum Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., li. 261
(1917). Plasmodium white. Sporangia crowded, hemispheri-
cal, sessile, 0:7 to 1 mm. diam., or usually forming more or
less elongated plasmodiocarps, seated on a white hypothallus ;
outer layer of the wall smooth, eggshell-like, the inner mem-
branous, flesh-coloured. Columella convex, often rugged,
ochraceous flesh-coloured. Capillitium consisting of rather
stout colourless or purplish threads, branched and anasto-
mosing, straight or flexuose. Spores brownish-purple, dis-
tinctly spinulose, 10 to 12 » diam.—JD. globosum var. alpinum
Meylan in Ann. Conserv. Bot. Genéve (1913), 310.

Although closely allied to D. globosum, this alpine species is found to
differ constantly in the plasmodiocarp habit and in the warm-ochraceous
colour of the inner wall and columella. The hypothallus is usually well

developed, and contains deposits of lime in the form of small round granules
or of coarse crystalline nodules, .

Hab. On turf or herbaceous stems near melting snow: abundant in
spring on the Swiss alps.

9. D. niveum Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 100 (1899)
(belonging to snow). Plasmodium white. Sporangia crowded,

DIDERMA | PHYSARACEAE 89

subglobose, or hemispherical, sessile, 0-7 to 1-8 mm. diam.,
smooth, white, sometimes seated on a white hypothallus ;
sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer densely charged
with white lime-granules, separating from the more persistent
inner layer, which is membranous and often iridescent and
veined with scanty deposits of lime above, cartilaginous and
orange below. Columella broad, convex, or hemispherical,
orange or buff. Capillitium of branching and anastomosing
rather stout purple threads with pale extremities, sometimes
intermixed with more delicate threads, often beaded with
wart-like thickenings. Spores purple-brown, minutely spinu-
lose, 9 to 13 » diam.—Chondrioderma niveum Rost. Mon., 170
(1875) ; Mass. Mon., 206; Lister Mycetozoa, 80. C. physa-
roides Rost. l.c.; Mass. l.c., 214. C. albescens Mass. |.c., 209
(1892). Diderma albescens Phill. in Grev., v. 114 (1877).

Pl. 89.—a. sporangia (Vosges); b. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporan-
gium-wall; c. spore.

This species is extremely abundant in the spring in alpine situations,
forming conspicuous white colonies on turf, dwarf willows or stones along
the edge of patches of melting snow, and it is beneath the snow that the
plasmodium creeps and feeds. Sometimes the outer calcareous layer is
absent in some sporangia of a colony, when instead of being white they are
dark glossy brown. In such forms the usual straight capillitium threads
may be represented in part or entirely by a close network of almost colour-
less threads, with wide membranous expansions in all the axils; similar
abnormal capillitium occurs in Lepidoderma Carestianum var. granuliferum
and Lamproderma atrosporum var. debile. The type of Chondrioderma
physaroides Rost. gathered by A. de Candolle ‘on mountain land, close to
perpetual snow’, is now in the Geneva Museum; it is the typical form of
the present species ; so also is Diderma albescens Phill., gathered by Hark-
ness on the Blue Canon, California. Stout forms of D. nivewm seem to
merge into D. Lyallii, but the former can usually be distinguished by the

deep orange inner sporangium-wall and by the spores being rather smaller
and less coarsely warted.

Hab. On turf, twigs, &c., in alpine regions.—Norway, Sweden, Germany,
Tyrol, Switzerland, France, California.

10. D. Lyallii Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 99 (1899)
(Dr. Lyall). Plasmodium white. Sporangia crowded, sub-
globose or obliquely ovoid, sessile or shortly stalked, 1 to
1:5 mm. diam., white, cream-white or mottled with flesh-
coloured spots, smooth or somewhat wrinkled, usually seated
on an abundant white hypothallus ; sporangium-wall of two
layers, the outer with dense calcareous deposits, separating
from the membranous inner layer, which has scanty deposits
of lime-granules and is pinkish flesh-coloured. Stalk short,
stout, furrowed, white or ochraceous. Columella hemispheri-
cal, globose, clavate or ligulate, cream-white or flesh-coloured.
Capillitium consisting of dark purple or colourless, straight
or flexuose threads, branching and anastomosing. Spores
dark brownish-purple rather coarsely warted, 10 to 15 » diam.

90 . ENDOSPOREAE [DIDERMA

—D. niveum Rost. var. Lyallia Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 105
(1911); R. E. Fries in Svensk Bot. Tidskr., vi. 750. Chondrio-
derma fallax Rost. Mon., 171 (1875)? C. Lyallia Mass. Mon.,
201 (1892); Lister l.c., ed. 1, 81.

Pl. 90.—a. sporangia (Switzerland); 06. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall; c¢. spore.

The type of this species from Fort Colville in the Rocky Mountains,
Washington Territory, was collected by Dr. Lyall, surgeon to the Oregon
Boundary Commission in 1861 and is in the Kew Herbarium. Since that
date it is found that D. Lyallii is widely distributed and not uncommon
in alpine regions. It occurs on recently exposed turf close to melting snow,
and is often associated with D. niveum and Lepidoderma Carestianum.
Early in the season, masses of the grey convoluted sclerotium, an inch or
more in diameter, looking like small worm-casts, and belonging apparently
to the present species, may be seen lying loose about the turf; the walls
of the sclerotium are almost black, but are powdered with glassy calcareous
scales, which produce a general grey effect. Occasionally the lime-granules
in the sporangium-wall are replaced by crystalline plates, which give
a grey colour to the sporangia. The type of Chondrioderma fallax Rost.
from the Tyrol is not in the Strasburg collection but from Rostafinski’s
description it may have been the present species. .

Hab. On turf near snow in alpine regions.—Sweden, France, Switzerland,
Tyrol, mountains of the west Pacific region, South Chili.

11. D. deplanatum Fries Syst. Myc., iii. 110 (1829) (level).
Plasmodium white. Sporangia scattered or in small groups,
pulvinate, sessile, 1 mm. diam., often forming curved or
ring-shaped plasmodiocarps, white or cream-coloured ; outer
sporangium-wall a smooth rather thick brittle crust of lime-
granules ; inner wall membranous, iridescent, deep orange
below. Columella hardly developed or broadly convex,
orange. Capillitium consisting of dark purplish simple and
branched often warted threads. Spores purplish-brown,
minutely spinulose, 9 to 10 pp. D. niveum var. deplanatum
Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 105 (1911). D. contortwm Hofim.,
Fl. Crypt. Germ., iii, tab. 9, fig. 2a (1795)? Leocarpus
deplanatus Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., 450 (1849). Chondrio-
derma deplanatum Rost. Mon., App. 17 (1876) in part. C.
mutabile Schroeter in Cohn Krypt. Fl. Schles., iii, pt. 1, 123
(1885) ?

Pl. 89.—d, ring-shaped plasmodiocarp, the sporangium-wall partly broken away;
c. spore.

This form, placed as a variety of D. niveum in the previous editions
of the present work, proves to be a constant species, distinguished
by the scattered plasmodiocarp habit and the absence of columella. The
specimen in Berkeley’s collection from Linlithgow named by him Diderma
cyanescens Fr., and by Rostafinski Chondrioderma niveum (K. 1435), is
D. deplanatum, having the lower part of the inner wall and flat base orange.
D. contortum Hofim. is cited by Fries as a synonym for D. deplanatum,
but it is somewhat doubtful from the figure and description if they refer to
the present species or to a nearly sessile form of D. hemisphericum.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs: frequent in Great Britain ; recorded
also from the west of Ireland, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and Portugal.

DIDERMA | PHYSARACEAE 91

12. D. testaceum Pers. Syn. Fung., 167 (1801) (of tiles,
from the reddish sporangia). Plasmodium yellowish-buff (fide
Torrend). Sporangia sessile, subglobose, depressed on a broad
base, sometimes confluent, 0-8 mm. diam., smooth, dull flesh-
coloured or pale pinkish, often becoming bleached ; sporan-
gium-wall of two layers, the outer thin, brittle, eggshell-like,
composed of globular lime-granules, separating freely from
the more persistent pinkish-grey membranous inner layer.
Columella large, convex or hemispherical, together with the
base of the sporangium flesh-coloured or reddish-brown.
Capillitium consisting of delicate pale purplish branching
flexuose threads. Spores pale violet-brown, almost smooth,
7 to 10 py diam.—Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 107; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 187. Didymium testacewm Schrad. Nov.
Pl. Gen., 25, tab. v, figs. 1, 2.(1797). Diderma cubense Berk.
& Curt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., x. 347 (1869). D. Mariae-
Wilsont Clinton in Rep. N. York Mus., xxvi. 74 (1874).
D. sublateritium Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv. 82
(1873). Cionium testaceum Spreng. Syst. Veg., iv. 529 (1827).
Chondrioderma testaceum Rost. Versuch, 13 (1873); Rost.
Mon., 179; Mass. Mon., 210; Lister Mycetozoa, 78. C. sub-
lateritium Rost. l.c., App. 19 (1876) ; Mass. ].c., 211. C. cubense
Rost. Lc.

Pl. 87.—a. sporangia (Poland); 0. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall; c. spore.

The type of Diderma sublateritium Berk. & Br., from Ceylon (K. 1454),
is more rufous in colour than is usual in the present species, though not so
deep in tone as a specimen from South Carolina (B.M. 520); the capillitium
and spores are typical of D. testacewm of which it is clearly a form.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs, appearing in summer and autumn in
England: not common; recorded from Devon, Wiltshire, Worcestershire,
Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, and Norfolk; in Europe recorded from
France, Germany, Poland, Moldavia, and Portugal; also from Ceylon,
Japan, and the West Indies ; in the United States it is widely distributed
from east to west.

13. D. simplex Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 107 (1911) (simple).
Plasmodium orange-brown. Sporangia crowded or somewhat
scattered, sessile, subglobose, hemispherical and often de-
pressed, 0-3 to 0-7 mm. diam., or forming short curved
plasmodiocarps, smooth or rugulose, ochraceous, reddish clay-
coloured or bright chocolate-brown, sometimes seated on a
well-developed hypothallus ; sporangium-wall single, mem-
branous, with abundant deposits of coloured lime-granules.
Columella indefinite and rugose, or convex. Capillitium con-
sisting of slender colourless or dark branching threads, often
with expansions at the base containing lime-granules. Spores
brownish-violet, minutely warted, 8 to 11 » diam.—Macbr. N.
Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,133. Chondrioderma simplex Schroet.
in Cohn Krypt. Fl. Schles., iii. pt. 1, 123 (1885) ; Lister in Journ.

92 ENDOSPOREAE | DIDERMA

Bot., xxxix. 85, t. 419, fig. la-d. C. eee ls Speg. in Bot.
Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cord., xi. 475 (1889) ?

Var. echinulatum Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., li.
450 (1919) (echinus hedgehog). Sporangia lemon- or bright
yellow ; columella sometimes hemispherical, yellow.

Pl. 88.—a. sporangia (Scotland) ; 6. capillitium and spores with portions of the
upper sporangium-wall and of the base of the sporangium; ec. spore; d. sporangia
(Philadelphia).

The colour of the sporangia varies much in different gatherings. The
type of var. echinulatum, on Sphagnum and Polytrichum from Le Suchet,
Jura, 1400 m. alt., is of a bright yellow colour, with capillitium partly
purplish, partly colourless, and with spores more strongly spinulose than
in the typical form. A specimen on moss, collected on Bartlett Mountain,
New Hampshire, by Prof. Thaxter (B.M. 2415) is similar except that the
sporangia are of a more lemon-yellow colour, and many but not all have
a well-developed yellow hemispherical hollow columella.

Hab. On moss, dead leaves or heather on moorland.—Sussex, Surrey,
Norfolk, Yorks, North Wales, Aberdeenshire ; France, Germany, Moldavia,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Chili: var. echinulatum
is recorded from the Jura Mountains and New Hampshire.

Subgenus 2.—LEANGIUM (Acios smooth, dyyos vessel).
Sporangia stalked or sessile ; sporangium-wall often dehiscing
in revolute lobes from the globose mass of spores, and con-
sisting of two closely connected layers, the outer layer cartila-
ginous, more or less charged with included lime-granules, the
inner membranous.

14. D. Sauteri Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 103 (1899)
(Dr. Sauter). Plasmodium opaque white. Sporangia sessile,
somewhat clustered, subglobose, depressed, 0-7 to 1 mm. diam.,
smooth, pale pinkish- or brownish-red ;. sporangium-wall of
two layers, the outer cartilaginous, thin, brittle, glossy, charged
with innate lime-granules, separating from the membranous
inner layer. Columella hardly evident, a rugose thickening
of the brownish-red base of the sporangium. Capillitium con-
sisting of rather scanty, flaccid, sparingly branched colourless
or pale violet threads, 2 to 4 uw broad, persistent at the base.
Spores dark violet-brown, spinulose, 10 to 16m diam.—
Chondrioderma Sauteri Rost. Mon., 181 (1875); Mass. Mon.,
217; Lister Mycetozoa, 83; Torrend Fl. Myx., 166. C. acu-
leatum Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891, 390.

Pl. 95.—a. sporangia (Portugal); 6b. sporangia (Salzburg, Tyrol); c¢. spores and
capillitium, with fragments of upper sporangium-wall and columella; d. spore.

This rare species appears to be nearly allied to D. ochraceum, from which
it differs in the colour of the plasmodium, redder sporangia, colourless
capillitium and larger rougher spores. The specimen in the Strasburg
collection originally labelled ‘ Diderma deplanatum, ex Herb. Sauter, ad
muscos in montibus Salz.’, is evidently Rostafinski’s type of Chondrioderma
Sauteri; it is well described by him as ‘ of coffee-and-milk colour, the
outer wall brittle, separating from the inner, which is membranous and
colourless’. The species described by Dr. Rex as Chondrioderma aculeatum
(B.M. slide) is similar in all respects except that the capillitium has pale

DIDERMA | PHYSARACEAE 93

and purplish threads intermixed. A specimen in Greville’s coll. in the
Edinburgh Herb. marked ‘ Diderma ? Appin. Carm.’ is the same form and
probably part of the same gathering as K. 403, named ‘ Diderma melaleucum
Carm.’, with a descriptive note stating that it was gathered in Scotland by
Captain Carmichael ; it differs from the Salzburg and American gatherings
in the rather darker and larger sporangia, and in the broader, almost simple
threads of the more scanty capillitium.

Hab. On dead wood and moss.—Argyllshire, Tyrol, Moldavia, New
York State.

15. D. ochraceum G. F. Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. Crypt., t. 9, fig.
2b (1795) (dypds yellow earth). Plasmodium lemon-yellow.
Sporangia solitary or in small clusters, sessile, hemispherical,
0:7 to 1 mm. diam., often forming curved and sometimes ring-
shaped plasmodiocarps, ochraceous, rarely ‘light red’ ; outer
sporangium-wall somewhat cartilaginous, with abundant
deposits of angular or round yellow lime-granules, adhering
to or free from the firm membranous yellow inner wall.
Columella indefinite. Capillitium consisting of abundant
simple or branching purple-brown threads, often hyaline at the
base. Spores purplish-grey, minutely spinulose, 9tollp
Reticularia ochracea Poir. in Lam. Encycl. vi, 182 (1804),
Chondrioderma ochraceum Schroet. in Cohn Krypt. Fl. Schles.,
iil. pt. 1, 124 (1885) ; Mass. Mon., 216; Lister Mycetozoa, 89, &
in Journ. Bot., xxxix. 88, tab. 419, fig. 3a, and xliii. 150;
Torrend Fl. Myx., 166.

Pl. 96.—a. sporangia (N. Wales); 6. spores and capillitium showing attachment of
threads to sporangium-wall; ec. spore.

It appears probable that Hoffmann’s type of the present species is repre-
sented by an unripe gathering marked ‘ Diderma ochraceum’ in Persoon’s
collection in the Leyden Herbarium. Fries writes that he had examined
the type, but could not make out if the capillitium and columella were
present or absent (Syst. Myc., ii. 111); he refers it doubtfully to D. granu-
latum (Schum.) Fr. Rostafinski gives both these names as synonyms for
Physarum conglomeratum (Fr.) Rost., but Hoffmann’s figure of the scattered
sporangia, and his description of their being often traversed by the moss
leaves on which they occur, are entirely characteristic of the present species.
The appropriate specific name ochracewm appears to have been adopted
independently by Schroeter for his Silesian gathering. D. ochracewm has
repeatedly been found in company with Lepidoderma tigrinum (namely, in
N. Wales, the Vosges Mts., Japan, and New England), a species which it
resembles in capillitium and spores. Specimens of L. tigrinum have been
found with the characteristic crystalline discs of the sporangium-wall in
part replaced by angular lime-granules similar to those met with in D.
ochraceum, and possibly we may have here varying forms of the same
species. Repeated observations, however, made in a wooded ravine in
North Wales, where both forms were developing daily for about a week,
failed to show any connecting links; the Lepidoderma had always a dark
orange stalk and spongy hypothallus, while the Dzderma had, as constantly,
sessile sporangia and no hypothallus ; the former also matured from orange
and the latter from lemon-yellow plasmodium. The two forms must be
regarded at present as distinct though nearly allied species. Amongst
numerous gatherings of typical D. ochracewm from North Wales, groups of

94 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDERMA

sporangia were found either bright or dull red-brown in colour, and with
spores measuring 11 to 13» diam.; they differ from the type of Chondrio-
derma Sautert Rost. only in the capillitium being purple-brown instead of
colourless.

Hab. On moss and liverworts, on wet rocks.—Somerset, Northumberland,
North Wales, Elginshire, and Aberdeenshire, Germany, Switzerland, Vosges
Mountains, Moldavia, Japan, New England.

16. D. Trevelyani Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 105 (1829) (W. C. Tre-
velyan (1797—-1879)). Plasmodium pale yellow-brown. Spor-
angia scattered or clustered, globose or subellipsoid, 1 to 1-5mm.
diam., sessile or shortly stalked, rarely forming plasmodiocarps,
smooth or angular, reddish or orange-brown ; sporangium-
wall splitting in unequal revolute petal-like lobes, white and
glossy on the inner side: of three closely connected layers, the
outer one cartilaginous, brown; the inner delicately mem-
branous, giving attachment to the threads of the capillitium ;
the middle layer composed of coarse irregular crystals of
lime. Stalk furrowed, reddish-brown, 0-1 to 0-5 mm. high,
0-1 to 0-15 mm. thick. Columella subglobose, minute, usually
absent. Capillitium profuse, purple or purplish-brown, some-
what rigid, either forming a network with dark bead-like
thickenings at the nodes and on the threads, or slender,
branched, with few thickenings. Spores dark violet-brown,
spinulose with a paler area of dehiscence, 10 to 13 » diam.—
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 142. Leangium Trevelyani
Grev. Scot. Crypt. Fl., tab. 132 (1825). Polyschismiwm
Trevelyant Corda Icon. Fung., v. 20 (1842). Chondrioderma T're-
velyant Rost. Mon., 182 (1875); Mass. Mon., 202; Lister
Mycetozoa, 82. C. Oerstedtir Rost. l.c., 184, figs. 154, 157 ;
Mass. l.c., 208. C. geasteroides Phill. in Mass., l.c., 201 (1892).
Diderma geasteroides Phill. in Grev., v. 113 (1877). D. lacinia-
tum Phill.,l.c. Lepidoderma obovatum Mass., l.c., 254 ?

Var. nivale Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., 1.189 (1914)
(nix snow). Sporangia rugose, orange or brown, often veined
with white, bursting irregularly, usually sessile, often forming
plasmodiocarps, columella convex, hemispherical or sub-
globose, small or large, or often wanting.

Pl. 91.—a. expanded sporangia (California; type of D. geasteroides); 6. entire
dg tec (England); c¢. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-wall ;

The crystalline middle layer of the sporangium-wall separates this from
all other species of the Leangium group. The type of D. Trevelyani described
and figured under the name of Leangium T'revelyani Grev., is in the Edin-
burgh Herbarium ; the sporangia were gathered by W. C. Trevelyan, who
also sent a specimen to Sowerby, now in the Kew collection named Diderma
Trevelyant (K. 1478). The specimen from Jedburgh (K. 1477), referred to by
Rostafinski as Chondrioderma Oerstedtii, has the capillitium and the structure
of the sporangium similar to Greville’s type of D. T'revelyani; these char-
acters are also present in the types of D. geasteroides Phill., and D. laciniatum
Phill. from California, It seems probable that the type of Lepidoderma

DIDERMA | PHYSARACEAE 95

obovatum Mass. is a gathering of the present species made by L. Romell
at Kumla Station, Sweden, in August, 1885 (see Romell Fung. Exsic.
no. 100, marked provisionally ‘ Didymium subcastaneum’, K. 459, B.M.
1783) ; Massee’s description agrees with the specimen in all respects; he
states that the patches of lime are innate in the sporangium-wall; this
feature is characteristic of the genus Diderma rather than of Lepidoderma.
In extensive developments of var. nivale, found amongst grass on the
upper pastures of the Swiss Alps, most of the sporangia are of the usual
character having a smooth pearly basal inner wall and showing no trace of
columella, others have a small, often eccentric columella, while others again
have a large subglobose columella. Associated with normal sporangia
broad plasmodiocarps sometimes occur.

Hab. On dead leaves, moss, turf, &c.—Malvern, Worcestershire in April,
1914; recorded also from Leicestershire, Warwickshire, Monmouthshire,
Scotland, France, Switzerland, Sweden, Germany, Colorado, California,
South Chili: var. nivale abundant on the Swiss Alps.

17. D. floriforme Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 89 (1794)
(flos flower, forma shape). Plasmodium greyish-white. Total
height 1 to 2 mm. Sporangia crowded, often forming large
colonies, globose, stalked, erect, smooth, 0:8 mm. diam.,
varying from greyish-white to ochraceous-brown ; sporangium-
wall splitting into revolute petal-like lobes, pale brown on the
inner side, cartilaginous, opaque, with a closely adhering mem-
branous inner layer. Stalks cylindrical, furrowed, 0:5 to 1 mm.
long, 0:15 mm. thick, ochraceous-brown, often connected
below by a well-developed hypothallus. Columella clavate or
hemispherical, brown, densely calcareous. Capillitium con-
sisting of slender sparingly branching threads with scattered
bead-like thickenings, thicker and anastomosing at the base,
dark violet-brown. Spores red violet-brown, paler on one side,
marked with scattered obtuse warts, 8 to 11 » diam.—Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 143. Sphaerocarpus floriformis
Bull. Champ., 142, t. 371 (1791). Stemonitis floriformis Gmel.
Syst. Nat., 1469 (1791). Lycoperdon floriforme Wither. Br.
Pl. ed. 4, iv. 379 (1801). Didymium floriforme Schrad. Nov.
Gen. Pl., 25 (1797). Diderma spurium Schum. Enum. PI. Saell.,
ii. 197 (1803). D. lepidotum Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 100 (1829).
Reticularia floriformis Poiret in Lam. Encyel., vi. 182 (1804).
Leangium floriforme Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., iii. 26
(1809). L. lepidotum Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. FI., Pilze, ii.
43, t. 21 (1814). Cioniwm floriforme Spreng. Syst. Orb. Veg.,
iv. 529 (1827). C. lepidotum Spreng. l.c. Chondrioderma
floriforme Rost. Mon., 184 (1875); Mass. Mon., 198; Lister
Mycetozoa, 85.

Pl. 92.—a. sporangia before dehiscence (England); b. sporangia after dehiscence;
c. sporangia expanded and showing clavate columellae; d. capillitium and spores;
e. spore.

The purplish-red spores with strong scattered warts distinguish this
species from all forms of D. radiatum. Almost limeless developments occur
with purple-brown sporangia on dark slender stalks ; in other growths the

96 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDERMA

calcareous matter in both the sporangium-wall and in the stalk is partly
in the form of crystalline discs.

Hab. On dead wood and twigs, not uncommon in the British Isles in
autumn and winter.—Essex, Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Hertfordshire,
Bedfordshire, Norfolk, Devon, Somerset, Salop, County Dublin; widely
distributed in North Temperate regions.

18. D. radiatum Morgan in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
xvi. 151 (1894). Plasmodium white or pale yellow. Sporangia
scattered or crowded, subglobose or hemispherical and de-
pressed, flattened or umbilicate beneath, stalked or sessile,
smooth or somewhat wrinkled and rimose, 0-5 to 1-2 mm.
diam., pale grey, brownish or red-brown, often mottled or
areolated with pale lines of dehiscence; sporangium-wall
dehiscing in a stellate manner by revolute lobes, white or pale
brown on the inner side ; the outer layer cartilaginous, with
granular deposits of lime, closely connected with the mem-
branous inner layer. Stalk ochraceous or reddish-brown, 0-2
to 0-6 mm. high, usually short and stout, enclosing white lime
deposits. Columella hemispherical or subglobose, white or
cream-coloured, densely calcareous. Capillitium abundant,
dark violet-brown, radiating from the columella in somewhat
rigid threads, sparingly branched except at the colourless
extremities, rarely pale, slender and flexuose. Spores dark
violet-brown, closely and minutely spinulose, 9 to 12 » diam.
—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 141. Lycoperdon
radiatum L. Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1654 (1763). Didymium stellare
Schrad. Nov. Pl. Gen., 21, t. v. figs. 3, 4 (1797). D. Geaster
Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., vii. 42 (1815). D. complana-
tum Fuckel Symb. Myc., 341 (1869). Diderma stellare Pers. Syn.
Fung., 164 (1801) ; Fries Syst. Myc., iii. 98 (1829). Leangiwm
stellare Link l.c., iii. 26 (1809). Cionium stellare Spreng. Syst.
Orb. Veg., iv. 529 (1827). Chondrioderma radiatum Rost. Mon.,
182 (1875) ; Mass. Mon., 200; Lister Mycetozoa, 83.

Var. umbilicatum Meyl. in Ann. Cons. Bot. Genéve (1913),
312 (having a navel-like hollow). Sporangia pearl-white or
drab, dehiscing irregularly—Diderma umbilicatum Pers. l.c.,
165; Fr.1.c.,99. D.crassipes Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell., 11. 196
(1803). D. Carmichaelianum Berk. & Sm. Engl. Fl., v. pt. i.
311 (1836). D. concinnum Berk. & Curt. in Grev., 11. 52 (1878),
see Journ. Bot., xxxv. 212. Reticularia umbilicata Poiret in
Lam. Encycl., 183 (1804). Cioniwm umbilicatum Spreng.
Syst. Veg., iv. 529 (1827). Chondrioderma Carmichaelianum
Cooke Myx. Brit., 42 (1877) ; Mass. Mon., 202, in part.

Var. rubrum Ronn in Schr. Naturwiss. Ver. Schl.-Holst.,
xv. 59 (1911) (red). Plasmodium coral red; sporangia

greyish-pink, dehiscing in petal-like lobes ; lime in stalk and

columella pink.

Pl. 93.—a. sporangia of var. umbilicatum (Devon) ; b. sporangia dehiscing irregularly
and showing the hemispherical columella ; ¢. capillitium and spores with fragment of
the sporangium-wall; d. spore.

Pl. 94.—a. sporangia of typical form with walls dehiscing in lobes (Northumbesanete ;
b. capillitium and spores.

DIDERMA | PHYSARACEAE ‘O7

This variable species presents two well-marked forms. One, represented
by the type of Lycoperdon radiatum in the Linnean Herbarium, London,
has brown often mottled sporangia whose walls dehisce in a stellate manner
(fig. 94a). The second, var. wmbilicatum, has pale grey or drab sporangia
that dehisce irregularly (fig. 93a); this is the commonest form in the
British Isles, and was described by Persoon as a distinct species, D. wm-
bilicatum, but gatherings of intermediate character frequently occur.
Sometimes the lime is only partially present, forming a white cap to a dark
sporangium, or the sporangia may be entirely brown with little or no lime in
the wall. Very closely allied to var. wmbilicatum is D. montanum, q.v.
The plasmodium is usually pale yellow or almost white, but the var. rubrum,
found by Dr. H. Ronn in the neighbourhood of Kiel, has coral-red plas-
modium. The specimen in Berkeley’s herbarium named Diderma Car-
michaelianum, K. 354, is a sessile form of var. wmbilicatum; no note as to
locality is given ; it agrees perfectly, however, with Berkeley’s description
of D. Carmichaelianum, and is probably his type from Appin, N.B. Rosta-
finski has marked the label ‘ Chondrioderma radiatum ’.

The type of Chondrioderma Stahlii Rost. from near Strasburg does not
appear in the quoted collections. It is described as follows :—Sporangia
globose, brownish, glossy ; sporangium-wall with scanty deposits of lime-
granules, dehiscing irregularly ; columella none, stalk brown, shining ; the
capillitium consisting of dull violet, simple or branching threads 1-2 to
2-3 4 diam. ; the spores pale violet, faintly warted, 9-2 w diam. Possibly
this may be a form of D. radiatum, the columella of which is sometimes
inconspicuous.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs: the typical form widely distributed
in Europe and the United States, rare in Britain: var. wmbilicatum not
uncommon in Great Britain in autumn and winter; widely distributed in
Europe ; recorded also from N. India, New South Wales, Japan, and from
many of the United States: var. rubrum N. Germany.

19. D. roanense Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 104 (1899)
Roan Mountain, Tennessee). Plasmodium? Sporangia
scattered, stalked, hemispherical, depressed or discoidal, 0-8 to
1-2 mm. diam., mottled red-brown, or dark umber, with paler
lines of dehiscence; sporangium-wall dehiscing irregularly
or in a somewhat stellate manner, consisting of two layers, the
outer cartilaginous, brown on the outer white on the inner side,
more or less adhering to the membranous inner layer. Stalk
rather slender, black, furrowed, 0:1 to 0-7 mm. high. Columella
flat, discoidal, ochraceous-brown. Capillitium consisting of
slender simple or branched colourless threads. Spores
purplish-brown, spinulose, 10 to 14 4 diam.—Chondrioderma
roanense Rex in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1893, 368.

Pl. 94.—c. sporangia (Tennessee); d. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall.

Allied to D. radiatum, from which it is distinguished by the discoid shape
of the sporangia and the black stalks. Intermediate forms apparently
connecting the two species have been gathered by Dr. Sturgis and Prof.
Bethel in Colorado.

Hab. On dead wood.—Maine, New Hampshire, Tennessee, Colorado.

20. D. asteroides Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 113 (1911) (dornp
star). Plasmodium cream-yellow to bright orange. Sporangia
H

98 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDERMA

scattered or crowded, hemispherical or somewhat conical, 0-6
to 0:8 mm. high, sessile, seldom either shortly stalked or
forming plasmodiocarps, purplish-brown, bright chocolate- or
pinkish-brown, often mottled with darker spots or marked
with numerous darker lines radiating from near the apex to the
base of the sporangium; sporangium-wall dehiscing in a
stellate manner into from eight to twenty reflexed lobes, snow-
white on the inner side, the outer layer brown, cartilaginous,
with abundant deposits of lime on the inner side, usually con-
nected with the membranous inner layer. Stalk stout, white,
filled with lime-granules, 0-2 mm. high, often arising from a
white hypothallus. Columella hemispherical, or subglobose
and depressed, white.or cream-coloured. Capillitium of slender
simple or anastomosing colourless or purplish threads. Spores
purple-brown, minutely warted, 9 to 12 ~ diam.—Macbr. N.
Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 143. Chondrioderma asteroides
Lister in Journ. Bot., xl. 209, tab. 438, fig. 1 a-c (1902) ;
Torrend Fl. Myx., 166.

Pl. 97.—a. sporangia (La Mortola, Italy); 0b. capillitium and spores with fragment
of sporangium-wall; c. spore.

A constant form, closely allied to D. radiatum differing in the dark,
sessile, and usually rather conical sporangia. In Sept. 1912 it appeared in
great profusion on deep beds of holly leaves near Cawdor, N.B. Gatherings
made by Dr. Sturgis on Cheyenne Mt., Colorado, differ from the type only
in the more globose less conical shape of the sporangia. M. Meylan describes
a form from the Jura Mountains in which the sporangium-wall is yellow
on the inner side, and which he names var. lutewm (Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat.,
lili. 454 (1921)).

Hab. On dead bark, leaves and pine-needles.—Somerset, Surrey, Norfolk,
Salop, Scotland, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Portugal, Moldavia, Colorado,
California, and Oregon.

21. D. antarctica Sturgis in Mycologia, viii. 37 (1916).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia crowded, sessile, subglobose or
angled by mutual pressure, smooth, dark reddish-brown,
mottled, 0:7 to 1 mm. diam. ; sporangium-wall brittle, cartila-
ginous, cream-coloured on the inner side, the two layers closely
adhering and enclosing deposits of white lime-granules.
Columella hemispherical, cream-coloured, rugged, with rounded
and spike-like processes. Capillitium consisting of rigid
stout and slender, branching and anastomosing pale and dark
purplish threads, with irregular wide membranous expansions.
Spores dark purplish-brown, with a paler band of dehiscence,
closely spinulose, often marked with dark ridges, 11 to 12
diam.—Licea antarctica Speg. in Bot. Acad. Nac. Cienc.
Cord., xi. 56 (1887).

Pl. 209.—a. group of sporangia, three of which are broken and show the rugged
columella ; 6. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-wall; ce. spore.

This rare species bears some resemblance to D. asteroides, but the sporangia
are more crowded, and the capillitium is more rigid; the presence of large
irregular membranous expansions suggests a somewhat abnormal develop-

DIDERMA | PHYSARACEAE 99

ment. It has been found twice on dead leaves and twigs of Notofagus
antarctica near Puntas Arenas, South Chili, in 1887 by Dr. Spegazzini, and
in 1906 by Prof. Thaxter.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs.—South Chili.

22. D. rugosum Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 105 (1899)
(wrinkled). Plasmodium grey. Total height 0-7 to 1mm.
Sporangia scattered, stalked, rarely sessile, subglobose or
hemispherical, 0-5 to 0-6 mm. diam., greyish-white, brown
at the base, reticulated with wrinkles which divide the wall
into 25 to 30 irregularly polyhedral portions ; sporangium-wall
single, papyraceous, with scanty deposits of lime in minute
granules. Stalk subulate, 0-2 to 0-6 mm. high, furrowed,
black. Columella clavate, about half the height of the sporan-
gium, rugose, chalky or yellowish-white. Capillitium con-
sisting of slender colourless or purplish threads, anastomosing
and branching towards the tips. Spores violet- or purplish-
brown, minutely warted, 8 to 14y diam.—Chondrioderma
rugosum Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1893, 369 ; Lister
Mycetozoa, 84; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 345.

Pl. 86.—a. sporangia (N. Carolina); &. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall; c. spore.

This species is distinguished by the wrinkled sporangia, the black stalks,
and the clavate white columellae. Dr. M. Brandza has found a sessile
form in some abundance on mossy beech trunks in sub-alpine woods in
Moldavia; the clavate columellae are often irregular in shape and may
give off spike-like branches ; the spores are purplish-brown, 10 to 12 u diam.

Hab. On dead wood and moss, or on the bark of living trees.—Moldavia,
Ceylon, Japan, West Indies, North Carolina, Florida, and Iowa.

23. D. lucidum Berk. & Br.in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vii.
380, t. xv, a, fig. 9 (1861) (shining). Plasmodium orange-
yellow. Sporangia scattered, subglobose, flattened beneath,
0-8 mm. diam., usually stalked, orange or vermilion, glossy,
dehiscing irregularly or by four or five lobes that become pale
at the margins; outer layer of sporangium-wall translucent
orange-yellow, with scanty deposits of lime on the inner side,
closely connected with the yellow inner layer. Stalk slender,
subulate, brownish-black, 0-2 to 0-5 mm. high. Columella
obconic or subglobose, often shortly stalked, rugose, white or
cream-coloured, filled with lime-granules. Capillitium forming
a scanty and irregular network of stout purple-brown threads,
often expanded at the axils. Spores purplish-grey, closely
spinulose, 13 to 15 uw diam.—Chondrioderma lucidum Cooke
Myx. Brit., 42 (1877) ; Mass. Mon., 204; Lister Mycetozoa,
86, and in Journ. Bot., xxxix. 87. C. Carmichaelianum Mass.
Mon., 202 (1892), in part.

Pl. 98.—a. sporangia; b. sporangium broken and showing the columella; ce. capil-
litium and spores with fragment of sporangium-wall; d. spore (North Wales).

Berkeley gives two localities for this species, Trefriw in Carnarvonshire,
and Cumberland. Examples of the former gathering are in the British
H 2

100 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARINA

Museum (B.M. 25) under the name Diderma lucidum, and in Berkeley’s
collection at Kew, marked by him ‘ Diderma Carmichaelianum, ex Herb.
Broome’ (K. 353). The Cumberland gathering is not represented in the
quoted collections. Since the first gathering in 1860, D. lucidum has been
found in two other stations in North Wales, once near Dolgelly, and fre-
quently in a ravine near Llanymawddwy, where it has appeared in some
abundance for several years in succession on moss on wet rocks.

A remarkable specimen, nearly allied to D. lucidum, has been gathered
by Mr. Petch on bark, at Telawakelee, Ceylon, in August, 1905 (see Petch
in Ann. Perad., iv. 346). It consists of about ten clustered and almost
sessile sporangia, 0-6 mm. diam. ; when first found they were bright yellow,
but on exposure to sunlight they faded to pale yellowish-buff ; their surface
is smooth, but pitted with thirty to fifty shallow pits or depressions ; the
sporangium-wali is cartilaginous and contains abundant deposits of yellow
lime-granules between the outer and inner layers; beneath each of the
above-mentioned pits the wall is produced on the inner side into a stout,
pale yellow process filled with lime-granules ; some of these processes are
short, others are long and spike-like and either end freely in the cavity of
the sporangium or are connected with the columella; the latter is large,
pale yellow, globular or clavate, and rough with spike-like processes con-
taining lime-granules ; a very short black stalk is present in one sporangium ;
the capillitium is a scanty network of rather stout purple-brown threads ;
the spores are purplish-grey, spinulose, and measure 14 to 16 p diam. It is
probable that the spike-like processes of the columella and inner sporangium-
wall are due to abnormal development; irregular growths of D. lucidum
occasionally show similar though much shorter ingrowths from the sporan-
gium-wall associated with a columella having a lobed and rough surface,
Until further gatherings have been obtained confirming the distinctive
characters of the Ceylon specimen, it may be placed provisionally with
D. lucidum. :

Hab. On moss on wet rocks.—Trefriw and Llanymawddwy, North
Wales.

Genus 12.—PHYSARINA von Hohnel in Sitzungsb. k. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat. K1., I. exviii. 431 (1909). (Physarum.)
Sporangia stalked, rough with numerous cylindrical blunt
spine-like processes projecting from the surface of the sporan-
gium-wall. Capillitium threads without lime-knots.

Closely allied to Diderma, from which it differs in the structure of the
sporangium-wall,

1. P. echinocephala von Héhnel l.c., 432, fig. 33 (éxtvos
hedgehog, xedady head). Plasmodium? Sporangia gregari-
ous, stalked, subglobose, 0-4 to 0-5 mm. diam., pale pink or
flesh-coloured ; sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer
layer somewhat cartilaginous, enclosing lime-granules and
produced into numerous (60 to 100) blunt-ended cylindrical
processes, 25 to 40 uw wide, and 80 yp long, filled with lime-
granules ; the inner layer smooth, membranous, more or less
adhering to the outer. Stalk stout, conical, furrowed, flesh-
coloured or nearly white, 0-1 to 0-4 mm. high, filled with
lime-granules, continued above into a pale subglobose or
hemispherical columella. Capillitium-threads violet-brown,

DIACHEA | PHYSARACEAE 101

paler and branching at the extremities. Spores nearly smooth,
brownish-violet, 7 to 9 » diam.

Pl. 198.—a. sporangia; }. capillitium and spores with a fragment of sporangium-
wall showing one of the spine-like prominences ; ec. spore (Java).

This remarkable species has been recorded only from Java, where it was
gathered by both Prof. R. Ernst and Prof. F. v. Hoéhnel. The latter
describes the colour of the sporangia as blackish chocolate-brown, but the
sporangia received from him, and those of Prof. Ernst’s gathering-in the
Ziirich Herbarium, are pale flesh-coloured.

Hab. On dead lJeaves.—Java.

Genus 13.—DIACHEA Fries Syst. Orb. Veg., i. 143 (1825)
(d:axéw to fall to pieces). Sporangium-wall hyaline, iridescent,
without deposits of lime. Walls of stalk and columella mem-
branous, charged with lime in the form of granules or crystal-
line nodules, sometimes without lime. Capillitium a profuse
network of purplish threads, without lime-knots.

This genus forms a connecting link between the Calcarineae and the
Stemonitaceae. The limeless forms closely resemble some species of Lampro-
derma, but are distinguished by having the walls of the columella and stalk
membranous. (Syn. Diachaea Cooke Brit. Fungi, 395 (1871); Lister
Mycetozoa, 90 (1894).)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIACHEA.

A. Sporangia globose :—
A. Lime in stalk white, sometimes absent.
Spores spinulose or with dark raised bands and

tubercles. 2. D. bulbillosa
Sporangia usually sessile, spores minutely warted.

3. D. radiata

Spores delicately reticulated. 4. D. subsessilis

B. Lime in stalk orange. 5. D. Thomasir

c. Sporangia on stout black or brown stalks, lime absent.
6. D. cerifera

B. Sporangia cylindrical (globose in D. leucopoda var. globosa).

Spores nearly smooth ; lime in stalk white.
1. D. leucopoda

Spores delicately reticulated ; lime absent.
7. D. cylindrica

Spores warted ; lime absent. 8. D. caespitosa

1. D. leucopoda Rost. Mon., 190, fig. 178 (1875) (Aevkos
white, zovs foot). Plasmodium opaque white. Sporangia
gregarious, cylindrical, obtuse, stalked, 0-7 mm. high by 0-25
mm. broad, iridescent purple ; sporangium-wall membranous,
hyaline. Stalk white or pale reddish-brown, stout, brittle,

102 ENDOSPOREAE [DIACHEA

furrowed, one-third or one-half the height of the sporangium,
broad at the base, rising from a well-developed hypothallus,
densely charged with lime-in the form of round granules or
crystalline nodules. Columella cylindrical or narrowed
upwards, reaching half-way or nearly to the apex of the
sporangium, white, densely charged with lime in the form of
granules, sometimes in the form of crystalline nodules.
Capillitium consisting of profusely branched and anastomosing
threads connecting the columella with the sporangium-wall,
dark violet-brown, colourless at the extremities. Spores dull
violet, minutely spinulose, 7 to 9 » diam.—Mass. Mon., 259;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 186. TZ'richia leucopodia
Bull. Champ., 121, t. 502, fig. 2 (1791). Stemonitis elegans
Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 220 (1797). S. leucostyla
Pers. Syn. Fung., 186 (1801). S. leucopodia DC. FI. Fr., 11. 257
(1805). Diachea elegans Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg., i. 143 (1825) ;
Lister Mycetozoa, 91. D. confusa Mass. Mon., 259 (1892).

Var. globosa Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 118 (1911). Sporangia
globose.

Pl. 99.—a. sporangia (England) ; 0. capillitium and spores ; ¢. spore.

This abundant and widely distributed species often forms large plasmodia
which produce many hundred sporangia. D. confusa Mass. from Jamaica
is typical D. leucopoda, except that the lime in the stalk and columella is
in the form of crystalline nodules instead of lime-granules, but this modi-
fication is not unfrequent in otherwise normal growths of D. leucopoda. An
interesting variety of forms appears in a large colony found by Mr. H. J.
Howard in a wood near Norwich, July 1916. All stages occur between
typical cylindrical sporangia on white stalks and sessile globose limeless
sporangia or even short plasmodiocarps ; the columellae are either in the
form of cylindrical tubes, with or without lime, or are represented by
a chain of flattened empty vesicles.

Hab. On dead leaves and sticks ; frequent in the British Isles in summer
and autumn, and widely distributed in both temperate and tropical regions :

var. globosa recorded from Norfolk, Switzerland, Java, Japan, New Hamp-
shire, and Chili.

2. D. bulbillosa Lister in litt., ex Penzig Myx. Buit., 47
(1898) (with a small bulb). Plasmodium white. Sporangia
gregarious, globose, stalked, 0-3 to 0:45 mm. diam., shining
iridescent blue or purple; sporangium-wall membranous,
colourless. Stalk conical, 0:3 to 0-5 mm. high, expanded at
the base, either white throughout and filled with lime-granules,
or brown and more slender above, and containing lime in the
form of crystalline nodules. Columella clavate, white or
brown, containing lime in the form of minute granules or in
nodules, or entirely without lime. Capillitium a rather lax
network of purple-brown threads, spreading from the columella
to the sporangium-wall. Spores violet-grey, marked with
scattered warts (from six to eight in a row across the hemi-
sphere), 7 to 11 w diam.—Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 165,

DIACHEA | PHYSARACEAE 103

tab. 386, fig. 10 (1898); Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 315, 347.
Didymium bulbillosum Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv.
84 (1873). Diachaea splendens Racib. in Hedw., xxxvii. 54
(1898). Diachaeella bulbillosa v. Hohnel in Sitzungsber. k.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat. K1., I. exviii. 437, fig. 34 (1909).
Var. splendens G. Lister (shining). Spores marked with
scattered tubercles, more or less connected by low ridges to
form an imperfect reticulation.—Dviachaea splendens Peck in
Rep. N. York Mus. Nat. Hist., xxx. 50 (1878) : Lister Myceto-
zoa, ed. 2, 120: Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 187.

Pl. 99.—d. sporangia of var. splendens ; e, f. capillitium and spores of same; g, h.
spores of typical form.

This species is closely allied to the globose form of D. leucopoda, but
differs in having the spores marked with strong scattered warts or ridges.
Since the first gathering was made by Thwaites in Ceylon, in 1867, D.
bulbillosa has again been found abundantly in that island by Mr. Petch,
on dead leaves, and Prof. Penzig records it as being a common species in
Java. It has been made the type of a new genus, Diachaeella, by Prof. v.
Hohnel on account of the nodular character of the lime in the stalk and
columella, but this feature is by no means constant, and may occur also
in D. leucopoda and D. subsessilis. Gatherings from Ithaca, New York,
made by W. C. Muenschen (B.M. 3911) show, in a single sporangium,
a great variety of spore markings—fine and coarse warting, the warts
evenly distributed or grouped in clusters, or united to form ridges—thus
completely uniting the characters of D. bulbillosa and D. splendens Peck,
and proving that the latter is merely a variety with rougher spores.

Hab. On dead leaves and sticks.—India, Ceylon, Java, United States.

3. D. radiata G. Lister and Petch in Journ. Bot., liv. 130,
tab. 541, figs. 2, 2a—d (1916) (spreading in rays). Plasmodium
orange-yellow. Sporangia loosely clustered or crowded in large
colonies, hemispherical or globose, 0-4 to 0-5 mm. diam.,
sessile, rarely stalked, iridescent grey or bronze, seated on
a white hypothallus ; sporangium-wall membranous, colour-
less. Stalks, when present, short, stout, furrowed, charged
with white lime-granules. Columella white, convex, conical
or shortly cylindrical. Capillitium a network of slender
purple-brown threads radiating from the columella. Spores
pale violet-grey, spinulose or warted, 8 to 11 y.

Pl. 211.—a. group of sporangia seated on a rugose hypothallus ; 0b. capillitium and
columella ; c¢. capillitium and spores; d. spore.

Numerous large colonies of this species were seen by C. O. Farquharson
in South Nigeria; he described the orange plasmodium emerging from the
soil (where it had been feeding probably on decaying bean-stalks, dug in
for green manure) and forming circular patches of slender veins, * radiating
in a somewhat dendritic manner and covering an area of from three to five
inches across’. The radiating growth is often preserved in the lines of
hypothallus. In a large gathering from Ceylon the columella is often
almost or quite free from calcareous deposits, and consists of a slender
colourless or pale yellow membranous tube. From D. leucopoda var.
globosa the present species is distinguished by the colour of the plasmodium
and the crowded, usually sessile sporangia.

Hab. On dead leaves and sticks.—Ceylon and South Nigeria.

104 ENDOSPOREAE [DIACHEA

4. D. subsessilis Peck in Rep. N. York Mus. Nat. Hist.,
xxxi. 41 (1879) (almost sessile). Plasmodium yellow. Spo-
rangia gregarious, globose, 0-5 mm. diam., stalked, rarely
sessile and forming short plasmodiocarps, shining iridescent-
purple or bronze ; sporangium-wall membranous, colourless.
Stalk stout, conical, white and filled either with lime-granules
or crystalline nodules of lime, or dark brown and without lime,
0-2 to 0-5 mm. high. Columella conical, white, yellowish or
brown, rarely none. Capillitium radiating from the columella
and consisting of branched and anastomosing purple-brown
threads, usually stouter and paler below, slender and colour-
less at the tips. Spore-walls purplish-grey, with yellow
contents when freshly formed giving a purplish-green effect,
reticulated with rows of minute close-set warts, forming a net
with about six meshes across the hemisphere, 7 to 10 u.—
Mass. Mon., 262; Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1893,
368 ; Burrell in Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc., vi. 449, plate ; Petch
in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Perad., iv. 347. Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2,187. D.fulgens Fr. ex Weinm. Hymeno-Gastero-
myc., 611 (1836)? Lamproderma Fuckelianum Rost. Mon.,
208, t. xili, fig. 6 (1875) ?

PJ. 100.—a. sporangia with white stalks (Bedfordshire) ; b. sporangia with short
black stalks, and sessile sporangia ; c. capillitium and spores; d. spore.

Sporangia with limeless stalks, dark from enclosed refuse matter, are
often found associated with others having white stalks containing lime-
granules only. When the limeless form occurs alone it resembles a Lampro-
derma externally, but is distinguished by the membranous stalk and
columella. Through the courtesy of Dr. Celakovsky we have seen a glycerine
preparation of Lamproderma Fuckelianum Rost. var. cracowense Racib. ;
it is a form of the present species without lime in the pale membranous
columella and short stalk; the spores are purplish-grey, empty of proto-
plasmic contents, and are closely reticulated with delicate raised lines.
The type of L. Fuckelianum Rost. is not represented in the quoted collec-
tions, but Rostafinski’s illustration exactly represents the black-stalked
limeless form of D. subsessilis ; in the absence of the type of L. Fuckelianum,
however, it would seem better to retain Peck’s specific name although it is
of later date.

Hab. On dead leaves and sticks.—Bedfordshire, Worcestershire, Salop,
Norfolk, Isle of Wight, Pitlochrie, N.B., France, North Germany, Switzer-
land, Ceylon, Java, West Indies, Connecticut to Colorado.

5. D. cerifera G. Lister in Journ. Bot., li. 3, tab. 525 (1913).
(cera wax, feroI bear.) Plasmodium white. Sporangia scat-
tered or in small clusters, stalked, subglobose or ovoid, 0-7 to
1-2 mm. diam., shining iridescent brownish-purple ; sporan-
gium-wall membranous, hyaline, or yellowish and persistent
towards the base. Stalk brownish-black, yellowish-brown or
white, 0-2 to 0-6 mm. high, 0-15 to 0-5 mm. thick ; when black
it may have a thick yellow waxy collar at the apex on which
the sporangium rests. Columella none, or represented by the
flattened convex summit of the stalk. Capillitium consisting

DIACHEA | PHYSARACEAE — 105

of rigid, dark purplish threads, pale at the extremities,
branched and anastomosing. Spores purplish-grey, pale or
dark, closely spinulose, 10 to 18 p» diam.

Pl. 212.—a. Two broken sporangia with a waxy collar encircling the summit of the
stalk ; in one sporangium a brush of capillitium remains, in the other fragments of
the sporangium-wall persist round the mass of capillitium and spores (Japan); 0b.
sporangium without a collar (Somerset); ¢. nearly sessile sporangium, broken and
showing discoid columella (Norway); d. capillitium and spores; e. two spores with
either close or scattered warts or spinules.

The first specimen of this species was found by Prof. Blytt near Christiania
in 1891, and is described in Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 165, under Lampro-
derma columbinum var. sessile. Six other specimens, received since, show
the affinities to be more with Diachea than Lamproderma. Two were found
on different occasions in Japan by Mr. K. Minakata, two in the Jura
Mountains by M. Meylan, the fifth Mr. N. G. Hadden watched developing
from plasmodium near Porlock, Somerset; Dr. Brandza finds it also in
Moldavia. It differs from all other species of Diachea in the stalks, which
are translucent yellowish-brown with transmitted light, and exude a yellow
wax-like substance when crushed. The Japanese sporangia alone are pro-
vided with a yellow collar of wax, which stains crimson with alkannin.

Hab. On moss and hepatics on dead wood or earth.—Somerset, Norway,
Switzerland, Moldavia, Japan.

6. D. Thomasii Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1892,
329 (Mr. Lancaster Thomas). Plasmodium rich yellow.
Sporangia globose, shortly stalked or sessile, scattered or
crowded, forming large colonies, seated on a common orange
hypothallus, 0-6 to 0-7 mm. diam., iridescent copper-coloured
or violet-blue ; sporangium-wall membranous, hyaline. Stalk
short, stout, rich orange, densely charged with orange lime-
granules, continued above into the conical or shortly cylin-
drical columella. Capillitium radiating from all parts of the
columella, composed of rather rigid violet-brown threads,
branching and anastomosing, tapering to the hyaline extremi-
ties. Spores grey with yellow contents resulting in an olive-
coloured effect, marked with small scattered warts, and four
to eight little dark patches which a high magnifying power
resolves into a compact cluster of minute warts, 9 to 1l pz
diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 188.

Pl. 101.—a. sporangia; b. capillitium and spores; c. spore (N. Carolina).

This handsome species appears to have been found in two localities only,
near Cranberry, North Carolina, in 1891, and again in 1894 by Mr. Lancaster
Thomas, and at Burbank, Tennessee, in 1897 by Prof. Thaxter.

Hab. On dead bark and moss.—Cranberry, North Carolina, and Ten-
nessee,

7. D. cylindrica Bilgram in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.
1905, 524. Plasmodium? Sporangia clustered in small groups,
cylindrical, sessile, 1 to 1-7 mm. high, 0-5 to 0-65 mm. thick,
Shining iridescent-bronze or steel-grey; sporangium-wall
membranous, colourless, at length breaking away in large
flakes. Columella without lime, pale brown, membranous,
slender, extending nearly to the apex of the sporangium,

106 ENDOSPOREAE [DIACHEA

tubular, or discontinuous and breaking up into irregular
branching strands. Capillitium consisting of branched -and
anastomosing purplish-brown threads, spreading from all
parts of the columella, slender and colourless at the tips.
Spores pale purplish-grey, 11 to 12 » diam., reticulated as in
D. subsessilis with rows of minute spines.—Sturgis in Myco-
logia, ix. 327. Comatricha cylindrica Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 173 (1922).

Pl. 103.—a. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; b. sporangium after dispersion of spores ;
ce. capillitium and spores; d, e. spores.

This species was first gathered by Dr. Rackstraw, in Fairmount Park,
Philadelphia ; several years later it was found again at a spot about nine
miles distant, by Mr. Hugo Bilgram; it has also been gathered in New
Hampshire by Prof.-Thaxter. It closely resembles D. caespitosa, from
which it differs in having reticulated spores.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs.—Philadelphia and New Hampshire.

8. D. caespitosa Lister in Journ. Bot., xlv. 186 (1907)
(clustered). Plasmodium? Sporangia in clusters of six to
thirty, cylindrical or clavate-cylindrical, sessile or shortly
stalked, 0-7 to 1:5 mm. high, 0-5 mm. thick, iridescent blue
or bronze; sporangium-wall membranous, colourless, soon
breaking away above, more persistent below. Stalk slender,
dark brown, 0-1mm. high, not enclosing lime-granules,
arising from a yellowish membranous hypothallus. Columella
without lime, a slender, membranous wrinkled tube, brown
below, yellowish above, reaching nearly to the apex of the
sporangium. Capillitium a network of purple-brown threads
spreading from all parts of the columella. Spores with pale
purplish-grey walls enclosing yellow or colourless contents,
marked with small scattered warts, and several clusters of
rather stronger warts, 9 to 11 y4.—Comatricha caespitosa
Sturgis in Bot. Gaz., xviii. 186, t. xx, figs. 1 to 4 (1893) ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 173. Diachaea Thomas
Rex, var. ? Lister Mycetozoa, 92 (1894).

Fig. 103.—f. sporangia; g. sporangium after dispersion of spores; h. capillitium
and spores; 7, j. spores (Woods Holl, Mass.).

This species was placed originally by Dr. Sturgis in the genus Comatricha ;
he now agrees that its affinities are with Diachea on account of the mem-
branous although limeless character of the stalk and columella. It is closely
allied to D. cylindrica, differing chiefly in the markings on the spores.

Hab. On moss and lichen: recorded from the States of Maine, Massa-
chusetts and North Carolina.

Family IJ.—DIDYMIACEAE.

Deposits of lime in the form of crystals or crystalline discs
distributed over the sporangium-wall; capillitium without
lime-knots (except in Didymium anomalum) ; sporangia simple,
except in Mucilago when they are combined into an aethalium.

DIDYMIACEAE 107

KEY TO THE GENERA OF DIDYMIACEAE.
Lime-crystals stellate ; sporangia single.

Fig, 22.—Didymium squamulosum Fr.

a. Two sporangia, one entire, the other showing
columella and capillitium. Magnified 12
times,

b. Capillitium and fragment of sporangium-wall,
with crystals of calcium carbonate and two
spores. Magnified 200 times.

Lime-crystals stellate, heaped together, at first concealing
the confluent sporangia. (15) MucrLaco.

Fig. 23.—Mucilago spongiosa Morg.
a. Aethalium. Natural size.

b. Capillitium and fragment of sporangium-wall,
with crystals of calcium carbonate and two
spores. Magnified 200 times.

Higeeoe

Lime-crystals more or less lenticular and scale-like, thickly
scattered over the sporangium-wall. (16) LEPIDODERMA.

Vig. 24.—Lepidoderma tigrinum Rost.
a. Sporangium. Magnified 6 times.
b. Capillitium and spores. Magnified 140 times.

Crystals few, minute, flat, sometimes wanting.
(17) LEPTODERMA.

Fig. 25.—Leptoderma iridescens G. Lister.
a. Group of sporangia. Magnified 10 times.

b. Oa Na after dispersion of spores. Magnified
imes.

ce. Capillitium and piece of sporangium-wall with
crystals. Magnified 140 times.

108 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDYMIUM

Genus 14.—DIDYMIUM Schrader Nov. Gen. Plant., 20
(1797) (dédvp0s double). Sporangia stalked, sessile, or forming
plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall membranous or cartila-
ginous, with superficial crystals of lime either scattered over
the surface or combined into a separable crust. Capillitium
of branching threads, which are often thickened at intervals
with dark calyciform nodes, in normal developments without
lime-knots: in D. anomalum consisting of simple tubes
containing lime-crystals.

The subgenus Lepidodermopsis forms a connecting link between the true
Didyma and the genus Lepidoderma, having the superficial stellate crystals
of the former, and the cartilaginous sporangium-wall of the latter.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIDYMIUM.

Subgenus 1.—KEupipymiumM. Sporangium-wall mem-
branous.
A. Crystals closely combined to form a thin eggshell-like
crust :—

Sporangia sessile, pulvinate; capillitium threads
scanty, broad at the base, or profuse and slender
throughout ; spores nearly smooth.

1. D. difforme

Sporangia sessile, pulvinate ; capillitium a network
of stout purple threads ; spores rough with close-
set warts and ridges. 2. D. quitense

Sporangia pulvinate or branching plasmodiocarps ;
spores rough with short spines.

3. D. trachysporum

Sporangia sessile, flat or convex; capillitium dark,
profuse, slender at the points of attachment.

4. D. dubium

Sporangia turbinate, shortly stalked or sessile ;
capillitium rigid, usually colourless.

5. D. vaccinum

B. Crystals scattered or loosely combined into a crust :—

A. Plasmodiocarps ; capillitium associated with large olive-
coloured vesicles. 6. D. complanatum

B. Sporangia stalked, sessile or forming plasmodiocarps ;
capillitium without vesicles; spores more or less
spinulose :—

a. Sporangia disc-shaped, with dark stalks.
7. D. Clavus
b. Sporangia subglobose or effused— 7
Stalk and columella dark brown ; stalk opaque and
granular. 8. D. melanospermum

DIDYMIUM | DIDYMIACEAE 109

Stalk olive-brown or orange, translucent, not
eranular. 9. D. nigripes
Stalk and columella white or yellowish ; crystals on
sporangium-wall scattered or forming a wrinkled
crust; sporangia often forming plasmodiocarps,

dehiscing irregularly. 10. D. squamulosum
Plasmodiocarps effused ; capillitium of simple tubes
containing lime-crystals. 11. D. anomalum

Sporangia forming slender plasmodiocarps with
~ scanty lime deposits, dehiscing in a circumcissile
manner ; columella none. 12. D. anellus
Sporangia forming large pulvinate plasmodiocarps,
1 to 20 mm. long, dehiscing irregularly ; columella
none; capillitium forming an abundant elastic
network. 13. D. Walezekit
Stalk short, membranous, pale buff; crystals on
sporangium-wall forming a smooth, thick, de-
ciduous envelope. 14. D. crustacewm
Sporangia usually forming plasmodiocarps, with

orange-spotted walls and orange columellae.
16. D. fulvuum

c. Sporangia with orange stalks ; sporangium-wall hyaline ;
spores dark brown, closely reticulated.
15. D. intermedium

Subgenus 2.—LEPIDODERMOPSIS. Sporangium-wall cartila-

ginous.
Stalk and columella orange or orange-brown ; sporangium-
wall areolated, orange-brown. 17. D. leoninum

1. D. difforme Duby Bot. Gall., ii. 858 (1830) (dis away,
forma shape, of unusual shape). Plasmodium colourless or
yellow. Sporangia scattered, pulvinate on a broad base or
forming plasmodiocarps, 0-4 to 2 mm. or more long, smooth,
white ; sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer a thin
egoshell-like crust of densely combined minute crystals of
lime, separating from the iridescent membranous inner layer,
which is purplish or colourless above, yellowish-brown and
thickened at the margin. Floor of sporangium an orange or
purplish membrane with scanty deposits of small lime crystals,
Capillitium rather scanty, consisting of coarse or slender,
purple or colourless flattened threads, usually broad at the
base, branching dichotomously and slender above. Spores
dark purple-brown or purplish grey, very faintly and closely
warted, with a pale area of dehiscence, 11 to 14 p diam. ;
marked when dry with branching ridges or wrinkles which
disappear when the spore-contents have swelled in water.—
Torrend Fl. Myx., 149; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 126. Reticularia angulata Pers. in Gmel, Syst. Nat.,

110 ENDOSPOREAE [_DIDYMIUM

1472 (1791)? Diderma difforme Pers. Disp. Meth., 9 (1797).
D. cyanescens Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 109 (1829). D. liceoides Fr.
l.c., 107? D. nitens Klotzsch in Sm. Engl. FI., v., pt. 2, 311
(1836). D. Neesit Corda Icon., ii. 23. D. Libertianum Fres.
Beitr. Myk., 28, tab. iv, figs. 16 to 27 (1850). D. Persoonia
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 96 (1899). Licea caesia Schum.
Enum. Pl. Saell., ii. 219 (1803). JL. alba Nees in Kunze &
Schmidt Myc., ii. 66 (1823). JL. macrospora Schwein. in
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., n.s. iv. 258 (1832). Amphisporiwm
versicolor Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., vii. 41 (1813).
Didymium cyanescens Fr. Symb. Gast., 19 (1817). D. Liber-
tianum de Bary Mycetozoa, 124 (1864). Reticularia pusilla
Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg., i. 147 (1825). Leocarpus cyanescens Fr.
Summ. Veg. Scand., 450 (1849). Physarum difforme Link l|.c.,
iii. 27 (1809). P. album Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 147. P. caesiwm
Fr. l.c. Lycogala minutum Grev. Scot. Crypt. Fl., t. 40 (1823).
Chondrioderma difforme Rost. in Fuckel Symb. Myc., Nachtr.,
73 (1873), & Mon., 177; Lister in Ann. Bot., iv. 281; Mass.
Mon., 212. C. liceoides Rost. l.c., App. 17 (1876) ; Mass. l.c.,
215.

Var. comatum Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxix. 8 (1901) (having
a head of hair). Capillitium profuse, of slender straight
branching threads, not thicker below, dark or colourless ;
spores purplish-grey.—Leocarpus calcareus Link in Mag. Ges.
Nat. Fr. Berl., iii. 26 (1809) ? Diderma chalybeum Weinm.
Hymeno-Gastero-myc., 592 (1836) ? Chondrioderma calcareum
Rost. in Fuckel Symb. Myc., Nachtr., 74 (1873) ?

Var. repandum G. Lister in l.c., lix. 91 (1921) (broad).
Plasmodiocarps broad or sinuous, or forming a flat perforated
plate. Capillitium as in the typical form, but with tubular
or funnel-shaped ingrowths connecting the roof with the
floor of the sporangium often present. Spores 14 to 15 p.—
Didymium tubulatum Jahn in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges., xxxvi.
663, tab. xviii, figs. 1-3 (1919).

Pl. 104.—a. sporangia (Lyme Regis); 0. capillitium and spores, with a fragment

of the upper and lower sporangium-wall; c. capillitium and spores of var. comatum ;
d. spore of type.

This species is removed from Chondrioderma (syn. Diderma) where it was
placed by Rostafinski, on account of the crystalline character of the lime
forming the outer crust of the sporangium-wall. The type of Licea macro-
spora Schwein. from Carolina (K. 1206), named Chondrioderma liceoides by
Rostafinski, is a characteristic specimen of the present species. The var.
comatum appears abundantly throughout the winter months in the neigh-
bourhood of Lyme Regis and proves to be widely distributed; it has
profuse capillitium, the plasmodiocarps are often larger and more plate-like,
and the spores greyer than in the typical form, but these characters are not
constant. There is no type of Chondrioderma calcarewm Rost. in the quoted
collections ; the description in Rostafinski’s monograph, however, applies
well to the var. comatum of D. difforme.* The var. repandum is a con-

* The description of C. calcareuwm Rost. in Saccardo’s Sylloge, vii. 370, is contracted,
and omits‘any reference to the abundant development of the capillitium.

DIDYMIUM | DIDYMIACEAE 111

spicuous and not unfrequent form, usually characterized by the presence
of colourless or orange processes, tubular below, funnel-shaped above,
penetrating the sporangium and connecting the upper and lower walls ;
the capillitium is typical, consisting of colourless threads, stout below and
branching repeatedly upwards to end in slender branchlets; the spores
are rather larger than usual, but are otherwise typical. This form is well
described and illustrated by Dr. Jahn under the name D. tubulatum n. sp. :
unfortunately his account did not come to hand till after the varietal name
repandum had been published.

Hab. On dead leaves and decaying herbaceous stalks: very abundant
in England, especially in the southern counties, throughout the year ; less
common in the north and in Scotland ; widely distributed in the British
Isles, Europe, and in all temperate regions: var. comatum recorded from
Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Bedfordshire, Aberdeenshire, Co. Down, Japan,
and Pennsylvania: var. repandum from Sussex, Surrey, Hertfordshire,
Bedfordshire, Norfolk, Yorkshire, Devon, and Germany.

2. D. quitense Torrend Fl. Myx., 150 (1909) (Quito,
Keuador). Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered, sessile, hemi-
spherical, depressed, 0-4 to 0-5 mm. diam., or forming long
plasmodiocarps, smooth, white; outer sporangium-wall of
small lime crystals combined to form a white, eggshell-like
crust, separating from the membranous, pale purplish inner
wall. Capillitium a network of rather stout purplish-brown
straight or flexuose threads, equal in thickness throughout.
Spores dark brownish-purple, 13 to 14 » diam., marked with
warts and ridges more or less united to form a close reticula-
tion.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 127. Chondrio-
derma quitense Pat. in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr., xi. 212 (1895) ?

Pl. 218.—f.-h. spores.

Closely allied to D. difforme from which it differs in the dark network of
the capillitium and in the uniformly dark spores being marked with an
imperfect reticulation.

Hab. On dead leaves.—Ecuador and Colorado.

3. D. trachysporum G. Lister in Essex Naturalist, xx. 113,
pl. ix (1922) (rtpayv’s rough, ozopa seed). Plasmodium colour-
less. Sporangia more or less scattered, white or cream-white,
either hemispherical, 0-2 to 0-6 mm. diam., or forming slender
curved simple, branched or ring-shaped plasmodiocarps ; the
outer wall a smooth or wrinkled crust of closely compacted
lime-granules ; inner wall membranous, colourless. Floor of
sporangium pale yellow, membranous with a thickened
margin, with scanty, rarely abundant deposits of lime-
crystals. Capillitium rather scanty, variable, consisting
usually of a network of colourless or purplish, stout or slender
threads, sometimes with vesicular expansions enclosing lime-
crystals. Spores brownish-purple, 9 to 10 » diam., marked
with short spines which are scattered or grouped in clusters,
rarely marked with patches of broken reticulation; the
spore-wall is often traversed by a low ridge.

Pl, 218.—a. plasmodiocarp with crust cracked and broken, and the base of a sporan-

112 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDYMIUM

gium showing a rudimentary columella; 0b, ce, various forms of capillitium with
spores and a fragment of the calcareous crust; d, e. spinose and reticulated spores.

This species is similar to D. quitense in general appearance, but is dis-
tinguished by the smaller, paler, spinose spores ; from D. dubium it differs
in the sporangia not being solitary, in the more scanty capillitium threads
which are often stouter towards the base, and in the rougher spores ; from
sessile forms of the protean species D. sguamulosum it may be distinguished
partly by the smoother crust and absence of a definite columella, partly by
the spinose spores ; from D. vaccinum it differs in the sessile often depressed
character of the sporangia whose external crust breaks away in fragments
instead of falling off as a whole. It is sometimes very abundant in old
straw-manure, where it may easily be overlooked as a form of D. difforme.
Dr. Jahn has repeatedly had it appear in cultures on pellets of rabbit and
deer, and on old bean-stalks.

Hab. On dead leaves and herbaceous stalks, old straw and straw-manure.
—Essex, Surrey, Bedfordshire, Aberdeenshire, France, Germany, Austria.

4. D. dubium Rost. Mon., 152 (1875) (doubtful). Plas-
modium watery white. Sporangia solitary, hemispherical,
0-5 to 1 mm. diam., or forming broad almost flat plasmodio-
carps, 2 to 12 mm. across, 0:13 mm. thick ; sporangium-wall
of two layers, the outer consisting of an eggshell-like crust of
closely combined large stellate crystals, often extending
beyond the broad membranous base of the sporangium, and
powdered with free crystals, the inner layer membranous.
Columella none. Capillitium profuse, consisting of rigid, dark
purplish-brown or pale threads, anastomosing chiefly above
and below and attached by colourless slender branches to the
sporangium-wall. Spores violet-grey, spinulose or nearly
smooth, 8 to 15 » diam.—Mass. Mon., 246; Macbride N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 126. Didymium ILnsteri Mass. l.c., 244

1892).
( ih. qHey, sporangia (Lyme Regis); 0b, c. various forms of capillitium and spores,

with crystals from the sporangium-wall; d. capillitium and spores of the type speci-
men from Hauenstein, Bohemia; e. spore.

This species may be distinguished in the field from D. difforme by the
eggshell-like crust being powdered with loose crystals, while that of D.
difforme is quite smooth and almost glossy. D. dubiwm is abundant on
decaying leaves of holly and ivy in the neighbourhood of Lyme Regis.
In many gatherings the spores are nearly smooth, measuring 8 to 10 » diam.,
while in others they are spinulose, 12 to 15, diam.; the capillitium is
occasionally flexuose with bead-like or irregular thickenings and with short
free branches. Specimens submitted to Rostafinski were pronounced by
him to differ from the original Hauenstein gathering in having smoother
spores and more slender capillitium without thickenings ; considering the
variation mentioned above, these characters cannot be accepted as sufficient
to mark the Lyme Regis form as a distinct species. This view is confirmed
by inspection of part of the type which has kindly been presented to us by
Dr. Gelakovsky, jun.

Hab. On dead leaves: recorded from Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Hamp-
shire, Sussex, Surrey, Nairnshire, Bohemia, Bermuda, lowa.

5. D. vaceinum Buchet in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr., xxxvi. 110
(1920) (vacca cow). Plasmodium bright buttercup-yellow.

DIDYMIUM] DIDYMIACEAE 113

Sporangia scattered, hemispherical or top-shaped, 0-6 to 1 mm,
diam., shortly stalked or sessile, rarely forming plasmodio-
carps, smooth, cream-coloured or white; sporangium-wall
readily falling off entire and consisting of two layers; the
outer brittle and shell-like, composed of closely compacted,
angular or stellate crystals of lime, forming a hemispherical
cap fitting on to the yellow-brown thickened margin of the
large hemispherical columella ; the inner layer membranous,
usually adhering to the outer layer. Stalk obconical or
shortly cylindrical, yellowish-brown, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. high, filled
like the columella with stellate crystals of lime. Capillitium
consisting of rigid and persistent colourless or purplish-brown
nearly simple or branched threads, sometimes expanded
below into membranous vesicles filled with lime-crystals.
Spores brownish-purple, 9 to 12 » diam., strongly warted,
paler and the warts smaller on one side of the spore than the
other ; in irregular developments the warts may be replaced by
small patches of close reticulation.—Diderma vaccinum Dur. &
Mont. Expl. Sc. Alg., 407, tab. 22 bis, fig. 1 a-h (1846). Chondrio-
derma vaccinum Rost. Mon., 180 (1875). Didymiwm Trochus
Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 164 (1898) ; Torr. Fl. Myx., 150.

Pl. 106.—a. sporangia; 0. capillitium and spores with fragment of crust and of
columella ; c¢. spore.

This species occurs at all seasons in some years, and in great profusion,
on old straw heaps, especially among the deeper moister layers. The type
from Algiers, collected in 1840, was on decaying stems of Opuntia ; it has
been examined by M.S. Buchet, who finds it agrees in all respects with what
has been known as D. Trochus. In Portugal the Rev. C. Torrend has
collected it in some abundance on the old stumps and leaves of Agave.

Hab. On old straw and decaying fleshy leaves, &c.—Surrey, Sussex,
Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Norfolk, Portugal, Algeria, Japan.

6. D. complanatum Rost. Mon., 151 (1875) (non Schrad.)
(levelled down). Plasmodium lemon-yellow. Sporangia
forming scattered or solitary depressed plasmodiocarps, 2 to
8 mm. broad, 0-1 to 0-15 mm. thick, either effused, perforated
and net-like, or vermiform, grey; sporangium-wall mem-
branous, colourless, with scattered superficial stellate crystals
of lime. Columella none. Capillitium consisting of very
slender somewhat branching and anastomosing pale violet
threads, connected with numerous subglobose vesicles 20 to
50 » diam., filled with yellow obscurely granular matter.
Spores pale violet-brown, minutely warted, 7 to 9 » diam.—
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 116. Lycoperdon com-
planatum Batsch Elench. Fung., i. 251 (1786)? Physarum
confluens Pers. B muscigenum Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung.,
61 (1805) ? Didymium Serpula Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 126 (1829) ? ;
Rost. l.c., App. 21; Lister Mycetozoa, 96.

Pl. 107.—a. plasmodiocarp (England); 0. section of plasmodiocarp showing capil-
litium with large vesicles; c. capillitium and spores; d. spore.

No writers before Rostafinski make any mention of the characteristic
I

114 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDYMIUM

vesicles of the capillitium, and the references to Batsch and Fries quoted
above might apply as well to plasmodiocarp forms of D. sgquamulosum, which
D. complanatum often superficially resembles. The reference by Albertini
& Schweinitz to the yellow plasmodium of Physarum confluens B muscigenum
(l.c.) makes it probable that they were describing the present species in part
at least. The drawing of the capillitium in Massee’s Monograph (fig. 56)
of D. serpula does not represent the characteristic vesicles, and the
specimens from Kew, Batheaston, and Carlisle in his collection, quoted by
him under this name (l.c. 234), are plasmodiocarp forms of D. sguamulosum.
These vesicles are frequently traversed by the capillitium threads, and are
apparently formed later than the capillitium; like the spores, they are
minutely warted.

Hab. On dead leaves and sticks : not uncommon in England and Wales,
and widely distributed throughout Europe; recorded also from New York
and Pennsylvania.

7. D. Clavus Rabenh. Deutsch. Krypt. Fl., i. 280 (1844)
(nail). Plasmodium grey or colourless. Total height 0-4 to
0-8 mm. Sporangia scattered, disc-shaped, stalked, erect,
0-7 to 1 mm. diam., 0-2 mm. thick, greyish-white ; sporan-
gium-wall membranous, more or less spotted with reddish-
brown, and with superficial clusters of stellate crystals of lime
above, thickened and brown at the base. Stalk cylindrical,
longitudinally striate, pale brown or black. Columella repre-
sented only by the thickened discoid base of the sporangium-
wall. Capillitium profuse, consisting of sparingly branched
colourless or purple-brown threads. Spores pale violet-brown,
almost smooth, 5 to 8 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 153; Mass.
Mon., 230; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 122. Phy-
sarum Clavus Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 96 (1805). Reticu-
laria hemispherica Bull. Champ., 93, pl. 446, fig. 1 (1791),
in part? Didymiuwm melanopus B Clavus Fr. Syst. Myc.,
ili. 114 (1829). D. hemisphericum Fr. |.c., 115, in part ?°D.
commutabile Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv. 83 (1873) ;
Rost. l.c., App. 21. D. radiatum Mass. l.c., 229 (1892), in
part. D. neglectum Mass. (non Berk. & Br.) l.c., 231. D.
Masseeanum Sacc. & Syd. Syll. Fung., xiv. 836 (1899).

Pl. 108.—a, b. sporangia (England); ec. capillitium and spores with fragments of
the upper and lower sporangium-walls ; d. spore.

The type of D. commutabile Berk. & Br. from Ceylon (B.M. 537) is an
unusually long-stalked form of the present species; the stalks measure
1-5 mm.and are encrusted with deposits of lime. The type of D. neglectum
Mass., from Philadelphia, in Herb. Massee, is a slender form of D. Clavus.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs, frequent in the British Isles throughout
the year, and widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions ; not
common in the United States.

8. D. melanospermum Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 88
(1899) (uéAas black, ovéppa seed). Plasmodium colourless or
grey. Total height 0-5 to 1mm. Sporangia gregarious, sub-
globose or hemispherical, deeply umbilicate beneath, 0-7 to
1 mm. diam., either stalked or sessile, often confluent, white
or grey ; sporangium-wall firm, mottled with purple-brown,

DIDYMIUM | DIDYMIACEAE 115

and clothed with stellate crystals of lime. Stalk cylindrical
from a broad base, striate, dark brown, rarely rufous, 0-2 to
0:7 mm. long, 0:05 to 0:2 mm. thick, opaque and granular
from enclosed refuse-matter, sometimes containing crystalline
nodules of lime. Columella large, hemispherical, umbilicate,
dark brown, rarely whitish, chambered, containing irregular
nodules of lime. Capillitium of stout sparingly branched or
simple flexuose threads, colourless or purplish-brown, often
showing dark calyciform thickenings. Spores dark purplish-
brown or purplish-grey, with a thick spore-wall, nearly
smooth or spinose, 9 to 12 » diam.—Physarwm melanospermum
Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., 88 (1794). P. farinaceum
Pers. Syn. Fung., 174 (1801). P. cinerascens Schum. Enum.
Pl. Saell., 17. 199 (1803)? LP. globosum Schum. l.c., 203 ?
P. sinuosum Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., iii. 27 (1809).
P. capitatum Link l.c. P. nigrum Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 146
(1829)? Didymium farinaceum Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 26,
t. 5, fig. 6 (1797) ; Rost. Mon., 154; Mass. Mon., 219; Lister
Mycetozoa, 97. D. complanatum Schrad. l.c., 24, t. 5, fig. 5 ?
D. lobatum Nees Syst., 112 (1816) ?; Fr. l.c., 123. D. phy-
saroides Fr. Symb. Gast., 21 (1818) ; Rost. l.c., 158 ; Mass. l.c.,
233. D.melanopus Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 114? D. Fairmani Sacce.
in Journ. Myc., (1889) 79, & Fairman Contr. Myc. West N.Y.,
52, t. ili., figs. 7 to 9. T'richia compressa Trentep. in Roth
Catal. Bot., i. 229 (1797). 7. depressa Trentep. l.c., 231.
T. globosa Vill. Fl. Dauph., 1061 (1789). 1’. sphaerocephala
Sow. Engl. Fung., t. 240 (1799). 7’. farinosa Poiret in Lam.
Eneyel., viii. 53 (1808). Spumaria physaroides Pers. l.c., 163 ?
Strongylium minus Fr. Symb. Gast., 9 (1817). Cioniwm
farinaceum Link Handb., ui. 410 (1833). C. lobatwm Spreng.
Syst. Veg., iv. 529 (1827). OC. complanatum Link ex Wallr.
Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 365 (18338) ?

Var. minus Lister l|.c. (less). Threads of capillitium slender ;
spores 7 to 9 » diam.—D. humile Hazsl. in Oester. Bot.
Zeitschr., xxvii. 84 (1877). D. minus Morg. in Journ. Cine.
Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi. 145 (1894) ; Macbr. l.c., ed. 2, 121.

Var. bicolor G. Lister (two-colours). Columella and upper
part of stalk nearly white from enclosed calcareous deposits.
_ Pl. 112.—a. sporangia (England); 0. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall; c¢. spore; d. sporangia of var. minus (England); e. capillitium
and spores of same; f. spore.

Intermediate forms uniting the var. minus and the typical form are so
frequent that the former cannot be regarded as a distinct species; it is,
however, fairly constant in its characters being distinguished by the smaller
sporangia and more slender capillitium; it often bears a considerable
resemblance to D. nigripes, but differs in the short opaque stalks. In the
var. bicolor the upper part of the stalk as well as the columella is white or
pale brown and filled with crystalline nodules of lime. Rostafinski’s speci-
men of D. physaroides in the Strasb. Herb. is an imperfect development
of D. melanospermum ; the spores are combined in agglutinated masses,

te

116 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDYMIUM

and the capillitium contains vesicular.expansions filled with lime such as
occur.in imperfect growths of Didymiwm ; the sporangia are mostly clustered
and confluent, but in some cases they are solitary.

Hab. On dead wood, twigs, and leaves, especially of Conifers : both the
typical form and var. minus are frequent in the British Isles and are widely
distributed in temperate regions; they appear to be less common in the
tropics: var. bicolor has been recorded from Wales, Java, Japan, and
Bermuda.

9. D. nigripes Fries Syst. Myc., iii. 119 (1829) (niger black,
pes foot). Plasmodium grey or colourless. Total height 1 to
1-5 mm. Sporangia gregarious, hemispherical, umbilicate
beneath, stalked, erect, 0-5 to 0-7 mm. diam., white ; sporan-
gium-wall membranous, mottled with brown or colourless,
clothed with stellate crystals of lime. Stalk cylindrical, two
to three times the height of the sporangium, longitudinally
striate, varying in colour from dark olive to orange-brown,
translucent, not containing refuse-matter. Columella sub-
globose, dark brown, filled with irregular angular crystals of
lime. Capillitium of delicate colourless or purplish-brown
branching threads. Spores pale violet-brown, nearly smooth,
8 to 11 p diam.—Berk. in Sm. Engl. FI., v., pt. 2, 313; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 123. Physarum nigripes Link
in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., iii. Diss. 1, 27 (1809); Ditm.
in Sturm Deutsch. Fl., Pilze, iii. 85, t. 42. P. microcarpon
Fr. Symb. Gast., 23 (1818). Didymiwm microcephalum Chev.
Fung. & Byss. IIL., fig. 2 (1837). D. porphyropus Dur. & Mont.
Fl. Alg., 409 (1846). D. microcarpon Rost. Mon., 157 (1875) ; —
Mass. Mon., 226. D. tenue Pat. in Bull. Soc. Myc., iv. 96
(1888).

Var. eximium Lister Mycetozoa, 98 (1894) (notable). Stalk
dark orange, columella orange or buff; sporangium-wall firm,
usually buff—Sturgis in Tr. Conn. Acad. Arts Sc., x. 478,
D. megalosporum Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ii. 53 (1873); see
Sturgis in Mycologia, viii. 201 (1916). D. eximiwm Peck in
Rep. N. York Mus., xxxi. 41 (1879); Macbr. l.c., 124. D.,
fulvellum Mass. l.c., 237 (1892).

Var. xanthopus Lister l.c. (fav6ds yellow, zovs foot). Stalk
orange, columella white —Cioniwm xanthopus Ditm. l.c., 87,
t. 48. C. iridis Ditm. l.c., 13, t. 7. Diderma lobatum Somm.,
Suppl. Fl. Lapp., 240 (1826)? Didymium xanthopus Fr.
Syst. Myc., iti. 120 (1829); Macbr. l.c., 123. D. sridis Fr.
l.c., 120. D. lobatum var. stipitatum Fr. l.c., 123? D. per-
tusum Berk. |.c., 313; Mass. l.c., 241. D. proximum Berk.
& Curt. in Grev.,-ii. 52 (1873) ;° Rost. l.c., Appr 23:7 D;
elegantissimum Mass. 1.c., 243.

Pl. 102.—a. sporangia (England); 6. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall; c. spore; d. sporangia of var. eximium (Mexico); e. sporangia of
var. xanthopus; f. capillitium and spores of same; g. spore of same (England).

The above varieties have been distinguished by specific names, depending

DIDYMIUM | DIDYMIACEAE 117

on the colour of the stalk, columella, and capillitium. The capillitium
may vary, however, from white to purplish-brown in the same group of
sporangia, and the colour of the stalk and columella is also inconstant.
The specimen B.M. 885, from Ravenel, South Carolina, is intermediate
between the typical form and the var. eximiwm, having some sporangia with
dark brown and others with deep orange stalks and columellae on the same
leaf. D. eximiwm Peck and D. fulvellum Mass. have orange-red stalks, with
the columellae orange or buff. The type of D. proximum Berk. & Curt. from
South Carolina (K. 1493) has orange-red stalks and a pale buff columella.
The type of D. pertusum Berk. from Appin, N.B. (K. 463) has orange stalks
and a white columella ; it corresponds with the description of D. xanthopus
Fries in all essential characters. D. elegantissimum Mass. from Charlotten-
burg (K. 1) is the same variety. These forms blend into one another so
completely that they are here united under D. nigripes. In this species
the upper part of the stalk as well as the columella occasionally contains
crystals of lime, as in D. melanospermum.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs: the typical form and var. xanthopus
are abundant in the British Isles and in temperate and tropical regions ;
var. eximium is less common, but widely distributed.

10. D. squamulosum Fries Symb. Gasterom., 19 (1818)
(scaly). Plasmodium colourless. Sporangia gregarious,
subglobose or hemispherical, umbilicate beneath, 0-5 to 1 mm.
diam., stalked, sessile, or forming effused plasmodiocarps,
either snow-white from abundant stellate crystals, which often
form a wrinkled deciduous scaly outer crust, or grey when the
crystals are more scanty ; in the plasmodiocarp forms the
crystals are often sparsely distributed ; sporangium-wall
membranous, sometimes mottled with red-brown towards the
base, at length breaking up into small fragments. Stalk
white or pale yellow, rarely orange, cylindrical, deeply fur-
rowed, rough with deposits of lime in minute crystals in the
walls, varying much in length, spreading at the base into
a white discoid hypothallus. Columella large or small, white
or yellowish, hemispherical, absent in effused plasmodiocarps.
Capillitium variable, of slender or coarse threads, either
almost simple or branching at an acute angle, colourless,
violet, or purplish-brown, often with dark calyciform thicken-
ings. Spores violet-brown, 8 to 11 w diam., faintly or dis-
tinctly spinulose, the spinules often grouped in clusters.—
Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 118; Rost. Mon., 159; Mass. Mon., 228 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 119. ZTrichia rugosa
Trentep. in Roth Cat. Bot., 228 (1797). '. sphaerica Trentep.
l.c., 230. Z’. pedicellata Poiret in Lam. Encycl. Suppl., v. 373
(1817). Diderma squamulosum Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung.,
88 (1805). Licea stipitata DC. Fl. Fr., ed. 2, 101 (1815).
Didymium effusum Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., 42 (1815) ;
Rost. l.c., 163; Lister Mycetozoa, 99. D. herbarum Er. l.c.,
ieee. leucopus Hr. l.c., 121. D. costatum Fr. 1.c., 118.
D. filamentosum Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 368 (1833) ?
D. radiatum Berk. & Curt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., x. 348 (1869) ;

118 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDYMIUM

Mass. l.c., 229,in part. D. neglectum Berk. & Br. in Journ.
Linn. Soc., xiv. 83 (1873). D. Fuckelianum Rost. in Fuckel
Symb. Myce., 11. 73 (1873); Mon., 161 (1875). D. praecox de
Bary in Rab. Fung. Eur., no. 367 (1861); Rost. le., 163.
D. macrospermum Rost. l.c., 161. D. discoideum Rost. l.c., 162.
D. confluens Rost. l.c., App. 22 (1876). D. platypus Hazsl. in
Oester. Bot. Zeitschr., xxvii. 83 (1877)? D. angulatum Peck
in Rep. N. York Mus., xxxi. 41 (1879). D. Cooke: Raunk. in
Bot. Tidssk., xvii. 86 (1888). D. Bonianum Pat. in Journ. de
Bot., v. 316 (1891). D. anomalum Mass. l.c., 245 (1892)? D.
Tussilaginis Mass. |.c., 244. D. affine Raunk. l.c., 88, t. v, figs.
3,4. Physarum confluens Pers. Syn. Fung., 169 (1801) ?; Fr.
l.c., 146, in part? P. alatum Fr. |.c., 132? P. liceoides Duby
in DC. Bot: Gall., ed. 2, ii. 461 (1830). P. Tussilaginis Berk.
& Br. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, xvii. 139 (1876). Cioniwm
squamulosum Spreng. Syst. Veg., iv. 529 (1827). Chondrio- -
derma anomalum Rost. Mon., 169? C. Cooker Rost. l.c.,
App. 17 (1876). C. leptotrichum Racib. in Rozpr. Mat. Przyr.
Acad. Krak., xii. 75 (1884) ?

Var. elaviforme Sturgis in Colo. Coll. Publ., Sc. Ser., xii. 27
(1907) (clavis nail, forma shape). Sporangia disc-shaped,
umbilicate above and beneath; stalk 0-3 to 0-5 mm. long,
columella hemispherical or depressed.—Didymium annulatum
Macbr. l.c., 125 (1922) ?

Pl. 109.—a. sessile sporangia, one is broken and shows the white columella (England) ;
b. stalked sporangia; ¢. plasmodiocarp form without columella; d. sporangium with
wrinkled crust (Devon); e. spore of same, marked with clustered warts; f, g, h.

capillitium and spores of various forms, with crystals from sporangium-wall ; %. spore
of the usual form.

The numerous varieties which occur in this common and widely distri-
buted species have led to different forms receiving specific rank. Observa-
tions conducted for a length of time on large growths among one heap of
leaves show that the colour of the capillitium varies from almost black to
colourless in the same locality ; a cluster on one leaf may present several
shades, and even in a single sporangium one-half of the capillitium may be
dark and the other half colourless; this difference of colour is seen in all
forms, from the stalked sporangia to effused plasmodiocarps. The stalk
and columella may vary from white to bright orange. The spinules on the
spores are sometimes minute, sometimes rather strongly developed, and
are either regularly distributed or grouped in a few large or small clusters
when they may give a crested appearance to the spore outline ; such a form
is often seen in developments on decaying holly leaves in this country, and
is usually associated with a much wrinkled crust of lime-crystals. The
characters distinguishing D. effuswm Link, D. macrospermum Rost., D.
discoideum Rost., D. praecox de By., and D. Fuckelianum Rost. are so
inconstant that they cannot be applied to mark even varieties of D. squamu-
losum. In the specimen marked D. effuswm Rost. in Strasb. Herb., the
sporangia are stalked and sessile, with slender white capillitium; in the
sporangium examined the threads in one portion are without any thickenings ;
in the remaining part there are numerous small fusiform expansions con-
taining lime, an irregular development not unfrequent in this species; the
spores are minutely spinulose. The specimen of D. macrospermum in

DIDYMIUM | DIDYMIACEAE MY

Strasb. Herb. has colourless capillitium springing from a large white
columella ; the spores are strongly spinulose, 10 to 11 «diam. The type of
D. praecox is a form of the present species with the crust of crystals on the
sporangium-wall wrinkled and scaly. D. discoideum and D. Fuckelianum
are distinguished by the stalk and columella being yellow or pale brown
and by the spotted membrane of the sporangium-wall ; these characters are
met with in different degrees in D. squamulosum, associated with sporan-
gia having white stalks and colourless walls and capillitium. The type of
dD. radiatum Berk. & Curt. from Cuba (K. 1516) is nearly destroyed ; only
the stalks remain, but these are characteristic of the present species, being
white, deeply furrowed, granular with deposits of lime, and arising from
a discoid base. Chondrioderma Cookei Rost., on leaves of T'ussilago (B.M.
137), is a sessile form of the present species ; the capillitium is an irregular
network of dull violet threads, with expansions containing nodules of lime
such as are of frequent occurrence in imperfect developments both in this
species and its allies. |

Hab. On dead leaves, straw, &c.: widely dispersed, and one of the most
abundant species in temperate and tropical climates.

11. D. anomalum Sturgis in Colo. Coll. Publ., Sc. Ser., xii.
444, Pl. 2, figs. 6-8 (1913) non Massee (irregular). Plasmodium ?
Sporangia forming very thin dull grey effused plasmodiocarps,
often wrinkled and minutely pitted on the surface, 1 mm. to
several centimetres long; sporangium-wall membranous,
hyaline or yellowish, with scanty deposits of small irregular
lime-crystals. Columella none. Capillitium consisting of
tubular columns enclosing small irregular lime-crystals and
often refuse-matter, connecting the upper wall of the plas-
modiocarp with the base. Spores violet-brown, 10 to 12 p
diam., marked with very minute warts which are usually
arranged in clusters.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed.
2, 127.

Pl. 210.—a. plasmodiocarp perforated in the centre; 6. spores and capillitium,
showing attachment of tubes to upper and lower sporangium-wall ; c¢. spore.

This species is unique in the genus in the capillitium consisting of a number
- of little tubular pillars connecting the roof with the floor of the plasmodio-
carp, and enclosing calcareous matter in the form of irregular crystals ;
it appears to be thoroughly constant in character. Besides the original
gathering made by Dr. Sturgis near Colorado Springs in 1911, it was found
by Mr. H. Bilgram near Philadelphia in 1919, and by the Rev. P. J. Alex-
ander in abundance at Weybridge, Surrey, in the autumn of 1922.

Hab. On dead leaves, bark, and sticks.—Surrey ; Pennsylvania and
Colorado.

12. D. anellus Morgan in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi.
148, t. xii. fig. 41 (1894) (little ring). Plasmodium colourless.
Sporangia scattered, sessile, pulvinate or orbicular, umbilicate
above, 0:3 to 0-5 mm. diam., often forming.slender plas-
modiocarps elongated into links and chains, grey, or glossy
brown from absence of lime ; sporangium-wall membranous,
colourless or purplish-brown, with sparse deposits of minute
crystals of lime, at length dehiscing in a circumscissile manner.
Columella none. Capillitium abundant, consisting of slender

120 ENDOSPOREAE | DIDYMIUM

flexuose violet-brown threads, simple or somewhat branched
and anastomosing. Spores purplish-grey or purplish-brown,
minutely spinulose, 7 to 12 » diam.—Petch in Ann. Perad., iv.
349; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed.2, 117. D. effusum var.
tenue Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxv. 214 (1897).

Pl. 110.—a. sporangia (Essex); 06. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall; ¢. spore.

This species, though closely resembling slender plasmodiocarp forms of
D. squamulosum, appears to retain the distinctive circumscissile mode of
dehiscence and the centrally depressed sporangia.

Hab. On dead leaves.—Essex, Surrey, Bedfordshire, Worcestershire,
Yorkshire, Ceylon, Bengal, Ohio, Colorado. —

13. D. Wilezekii Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat.,
xliv. 290 (1908) (Prof. E. Wilczek, of Lausanne University).
Plasmodium grey. Sporangia scattered, forming elongated
curved or almost net-like plasmodiocarps, 1 to 2 mm. wide,
1 mm. to 3 em. long, 0-3 to 0-5 mm. thick, white, smooth or
scaly, or glossy brownish-purple when without lime ; sporan-
gium-wall dehiscing irregularly, membranous or somewhat
cartilaginous, colourless, mottled with yellow or pale pur-
plish, with a crust formed of minute stellate, rod-shaped,
or nodular crystals of lime ; the crust is often broken up into
numerous discoid or concave scales, 0-1 to 0-2 mm. diam.,
each scale being attached by the centre to the membranous
layer. Columella convex or represented by the colourless
or yellowish-brown base of the sporangium-wall, which is
usually thickened beneath with a network of strands con-
taining a few minute lime-crystals. Capillitium abundant,
consisting of pale brownish-purple often slender threads
combined to form an elastic network, readily separating from
the sporangium-walls. Spores purple-brown, minutely or
strongly and closely spinulose, 9 to 17 » diam.

Pl. 194.—a, b. plasmodiocarps (Jura Mountains) ; ec. capillitium with fragments of
sporangium-walls ; d. spore.

This alpine species resembles the stouter plasmodiocarp forms of D.
squamulosum, from which it is distinguished by the absence of a prominent
columella, the dense elastic network of capillitium and the darker spores.
It appears, often in great abundance, on open ground in the Jura Mountains
and over the Swiss Alps at an altitude of 1,100 to 2,000 m. after the winter
snows have melted ; the sporangia are fugacious, and a shower of rain is
sufficient to wash them away. Dr. R. E. Fries has gathered this species in
subalpine situations near Frostviken, Jamtland, Sweden; the long stout
plasmodiocarps either have lime deposits in the form of minute rod-shaped
crystals, or are entirely without lime ; the capillitium threads are stout and
dark ; the whole growth so closely resembles the sporangia of Lepidoderma
Carestianum often found associated with it on the same twigs and herbage,
that in writing to Dr. Fries we first thought that his specimens might be
a ‘ Didymium form’ of the latter species (see R. E. Fries in Ark. Bot., vi.
No. 7, 3 (1906), and Lister in Journ. Bot., xlvi. 218 (1908)). The affinity
between D. Wilczekit and Lepidoderma Chailletit seems to be close, and,
when, in the present species, the calcareous crust is replaced by small scales,

DIDYMIUM | DIDYMIACEAE 121

the resemblance to L. Chailletii may be puzzling in the field. Amongst
large gatherings from Arosa, Vallais, on dead scapes of Cirsium spinosis-
simum and Aconitum, a specimen occurred in which the capillitium consists
of pale and nearly simple threads marked throughout with one to three
close spiral bands, a unique feature in the capillitium of any of the Amauro-
sporales.

Hab. On dead herbaceous stalks, turf, and twigs near melting snow in
alpine regions.—Switzerland, Sweden, Colorado.

14. D. crustaceum Fries Syst. Myc., iii. 124 (1829) (crusta
crust). Plasmodium white. Sporangia globose, confluent,
clustered or scattered, shortly stalked or sessile, 0-7 to 2 mm.
diam., smooth and white from the thick fragile deciduous
crust of loosely compacted crystals of lime in which they are
enclosed ; when the crust has fallen away the sporangia
appear reniform or hemispherical and grey; sporangium-
wall membranous, colourless, clothed with large stellate
crystals of lime. Stalks pale buff, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. high, slender,
membranous, eight or ten often clustered together on an
expansion of the membranous hypothallus, at first concealed
under the crust of lime enclosing the group of sporangia.
Columella small, irregular, depressed, scarcely evident in the
sessile forms, white or pale buff, with rather scanty deposits
of lime in the form of nodules. Capillitium consisting of
colourless or pale violet branching threads 0-5 to 1 p diam.,
often with minute fusiform thickenings. Spores purplish-
grey, strongly spinulose, 10 to 13 p» diam.—Rost. Mon.,
App. 22; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 118. WD. con-
jfluens Rost. Mon., 164 (1875); Mass. Mon., 235.

Pl. 111.—a. sporangia (Devon); b. cluster of sporangia from which the outer crust
of lime has fallen away; they arise from a common hypothallus, in one the wall
and capillitium are gone and the columella is exposed ; ¢. capillitium and spores with
crystals from the outer crust, also a portion of the columélla with three nodules of
lime; 0b. spores.

This widely distributed species is allied on the one hand to D. sguamulosum
and on the other to Mucilago spongiosa. The nomenclature given by
Rostafinski of earlier date than that of Fries is very uncertain, and may
apply equally well or better to other species.

Hab. On dead leaves and grass, not common.—Dorset, Devon, Somerset,
Hampshire, Surrey, North Wales, Poland, Moldavia, Japan, lowa, Dakota,
Colorado.

15. D. intermedium Schroet. in Hedwigia, xxxv. 209 (1896).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia gregarious or clustered, stalked,
discoid, convex above, widely and deeply umbilicate beneath,
often lobed or sinuous, 0:5 to 1 mm. diam., greyish white ;
sporangium-wall membranous, clothed with superficial de-
posits of lime-crystals. Stalk 0-7 to 1 mm. long, yellowish-
white or buff, smooth, broad at the base and tapering up-
wards, filled, like the columella, with crystalline nodules of
lime. Columella convex, discoid, pale yellow or white, formed
by a shallow thickening of the base of the sporangium-wall,

122 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDYMIUM

recurved at the margin owing to the deeply umbilicate
character of the sporangium. ,Capillitium of simple or
branched slender colourless threads. Spores dark purple-
brown, 9 to 12 » diam., marked with a close irregular reticu-
lation of minute ridges making a border about 0-7 » deep.—
D. excelsum Lister ex Jahn in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell.,
xx. 275, t. xiii, figs. 5 to 10 (1902).

Pl. 110.—d. sporangia, two have the walls and capillitium broken away exposing
the columella; e. capillitium and spores; f. spore (Brazil).

This species has been obtained twice near Blumenau, Brazil, first by
E. Ule in April, 1888, and later by Dr. A. Moller; Mr. K. Minakata writes
that it was found on Mt. Nikko, Japan, in 1922 by Mr. Rokun. It is allied
to D. squamulosum, from which it is distinguished by the shape of the
sporangia, the structure of the stalk, and the markings of the spores which
closely resemble those of Mucilago spongiosa var. dictyospora.

Hab. On herbaceous stems.—Brazil and Japan.

16. D. fulvum Sturgis in Mycologia, ix. 327, Pl. 14, figs.
4-6 (1917) (tawny). Plasmodium? Sporangia in clusters,
usually sessile, subglobose, concave beneath, 0-5 to 0-8 mm.
diam., or forming curved plasmodiocarps, pale tawny from an
abundant covering of yellowish lime-crystals ; sporangium-
wall membranous, spotted with orange-yellow, clothed with
large sharp-pointed crystals of lime. Stalk, when present,
short, orange, enclosing lime-crystals and merging into strands
of tawny hypothallus which are rough with crystalline
deposits. Columella either conical or almost obsolete, orange,
enclosing lime-crystals. Capillitium an abundant network of
purplish threads, hyaline at the extremities. Spores purplish-
brown, closely warted, or marked with curved branching
lines, paler and smoother on one side, 12 to 14 » diam.—
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 118.

P!. 221.—a. group of sporangia; b. sporangium with spores dispersed, showing
columella and capillitium ; ¢. spores, and capillitium, showing attachments to columella
and sporangium-wall; d. spore. 7

This species was found in some abundance by Dr. Sturgis, in August 1913,
in Wet Mountain Valley, Colorado, a locality he has found to be prolific in
Mycetozoa. It seems to be most nearly allied to D. leoninum, but differs
in the membranous, not cartilaginous, sporangium-walls and in the large
dark spores.

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs.—Colorado.

17. D. leoninum Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv.
83 (1873) (lion-like, from the tawny colour). Plasmodium
orange-red. Sporangia scattered or loosely clustered, stalked,
subglobose, 0-6 to 0-7 mm. diam., either dark purplish-brown
and glossy, broadly veined with white or buff deposits of
lime, or pale all over from being completely clothed with
lime-crystals ; sporangium-wall at length breaking up into
fragments, cartilaginous, chestnut-brown with thinner yellow
lines of dehiscence (when seen by transmitted light) ; crystals
of lime large, stellate. Stalks yellow, orange, or brown, 0-4 to

MUCILAGO | DIDYMIACEAE 123

0-6 mm. high, often connected at the base by a vein-like
hypothallus, of spongy consistency within, and, like the
columella, usually charged with nodular crystals of lime.
Columella subglobose, orange. Capillitium consisting of
slender purple-brown threads, branched and anastomosing,
colourless at the extremities. Spores violet-grey, 7 to 9 p,
minutely warted all over; about nine warts can be counted
in a row across the hemisphere.—Petch in Ann. Perad., iv.
350. Lepidoderma tigrinum Rost. Mon., App. 23 (1876), in
part; Lister Mycetozoa, 106, in part; Penzig Myx. Buit.,
51. Lepidodermopsis leoninus v. Hohnel in Sitzungsber. k.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. K1., I. exviii. 439, fig. 35
(1909).

Pl. 113.—a, sporangia (Ceylon): 06. sporangia after the capillitium and spores have
fallen away, showing the columellae; c¢. capillitium and spores, with fragment of
columella and sporangium-wall with crystals of lime; d. spore.

This handsome species is closely allied to Lepidoderma tigrinum, which
it resembles in the cartilaginous sporangium-wall, and in the structure of
the orange stalk and columella; it differs in the sporangia being clothed
with stellate crystals of lime, as in other Didymia, in the wall at length
breaking up into areolae, and in the paler smaller spores.

- Hab.- On dead leaves.—Ceylon, Singapore, Java, Japan.

Genus 15.—MUCILAGO Adanson Fam. PIl., ii. 7 (1763)
(Mod. Latin, mucilage). The sporangia are confluent to form
an aethalium, otherwise the characters are those of the genus
Didymium.—Spumaria Pers. in Gmel. Syst. Nat., ii. 1466
(1791).

1. M. spongiosa Morgan in Bot. Gaz., xxiv. 56 (1897)
(spongy). Plasmodium white or yellow. Aethalia composed
of elongated compressed lobed and branched grey sporangia,
arising in loose or compact clusters from branching strands
of the membranous hypothallus, clothed with a thick fragile
deciduous universal covering of crystals of lime; 2 to 6 cm.
long, 1 to 6 cm. wide, and about 1 cm. thick ; sporangium-
wall membranous, colourless or purplish. Columella mem-
branous, hollow, compressed, sometimes absent. Capillitium
a network of widely branching anastomosing stout purplish-
brown or colourless threads, often with dark calyciform
thickenings, hyaline at the extremities; the sporangia are
sometimes penetrated by tubular processes which open
externally, and either perforate the lobes of the sporangia or
are continued into the capillitium threads. Spores dull
purple, strongly spinulose, 10 to 13 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 114. Mucor spongiosus Leysser Fl. Hal.,
305 (1783). Reticularia alba Bull. Champ., 92, t. 326 (1791).
Spumaria Mucilago, Pers. Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1466(1791). S. cor-
nuta Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell.,1i. 195 (1803). S.alba DC. FI. Fr.,
li. 261 (1805) ; Fr. Syst. Myc., iii.95; Rost. Mon., 191; Lister

124 ENDOSPOREAE | LEPIDODERMA

Mycetozoa, 104. Didymium spumarioides Fr. l.c., 121 (1829).
Diderma spumariaeforme Wallr. Fl. Germ. Crypt., ii. 374 (1833).

Var. dictyospora R. E. Fr. in Arkiv. Bot., i. 66 (1903)
(dékrvov net, omopa seed). Aethalia compact, irregularly
effused or pulvinate ; lime-crystals small, nodular ; capillitium
irregular, pale ; spores very dark, closely reticulated, 12 to
14 p» diam.

Var. solida Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 138 (1911). Aethalia
pulvinate, compact, 4 to 5 cm. diam., 1 to 2-5 cm. thick, lime-
crystals small, often nodular ; capillitium scanty, colourless,
irregular ; spores spinulose, 9 to 1l » diam. Spumaria alba
var. solida Sturgis in Colo. Coll. Publ., Se. Ser., xii. 29 (1907).
S. solida Jahn in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges., xli. 391 (1923).

Pl. 117.—a. aethalium (England); 0b. cluster of sporangia from an aethalium; in
three places they are broken and show hollow columellae; ec. capillitium and spores,
with crystals from the outer covering of lime; d. spore; e. spore of var. dictyospora.

This species is closely allied to Didymium crustaceum, but is distinguished
by its aethalioid habit. In some seasons the cream-yellow plasmodium and
large greyish-white aethalia form conspicuous features about the blades
and stalks of grass in pastures, especially in autumn; the report that they
may then prove injurious to grazing cattle does not appear to rest on
reliable evidence. The var. dictyospora was first gathered by Dr. R. E.
Fries in Bolivia in 1902. It has since been found in some abundance on
old straw in Bedfordshire, in close association with an equally compact
form approaching var. solida, and with very dark warted or spinulose spores
12 to 14» diam. ; in the field the aethalia were hardly distinguishable from
those of Fuligo septica var. candida. The var. solida, occurring usually on
poplar bark, is a still more massive form, but is connected with the typical
form by intermediate gatherings. In these compact forms the columellae
are little developed or absent, and the capillitium is often represented by
a network of flattened membranous tubes with wide expansions enclosing
scattered lime-crystals.

Hab. On grass and dead leaves: abundant locally in Great Britain,
and widely distributed in north temperate regions; recorded also from
Queensland: var. dictyospora recorded from Bedfordshire and Bolivia :
var. solida on bark from near Berlin, Queensland, Kansas, and Colorado.

Genus 16.—LEPIDODERMA de Bary in Rost. Versuch,
13 (1873) (Aes scale, dépua skin). Sporangia stalked, sessile,
or forming plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall cartilaginous,
more or less clothed with apparently superficial crystalline
discs or scales ; scales enclosed in pockets or vesicles of the
sporangium-wall, but easily dislodged ; capillitium rigid and
without lime (except in L. Carestianum var. granuliferum).

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LEPIDODERMA.

Sporangia with orange walls and stalks. 1. L. tigrinum
Sporangia with pale yellow walls, usually sessile.

2. L. Chailletir

Sporangia forming plasmodiocarps with brownish-purple

walls. 3. L. Carestianum

1. L. tigrinum Rost. Versuch, 13 (1873) (tiger-like). Plas-

LEPIDODERMA | DIDYMIACEAE 125

modium orange-yellow. Sporangia scattered, subglobose,
flattened and umbilicate beneath, stalked, rarely sessile, 1 to
1-5 mm. diam., olive- or purplish-grey, glossy, more or less
closely covered with flat rounded, angular, or star-shaped
crystalline scales of lime; sporangium-wall cartilaginous, of
two closely combined layers, orange-yellow. Stalk stout, cylin-
drical 0:2 to 0-7 mm. high, furrowed, orange-brown, of a
spongy texture within, containing deposits of lime; rising
from a hypothallus which is either vein-like or effused and
of a loose reticulated structure. Columella hemispherical,
orange, of the same texture as the stalk, containing deposits
of lime in rounded nodules. Capillitium profuse, of straight
or flexuose threads, sparingly branched, dark purple-brown
or grey. Spores dark purplish-grey, minutely and closely
spinulose, 10 to 13 w diam.—Rost. Mon., 187; Mass. Mon.,
253; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 145. Didymiwm
tigrinum Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 22 (1797) ; Fr. Syst. Mye., iii.
117. D. rufipes Fr. 1.c., 116 (1829). D. versipelle Fr. l.c., 117 ?
Physarum squamulosum Pers. Syn. Fung., 174 (1801). P.
tigrinum Pers. l.c. Trichia squamulosa Poiret in Lam. Encycl.,
viii. 53 (1808). 7’. tigrina Poiretl.c. Leangium squamulosum Fr.
Stirp’ Femsj., 83 (1827). Diderma citrinum Berk. in Sm. Engl.
FL, v. pt. 2, 310 (1836) (non Schum.). Lepidoderma fulvum
Mass. l.c., 253 (1892).

Pl. 114.—a. sporangia (North Wales); 0. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall showing crystalline scales ; ¢. spore.

The species is not very common in England, but is abundant in pine
woods in Aberdeenshire. Occasionally the scales on the sporangium-wall
are replaced, in part at least, by deposits of minute angular lime-granules,
like those of Diderma ochraceum, q.v. The specimens of L. fulvwm from
Scarborough (Herb. Massee), and Belle Croix, France (K. 1555), are both
immature forms of the present species. M. Meylan has published a var.
gracile (Bull. Soc. Bot. Genéve, sér. 2. ii. 263 (1910)), with stalks two or
three times the height of the sporangia.

Hab. On fir wood, Sphagnum, &c.—Somerset, Bedfordshire, Derbyshire,
Yorkshire, Cumberland, North Wales, Scotland, West Ireland; widely
distributed throughout Europe and the United States ; recorded also from
Japan.

2. L. Carestianum Rost. Mon., 188 (1875) (Abbé A. Carestia,
who found the type in Piedmont, 1868). Plasmodium black.
Sporangia forming short or elongate pulvinate plasmodiocarps,
1 to 15 mm. long, 0-5 to 1 mm. thick, brownish-grey, more or
less clothed with white crystalline scales of lime ; sporangium-
wall cartilaginous, brown. Columella convex or hardly
evident, and represented by the thickened dark brown base of
the sporangium-wall, spongy within and enclosing rounded
nodules of lime. Capillitium of colourless or purple-brown
branching and anastomosing threads 1 to 2 wp thick, often
marked with dark bead-like warts. Spores dark purplish-grey,

126 ENDOSPOREAE [LEPIDODERMA

minutely spinulose, 10 to 15 » diam.—Mass. Mon., 255 ;
Schinz Myxom. Schweiz, 63; Machbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 145. Reticularia Carestiana Rabenh. Fung. Eur.,
no. 436 (1862). Amawrochaete minor Sacc. & Ellis in Mich.,
ii. 566 (1891).

Var. granuliferum Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 140 (1911)
(granule-bearing). Capillitium of branching and anastomosing
purplish-brown threads, either with few expansions, each
enclosing one or two rounded nodules of lime, 20 to 30 uw
diam., or forming a dense network of nearly colourless threads
expanded at the nodes to form star-shaped vesicles, each
usually enclosing a nodule of lime; spores purple-brown,
12 to 18 » diam.—Schinz l.c., 63 (1906). Didymium granuli-
ferwm Phill. in Grev., v. 114, t. 88, fig. 1 a-f (1877). Badhamia
granulifera Mass. Mon., 321 (1892). Lepidoderma granult-
ferum R. E. Fr. in Arkiv. Bot., vi. no. 7, 3 (1906).

Pl. 115.—a. plasmodiocarp (Switzerland) ; 6. sporangia of var. granuliferum (Blue
Cafion, California); ec. capillitium and spores of the same; d. spores with fragment
of sporangium-wall showing a crystalline scale, and capillitium partly normal, partly
with expansions enclosing lime-nodules (Switzerland).

This species appears on turf and twigs in alpine situations, often in great
profusion, after the winter snows have melted. All stages occur between
plasmodiocarps having normal capillitium free from lime, and those with
capillitium branching to form the sponge-like network enclosing abundant
lime-nodules characteristic of the var. granuliferum ; the latter variety
has now been obtained from California, Sweden, and Switzerland. Prof.
Farlow found the typical form abundant also in the mountains of New
Hampshire in the spring-time. Occasionally the capillitium threads are
pale yellow and have a jointed outer sheath, a structure similar to that
often seen in Colloderma oculatum.

Hab. On turf, dwarf willow, &c., in alpine regions.—Sweden, Dauphiné,
Switzerland, North Italy, Moldavia, New Hampshire, California, and Utah.

3. L. Chailletii Rost. Mon., 189, fig. 179 (1875) (J. F. de
Chaillet, 1747 to 1837, who found the species in Switzerland).
Plasmodium dirty white. Sporangia loosely clustered or
crowded, globose or hemispherical, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam.,
shortly stalked, sessile, or forming plasmodiocarps, grey or
drab, with close-set crystalline scales of lime; sporangium-
wall somewhat cartilaginous, pale purplish or yellow. Hypo-
thallus orange or brown, sprinkled with calcareous scales,
of spongy texture within, stalk brown, short, 0-1 to 0-2 mm.
high. Columella pale or dark brown, rarely orange, clavate,
hemispherical or scarcely evident; like the stalk it is of
spongy texture within and contains numerous lime-nodules.
Capillitium of slender purplish threads, branched and ana-
stomosing. Spores purplish-grey, closely and minutely
spinulose, paler on one side, 10 to 14 mu diam.—Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 146. JL. Carestianum var.
Chailletia Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 140 (1911).

Pl. 116.—a. sporangia (Arolla, Switzerland) ; b. sporangia (Devonshire) ; ¢. sporangia

LEPTODERMA | DIDYMIACEAE 127

with walls broken and showing columellae ; d. capillitium and spores of same with
fragment of sporangium-wall and crystalline scales ; e. spore of same.

The type of L. Chailletii from Hauenstein, Bohemia, consists of clustered
sessile sporangia, hemispherical on broad brown bases, with columellae
ridge-like or hardly developed. This species is abundant in alpine regions
in Switzerland. It has been found forming large colonies on dead leaves
and earth in Devon, Somerset, and Bedfordshire, in the winter months;
in these sporangia the upper part of the walls is often membranous and
iridescent between the calcareous scales, and at length breaks up into small
fragments adhering to the tips of the capillitium. M. Meylan has courteously
sent us his var. flavescens of L. Carestianum (Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat.,
xliv. 292 (1908)) from the Jura Mountains ; it appears to be a form of the
present species with orange-yellow inner sporangium-walls. He has also
described a f. roseum of the same species (l.c. xlvi. 5 (1910)) in which the
surface scales are rosy. This species is very closely allied on the one hand
to Didymium Wilczekii, and on the other to L. Carestianum.

Hab. On dead leaves, twigs, &c.—Devon, Somerset, Bedfordshire ;
Dauphiné, Switzerland, Bohemia.

Genus 17.—LEPTODERMA G. Lister in Journ. Bot.,
li. 1, tab. 524, figs. 1, 1 a—c (1913) (Aemros thin, dépua skin).
Sporangia subglobose with membranous walls thickened
towards the base with dark granular deposits amongst which
small calcareous scales are often embedded. _ Capillitium
a dense network of blackish threads. Spores purplish-grey.

1. L. iridescens G. Lister l.c. (?os rainbow). Plasmodium
grey or drab. Sporangia scattered or loosely clustered, sessile,
rarely very shortly stalked, subglobose, greyish-purple, glossy,
iridescent, 0-5 to 0:8 mm. diam.; sporangium-wall nearly
hyaline above, purplish below, thickened and veined with
brownish granular deposits and refuse-matter, often including
scattered crystalline flakes of lime, 2 to 15 w diam. Stalk
short, stout, dark from enclosed refuse matter, spreading
below into a dark hypothallus. Columella dark, convex,
or none. Capillitium consisting of a persistent network of
arching or flexuose dark purple threads, colourless at the
extremities, radiating from the floor of the sporangium ;
the pale bases are often expanded and tubular, and may
enclose granular matter. Spores purplish-grey, spinulose,
10 to 11 » diam.—Schinz in Rab. Krypt. FI., ed. 2, I. x. 227.

Pl. 131.—h. sporangia; 7. capillitium.

Pl. 218.—7. sporangia, in two the capillitium is exposed; &. capillitium with frag-
ment of sporangium-wall showing lime-crystals and refuse deposits; J. bases of
capillitium threads and spores ; m. spore.

This species closely resembles a limeless form of Diachea, but may be
distinguished even when the lime-flakes are absent by the constant presence
of dark granular deposits in the lower half of the sporangium-wall.

Hab. On dead leaves.—Bedfordshire, Somerset, Aberdeenshire, Elgin-
shire, Germany, Switzerland, Moldavia.

128 ENDOSPOREAE [COLLODERMA

Suborder Il.—AMAUROCHAETINEAE.

Sporangia single, or combined into an aethalium, without
deposits of lime; capillitium and spores dark brown or
violet-brown, rarely ferruginous or colourless.

Family 1.—CoLLODERMACEAE.

Sporangium-wall with an outer gelatinous layer.

Fig. 26.—Colloderma oculatum G. Lister.

a, Moist sporangium, the dark mass of spores shows
through the gelatinous envelope. Magnified

13 times.
b. Capillitium and spores. Magnified 140 times.

Fig. 26.

Genus 18.—COLLODERMA. 4G. Lister in Journ. Bot.,
xlvili. 312 (1910) (xodAa glue, dépua skin). Sporangia usually
sessile ; sporangium-wall consisting of two layers; the outer
gelatinous, with superficial deposits of granular refuse-matter ;
the inner layer membranous. Capillitium a network of
purplish threads without lime-knots.

1. C. oculatum G. Lister, l.c. (furnished with an eye).
Plasmodium purplish-brown. Sporangia scattered or grouped
in small clusters, sessile, rarely stalked, either subglobose,
0:3 to 1 mm. diam., or forming straight or curved plasmodio-
carps 1 to 3 mm. long, olive- or purplish-brown, glossy,
sometimes seated on a brownish-purple hypothallus ; sporan-
gium-wall of two layers; the outer, when moist, thick,
gelatinous, hyaline, more or less encrusted with yellowish-
olive granular refuse-matter; the inner layer colourless,
membranous, firm ; if the sporangium on maturing slips out
of the gelatinous envelope it appears shining iridescent blue
or violet. Stalk, when present, short, stout, dark brown.
Columella none. Capillitium consisting of branching and
anastomosing pale or dark purplish-brown threads, colourless
at the extremities, arising from the flat base of the sporangium,
2 to 4 p diam. below, very slender towards the surface, often
with a jointed appearance. Spores purplish-grey, distinctly
spinulose, 11 to 15 » diam.—Meylan in Ann. Cons. Bot.
Genéve, 1913, 313; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 147.
Didymium oculatum Lippert in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch.
Wien, xliv. 72, t. 4 (1894).

STEMONITACEAE 129

Pl. 213.—a. mature sporangia; b. sporangium emerging from its moist gelatinous
envelope.

This species was first observed by the late Christian Lippert, who described
and figured it under the name of Didymium oculatum. It appeared on
old fir wood that had been brought from near Hallstadt, Upper Austria,
and kept for some months in a moist chamber. The presence of calcareous
deposits in the sporangium-wall which Lippert described and which led
him to name the species a Didymium has not been observed in numerous
specimens obtained since from many localities. The young sporangia are
at first dirty-white, then become yellow, and at length dark brown. When
mature and dry the sporangium-walls are brittle and dehisce irregularly.
If an unbroken sporangium be placed in water the outer gelatinous layer
of the wall swells and forms a hyaline investment 0-1 to 0:2 mm. thick,
completely surrounding the membranous inner layer with its enclosed
mass of spores and capillitium, and the ‘ eye-like’ effect is produced that
suggested to Lippert the specific name of oculatum. Some of the capillitium
threads in most gatherings show an unusual structure. They consist of
a hyaline sheath enclosing a darker axis; this sheath may be interrupted
to form long or short joints or segments. Other threads have the usual
homogeneous character (see Tr. Br. Myc. Soc., iv. t. 1, figs. 1, a-c).

Hab. On dead wood, on mossy or lichened trunks of living trees, or on
mossy peat; apparently not uncommon in the British Isles from summer
to early spring. Recorded from Essex, Surrey, Devon, Somerset, Worcester-
shire, Salop, Derbyshire, Norfolk, Yorks, Isle of Man, Aberdeenshire,
Switzerland, Austria, Portugal, New South Wales, Japan, New England.

Family I].—STEMONITACEAE.

Sporangia stalked ; sporangium-wall a delicate membrane,
often evanescent ; stalk solid, at least in the upper part,
extending within the sporangium as a columella from which
the branching threads of the capillitium take their origin.
In this family the more or less solid stalk is developed within

the young rising sporangium.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF STEMONITACEAE.

Sporangium-wall evanescent ; capillitium springing from all
parts of the elongated columella, ultimate branchlets united

to form a surface net. (19) STEMONITIS

Fig. 27.—Stemonitis splendens Rost.

a. Group of sporangia, Natural size.
6. Portion of capillitium and columella, Magnified
2 times.

Piga2.

Sporangium-wall evanescent ; capillitium as in Stemonitis,
K

130 ENDOSPOREAE '
but not forming a surface net, or only imperfectly towards
the base of the sporangium., (20) CoMATRICHA

Fig. 28.—Comatricha nigra Schroeter.
a. Group of sporangia. Nat ize.

b. Sporangium deprived of sP#res showing the capil-
litium. Magnified 16 times.

Fig. 28.

Sporangium-wall evanescent ; columella reaching to the apex
of the sporangium ; capillitium springing from beneath the
superficially expanded end of the columella.

(21) ENERTHENEMA

Fig. 29.—Enerthenema papillatum Rost.
a. Group of sporangia. Twice the natural size.
b. Sporangium., Magnified 16 times.

ec. Sporangium deprived of spores, showing the capil-
@_@ litium. Magnified 16 times.

Fig. 29.

Sporangium-wall somewhat persistent as an iridescent mem-
brane ; capillitium radiating from the columella,
(22) LAMPRODERMA

Fig. 30.—Lamproderma scintillans Morgan.
a. Group of sporangia. Magnified 24 times.

b. Sporangium deprived of spores, showing capil-
litium. Magnified 25 times.

Sporangium-wall persistent in the form of minute dises at
the tips of the rigid forking capillitium threads ; columella
short or hardly evident. (23) CLASTODERMA

Fig. 31.—Clastoderma Debaryanum Blytt.
a. Group of sporangia. Magnified 10 times.

b. Sporangia deprived of spores, showing capillitium. ©
Magnified 64 times.

STEMONITIS | STEMONITACEAE 131

Capillitium scanty, colourless, branching from a_ short

columella ; sporangia very minute. (24) ECHINOSTELIUM
. ; / Cc @)
Fig. 32.—Echinostelium minutum de Bary.
a. Group of three sporangia. Magnified 20 times.
b. Sporangium spo cxniitium all the spores 6b
dispersed but . Magnified 280 times.
ce. Spore. Magnified 500 times. ;
= :
8 a
Fig, 32.

Sporangium-wall dark, dividing into persistent lobes ; capil-
litium dark, scanty. (25) BARBEYELLA

Fig. 33.—Barbeyella minutissima Meylan.
a. Sporangia on leaf of liverwort. Magnified 25 times.
b. Sporangium showing capillitium. Magnified 80

Fig. 33.

Genus 19.—STEMONITIS Gleditsch Meth. Fung., 140,
tab. iv (1753) (crjpwv, thread). Sporangia cylindrical, stalked,
fasciculate ; the solid black stalk extending within the
sporangium to near the apex as a columella (except in con-
fluent forms); capillitium formed of numerous threads
radiating from all parts of the columella and combined into
a loose network, the ultimate branches united into a surface
net (this is often incomplete in irregular developments).

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STEMONITIS.

A. Spores grey, violet-grey, or rufous-violet :—
A. Spores. reticulated—

Sporangia usually in large clusters ; surface net of
capillitium complete (except in vars. flaccida and
confluens). 1. S. fusca

Sporangia in small clusters; surface net of dense
capillitium incomplete above ; spores with a com-
plete lax reticulation formed of raised bands.

2. S. virginiensis

Like the last, but spores marked with scattered
patches of close reticulation connected by faint
lines. 3. S. hyperopta

K 2

132 ENDOSPOREAE [STEMONITIS

B. Spores minutely warted, almost smooth—

Meshes of surface net rounded, 20 to 100 » or more
wide (imperfect in var. flaccida) ; spores 7 to 9 uw
diam. 4. S. splendens

Similar to the last, but spores in clusters.

6. S. uvifera

Sporangia confluent, without definite surface net,
spores 9 to 11 yp. 5. S. confluens

Meshes of smooth surface net angular, less than 20 uw
wide ; spores 7 to 8 » diam. ; plasmodium white ;
sporangia clustered. 7. S. herbatica

Meshes of uneven surface less than 20 uw wide ; spores
7 to 8 » diam. ; sporangia in small scattered groups
or loosely clustered. 8. S. pallida

B. Spores pale ferruginous :—

Spores 7 to 9 » diam. ; plasmodium yellow.

9. S. flavogenita
Spores 4 to 6 uw diam. ; plasmodium white.

10. S. ferruginea

1. S. fusca Roth in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot., I. ii. 26 (1787)
(dark brown). Plasmodium white, in rotten wood, usually
maturing at the place of emergence. Total height 5 to 20 mm.
Sporangia cylindrical, obtuse, stalked, brownish-purple,
usually in large clusters. Stalk black, shining, 1 to 4 mm.
long, rising from a well-developed brown membranous hypo-
thallus. Columella reaching to near the apex of the sporan-
gium. Capillitium of dark brown threads springing from all
parts of the columella, combined into a loose network, the
ultimate branches forming a delicate smooth or spinose
surface net, with angular, unequal meshes varying from
6 to 16 ~ wide. Spores grey or rufous-violet, reticulated with —
rows of minute spines, 8 to 10 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 193;
Mass. Mon., 72, in part. WS. fasciculata Pers. Obs. Myc., 56
(1796). S. maxima Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.,
ser. 2, iv. 260 (1832); Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,
160. WS. dictyospora Rost. l.c., 195 (1875); Mass. l.c., 83;
Macbr. l.c., 161. S. castillensis Macbr. in Bull. Nat. Hist.
Towa, ii. 381 (1893). Clathrus nudus L. Sp. Pl., 1179 (1753) ?
Trichia nuda Wither. Br. Pl., ed. 2, iii. 477 (1792) ? Mucor
araneosus Jacq. Misc., ii. 376, t. 20 (1778) ?

Var. rufescens Lister Mycetozoa 110 (1894) (becoming
reddish). Spores faintly reticulated with rows of minute
spines, 5 to 8 yw diam.

Var. trechispora Torrend Fl. Myx., 141 (1909) (zpnxvs rough,
aropa seed). Spores reticulated with continuous raised bands.
Stemonitis trechispora Macbr. l.c., 159.

STEMONITIS | STEMONITACEAE 133

Var. nigrescens Torr. l.c. (becoming black). Sporangia
3 to 4 mm. high; capillitium usually lax with incomplete
surface net ; spores 8 to 10 pw. Stemonitis nigrescens Rex in
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1891, 392 ; Macbr. l.c., 162.

Var. flaccida Lister l.c., ed. 2, 144 (1911). Sporangia weak ;
capillitium scarcely forming a surface net or surface net with
very wide meshes connected by few slender threads to the
columella. |

Var. confluens Lister Mycetozoa, 110 (1894). Sporangia
confluent, without surface net or columellae.—Amaurochaete
speciosa Zukal in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, xxxv. 335,
t. 15, fig. 8 (1885).

Pl. 118.—a, b. sporangia (England) ; ¢. capillitium; d. sporangia, var. rufescens ;
e. capillitium of var. confluens; f. spore; g. spores, var. rufescens; h. spores from
a sporangium showing characters of the typical form and var. rufescens ; 7%. spores
with imperfect reticulation ; *, l, m. spores of var. trechispora from Venezuela, South
Carolina, and Japan respectively.

Pl. 125.—n. form with scattered sporangia (Colorado); 0. capillitium of same ;
p. spore of same with broken reticulation.

This species is abundant in both temperate and tropical regions, and
varies much in height, in density of capillitium, and in the markings and size
of the spores. The five varieties described here serve as convenient centres
round which to group some of the frequently recurring forms ; but gather-
ings representing connecting links are often met with. The vars. flaccida
and confluens have weak or imperfectly developed capillitium, the result
possibly of unfavourable conditions during development: var. nigrescens
appears to be a stunted dwarf form with very dark, often lax capillitium
and rather large dark spores: var. trechispora is an artificial centre which
includes forms with spore-markings consisting of continuous bands, and
may have either tall, short or confluent sporangia, with large or small
spores which may be either strongly or faintly reticulated. An immersion
objective is needed to see the delicate markings of the spores. Rostafinski’s
specimens of S. fusca from Vera Cruz (B.M. 631) and from Ruda Guzowska,
Poland, have spores measuring 7 to 8 » diam. ; they are not smooth, as he
states, but show about 28 meshes of reticulation on the hemisphere. S.
dictyospora Rost. appears to be an unnecessary name ; it is represented in
Kew Herb. by two specimens referred to in Rost. Mon., App. 27. One of
these from Ceylon (K. 1622), bearing the signature of Rostafinski, is S. fusca
var. rufescens; it has small spores, 5 to 6:5 yw diam., faintly reticulated
with rows of spinules. The other specimen is from Venezuela, on a palm
leaf (K. 1620, B.M. 648), and was marked by Berkeley S. trechispora, but
this name was not published by him. It consists of small clusters of some-
what confluent sporangia with irregular columellae and imperfect surface
net ; the spores are 10 to 12 » diam., marked with a strong close reticulation
in the form of raised bands giving an even border 1 » broad. It is clearly
an abnormal development, and is placed here under var. trechispora. Dr.
Jahn describes an almost similar form appearing on a Sphagnum moor
near Berlin, with the spore reticulation formed of continuous bands (Ber.
Deutsch. Bot. Ges., xli. 394, figs. 1 a to c (1923)). The type of S. maxima
Schwein. has spores 7 to 8 » diam. with reticulation precisely like that of
Rostafinski’s S. fusca from Poland. The description and figure of Amauro-
chaete speciosa Zukal leave little doubt that this is the var. confluens of the
present species. The confluent form of the sporangia may in some cases
be seen throughout the whole development from one plasmodium, the
capillitium consisting of a profuse network of arching threads with broad

134 ENDOSPOREAE » [STEMONITIS .

expansions at the nodes ; but sometimes only a part presents the confluent
form, and is associated with more or less perfect sporangia with the normal
surface net and columellae. .

Hab. On dead wood: common in temperate and tropical regions :
var. trechispora on wood, Sphagnum and other moss.

2. S. virginiensis Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1891,
391 (State of Virginia, U.S.A.). Plasmodium? Sporangia
grouped in small clusters, shortly cylindrical, stalked, lilac-
brown, total height 1:55 to 4 mm. Stalk 0-5 to 1 mm.
long. Capillitium a dense network of flexuose dark brown
threads, the ultimate branchlets slender, uniting to form
a smooth or spinose close surface net, which is usually incom-
plete towards the summit of the sporangium. Spores pale
lilac-brown, 5 to 8 » diam., marked with a delicate and often
lax reticulation of raised bands.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 163. Comatricha dictyospora Gel. fil. Myx.
Bohm., 49 (1893).

Pl. 125.—g. spores.

In the earlier editions of this book, this species was referred to under
Comatricha typhoides var. heterospora, a well-marked and constant form
which M. Meylan has raised to specific rank with the name Stemonitis
hyperopta. From it the present nearly related species may be distinguished
by the more complete surface net of the capillitium and by the spore
markings.

Hab. On dead wood: recorded from Switzerland, Bohemia, Portugal,
and Virginia, U.S.A.

3. S. hyperopta Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., lii. 97
(1918) (izép-orros proud or overlooked). Plasmodium watery-
white. Sporangia in small loose clusters, shortly stalked,
cylindrical, pinkish- or lilac-brown, total height 2 to 3-5 mm.
Stalk 0-1 to 0-5 mm. high, continued into the slender columella.
Capillitium a close network of flexuose brown threads spring-
ing from all parts of the columella, the ultimate branchlets
slender and forming a more or less complete surface net in the
lower half. Spores pale lilac, 5 to 6 » diam., marked with
small scattered patches of close-meshed reticulation, con-
nected by very faint lines which form a lax net.—Comatricha
typhoides var. heterospora Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil.
1893, 367; Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 158; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 182. |

Var. microspora Lister (uixpos small, ozopa spore). Sporan-
gia loosely clustered or scattered ; capillitium with a close
uneven surface net formed of flexuose threads ; spores 3-5 to
4 » diam.—Comatricha typhoides var. microspora Lister Myce-
tozoa, 121 (1894). C. microspora G. Lister Guide to Brit.
Mycet., ed. 4, 39 (1919).

Pl. 125.—d. sporangia; e. capillitium; f. spores; g. sporangia of var. microspora ;
f, 7. capillitium and spores of same.

This constant and widely distributed form well merits specific rank.
Like the preceding species it seems to lie on the border between the genera

STEMONITIS | STEMONITACEAE 135

_ Stemonitis and Comatricha ; the capillitium differs from that of C. typhoides
only in the presence of a delicate smooth surface net developed only in tke
lower half of the sporangium. The var. microspora is a constant form
usually occurring on dead leaves, but sometimes on fir bark and dead wood ;
the dense capillitium has a well developed close surface net of very slender
wavy threads; the minute spores show under an immersion objective
markings similar to those of the typical form. _

Hab. On dead coniferous wood: not uncommon in the British Isles ;
widely distributed in Europe and the United States; recorded a!so from
Japan and South Chili: var. microspora on leaves and bark; recorded
from Devon, Surrey, Essex, Norfolk, Germany, and Ohio.

4. §. splendens Rost. Mon., 195 (1875) (beautiful). Plas-
modium creamy-white. Total height 6 to 20 mm. Sporangia
cylindrical, obtuse, stalked, purplish-brown, closely fasciculate
and forming large colonies. Stalk black, shining, slender,
1 to 4 mm. long, rising from a well-developed silvery or
purplish hypothallus. Columella reaching to near the apex
of the sporangium, rigid. Capillitium of purplish-brown
threads, the principal branches springing at distant intervals
from the columella, at first almost simple, suddenly branch-
ing to form a smooth surface net with rounded variously
shaped meshes 20 to 70 » wide. Spores pale reddish-purple,
faintly and closely warted, 7 to 9 » diam.—Torrend Fl. Myx.,
141; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 164. Stemonitis
Morgant Peck in Bot. Gaz., v. 33 (1880); Mass. Mon., 86 ;
S. maxima Mass. (non Schwein.) l.c., 74 (1892). S. Bawerlinit
Mass. l.c., 79. S. acwminata Mass. l.c., 78. 8S. fenestrata
Macbr. l.c., 166.

Var. Webberi Lister Mycetozoa, 112 (1894) (H. J. Webber
of Manhattan, Kansas). Sporangia stiff, erect; surface net
complete, with meshes 80 to 100 p wide.—S. Webberi Rex in
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1891, 390 ; Macbr. l.c., 163.

Var. flaccida Lister l.c. Plasmodium white or pale yellow ;
sporangia weak, adhering to each. other; capillitium lax,
scarcely forming a surface net; membranous flakes of
sporangium-wall always present; spores in mass chestnut-
purple when fresh, soon fading to dark purple-brown.—
Comatricha flaccida Morg. in Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
xvi. 1385 (1894); Macbr. l.c., 174. Stemonitis Tubulina Alb.
& Schw. Consp. Fung., 102 (1805)? Dermodium fallax Nees
Syst., 109, fig. 103 (1816)? Jundzilla Tubulina Racib. in
Hedw., xxvi. 111 (1887).

Pl. 121.—a, b, c. sporangia; d. capillitium of specimen from Texas quoted by
Rostafinski; e. capillitium of var. Webberi (Cuba, B.M. 630); f. capillitium of S.
Morgani Peck; g. sporangia of var. flaccida; h. capillitium of same, with a persistent
flake of the sporangium-wall; 7. spore.

The typical form of this species is represented by numerous specimens
in the Strasburg, British Museum, and Kew collections, which were classed
under S. fusca until Rostafinski detected the specific characters and gave
the name of S. splendens. The capillitium in this species exhibits a wide

136 ENDOSPOREAE [STEMONITIS

range of variation, but the spores are remarkably constant in colour,
size, and in the minute, evenly distributed warts. A specimen from
Cuba (B.M. 630), named S. splendens by Rostafinski, has a wide mesh to
the surface net, and comes under var. Webberi; another specimen, also
named S. splendens by Rostafinski, from Texas (K. 1631), has a much
closer surface net, the meshes averaging 20 pn. S. Bauerlinit Mass., from
New Guinea (K. 726), has the threads forming the surface net flattened out
and expanded in some parts; an extreme form of a similar variety was
described by Dr. Rex as S. Bauerlinii var. fenestrata (Proc. Acad. Nat. Se.
Phil. 1890, 36); this has the surface net so much expanded that it has
almost the appearance of a membrane perforated by numerous round holes ;
the slender columella is often eccentric towards the apex ; Dr. Rex observed
all stages between this curious form and normal capillitium in developments
of sporangia which appeared later on the same log. The var. flaccida
merges into var. Webberi; it has even laxer capillitium, and such weak
stalks and columellae that the sporangia sink together into a heap, from
the edges of which the shining stalks are seen radiating outwards to the
strong membranous hypothallus. The type of S. acuminata Mass. from
the Cape is the typical form of S. splendens with spores measuring 7 to 8 u
(not 13 to 14 w as given in Mass. Mon., 78).

Hab. On dead wood, especially on that of firs: var. flaccida is common
in Great Britain and has been recorded from most temperate regions: var.
Webbert has been gathered in the south-west of England and of Ireland ;
it is widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions ; the typical form
is very abundant throughout the tropics and in warm temperate regions ;
it has been recorded from Co. Down.

5. §. confluens Cooke & Ellis in Grev., v. 51 (1876). Plas-
modium white. Sporangia clustered, confluent, often forming
colonies several inches across; stalks short, indistinct or
absent; columellae branched and irregular; surface net
incomplete. Spores brownish-purple, 8 to 11 p diam., closel
spinulose.—Mass. Mon., 77; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 158. S. splendens var. confluens Lister Mycetozoa, 112
(1894). Reticularia nitens Morgan in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat.
Hist., xviii. 40, pl. ii, fig. 11 (1895) ?

Pl. 121.-—k. spore (England). ’

Closely allied to S. splendens, of which it may possibly be a confluent
form ; the spores, however, are usually rather Jarger and darker.

Hab. On dead wood: recorded from Somerset, Worcestershire, Hamp-
shire, Surrey, Essex, Bedfordshire, Nottinghamshire, Aberdeen, and Co.
Kerry ; from France, North Germany, New England, and North Carolina.

6. S. uvifera Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 161,
pl. xx, fig. 8, 8 a to c (1922) (uva grape, fero I bear). Plas-
modium ? Sporangia clustered 7 to 9mm. high, resembling
those of S. splendens in habit and in capillitium ; the latter
has membranous expansions in the axils of many of the
branches. Spores purplish-grey, 7 to 9 », grouped in clusters
of four or more, and marked with a cap of minute spines on
the side facing outwards in the cluster.

The type of this species, gathered on Mt. Rainier, Washington, in 1914,
shows the characters above described. A specimen collected by Mr. Hugo

STEMONITIS | STEMONITACEAE 137

Bilgram, near Philadelphia, is similar in having the spores adhering loosely
in clusters, but they measure 9 to 11 » and are equally spinulose all over ;
the capillitium forms a lax and irregular network of stout rugged threads
and has the appearance of being an abnormal development.

Hab. On dead wood.—Washington Territory and Pennsylvania.

7. S. herbatica Peck in Rep. N. York Mus., xxvi. 75 (1874)
(living on grass). Plasmodium white, rarely pale yellow.
Sporangia cylindrical, closely clustered, in scattered tufts,
5 to 9 mm. high, brown or reddish-brown. Stalks 0-8 to
2 mm. high, arising from a membranous hypothallus. Capil-
litium of dark brown threads, springing from the columella
and torming a loose network, uniting at the surface into a net
with usually angular meshes, 10 to 20 » diam. Spores pale
reddish-grey, minutely spinulose, 6 to 8 » diam.—Mass. Mon.,
87; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 171. S. decipiens
T. F. L. Nees, in Act. Phys. Med. Acad. Carolo-Leop., xvi. 95
(1820)? S. axifera Macbr. l.c., ed. 1, 120 (1899), in part.

Var. confluens Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 148 (1911). Spo-
rangia united to form a convolute aethalioid mass, with some-
what persistent sporangium-walls, without distinct stalks or
columellae ; capillitium an irregular network without surface
net. |

Pl. 120.—a. sporangia (Peck’s type from New York); b. capillitium ; ¢, d. spores ;

é. capillitium of Java specimen ; f. sporangia (Rangoon); g. capillitium of same.
_ §. herbatica holds an intermediate position between S. flavogenita and
S. splendens, having the denser capillitium and the frequent habit of fruiting
on herbaceous stems of the former species, and the stouter surface net and
purplish spores of the latter. Different gatherings show a tendency towards
one or other of its allies; although not a sharply defined species it makes
a useful centre under which to place forms possessing a distinct general
character which were difficult to locate before Peck gave them a specific
rank. Rostafinski united the present species with S. fusca, from which it is
distinguished by the nearly smooth spores and the wandering habit of the
plasmodium. A gathering of S. herbatica from Freiburg is marked in the
Strasburg Herbarium by de Bary ‘8S. fusca var. minor leiosperma’, while
a small form of S. fusca from the same locality is named by him S. fusca
var. minor trachispora. The var. confluens is a widely distributed form
with persistent sporangium-walls.

Hab. On dead wood, leaves, and herbaceous stalks : widely distributed
in the British Isles and in temperate regions ; throughout the tropics it is
abundant: var. confluens has been recorded from Essex, Worcestershire,
Ceylon, Java, and Connecticut.

8. S. pallida Wingate in Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 123
(1899). Plasmodium? Total height 5 to 6p. Sporangia
scattered or clustered in small groups, cylindrical on short
stalks, violet-brown ; resembling S. herbatica, but differing
in the scattered habit, the uneven pale surface net of the
capillitium formed of flexuose threads, and the firmer walled
spores, 5 to 7 » diam., which assume a ‘ coffee-bean’ shape
when dry.—Wingate in Ellis & Everh. N. Am. Fungi, no. 3498

138 ENDOSPOREAE [STEMONITIS

(1897) ; Macbr. l.c., ed. 2,169. SS. tenerrima Morg. in Journ.
Cine. Nat. Hist. Soc., xvi. 137 (1894). S. carolinensis Macbr.
Ve. 170 (1922).

Pl. 120.—h. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; 7%. capillitium; 4, J. spores, two are con-
tracted and show the ‘ coffee-bean ’ shape.

The stouter forms of this species almost merge into S. herbatica, while
intermediate links unite the more slender forms with S. ferruginea var.
violacea.

Hab. On dead wood: recorded from Moldavia, Japan, New Caledonia,
Jamaica, New England, and many of the more southern United States.

9. S. flavogenita Jahn in Abh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb., xlv.
165 (1904) (flavus yellow, genitus brought forth). Plasmodium
translucent citron-yellow. Total height 5to 7mm. Sporangia
cylindrical, obtuse, closely clustered in scattered groups,
shortly stalked or nearly sessile, cinnamon-brown. Stalk
black, 0:5 to 1:5 mm. high. Columella often ceasing below
the summit of the sporangium. Capillitium of ferruginous or
brown threads, springing from the columella, and forming
a loose network with numerous broad membranous expan-
sions ; meshes of the delicate spinose surface net angular,
rather uneven, varying from 6 to 16 diam. Spores pale
ferruginous, faintly warted, 7 to 9 » diam.—Lister in Journ.
Bot., xlii. 185; Torrend Fl. Myx., 144; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 169. S. ferruginea Fr. Syst. Myc., iii.
158 (1829), in part; Rost. Mon., 196, in part ; Mass. Mon.,
85, in part ; Lister Mycetozoa, 114.

Pl. 119.—a. sporangia (England); 6. capillitium; c. capillitium and columella,
the latter expanded to form a membranous cap at the apex of the sporangium ; d. spore.

This species is abundant in the British Isles, and appears to be not
uncommon in Europe; it has been recorded elsewhere from Oregon only.
It is allied on the one hand to S. herbatica, and on the other to S. ferruginea,
under which species it was included by the earlier authors; from the
former it is distinguished by the delicate spinose surface net of the capil-
litium and ferruginous spores, and from the latter by the shortly stalked
sporangia and larger spores measuring 7 to 9 1; from both it differs in the
yellow colour of the plasmodium. In the first edition of the present work
this species is described under the name of S. ferruginea Ehrenb.; Dr.
Jahn’s researches have shown that the type of the latter, preserved in the
Berlin Museum, is the following small-spored species, which was described
as S. Smith Macbr. in Mycetozoa, 115. Neither Fries nor Rostafinski
distinguished the present species from S. ferruginea, the plasmodium of
which they describe as yellow.

Hab. On dead wood, leaves and herbage: frequent in the British Isles
in summer and autumn ; recorded from Sweden, France, Germany, Switzer-
land, Hungary, Bohemia, and Roumania; also from Oregon (teste Prof.
Macbride).

10. S. ferruginea Ehrenb. Sylv. Myc. Berol., 25 (1818)
(rusty). Plasmodium white. Total height 7 to 20 mm.
Sporangia cylindrical, in dense and often large clusters,
stalked, cinnamon-brown. Stalks black, 3 to 7 mm. long,

COMATRICHA | STEMONITACEAE 139

arising from a membranous hypothallus. Columella ceasing
below the apex of the sporangium. Capillitium with a smooth
and usually close surface net, connected with the columella
by (usually) few stout branches, and composed of rather
firm threads bounding rounded meshes; the latter vary
much in size in different developments. Spores pale ferru-
ginous, nearly smooth, 4 to 6 w diam.—Rost. Mon., 196, in
part; Mass. Mon., 85, in part; Jahn in Abh. Bot. Ver.
Brandenb., xlv. 164. Trichia aaifera Bull. Champ., 118,
t. 477, fig. 1 (1791)? WS. fasciculata Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell.,
li. 216 (1803)? WS. violacea Schum. l.c.? S. Smithia Lister
Mycetozoa, 115. 8S. microspora Lister in litt. ex Morgan
in Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi. 138 (1894). S. avifera
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 168.

Var. Smithii Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 150 (1911) (C. L.
Smith). Sporangia 3 to 6 mm. high, with surface net of very
slender threads, often uneven, the inner capillitium well
developed.—S. Smithit Macbr. in Bull. Nat. Hist., ii. 381
(1893), and N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 167. WS. subclavata
Zoll. in Flora, xxx. 301 (1847) ?

Var. violacea Meyl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Genéve, sér. 2, ii. 264
(1910). Sporangia slender, 5 mm. high; capillitium with rather
uneven surface net ; spores with a violet shade, 4 to 6 p.

Pl. 119.—e. sporangia of various sizes (England) ; f. capillitium; g. spore.

This handsome species is subject to much variation in the size of the
sporangia and the stoutness of the capillitium. The type of var. Smithir
found by C. L. Smith in Nicaragua, 1893, has minute sporangia with capil-
litium showing abundant intermediate network and a very slender surface
net ; the same form has now been found in many places, and is connected
with typical S. ferruginea by numerous gatherings showing intermediate
characters: it bears considerable resemblance to Comatricha typhoides var.
microspora from which it is distinguished by the more even and perfect
surface net and the smoother spores. Prof. Macbride considers, and perhaps
rightly, that Bulliard’s description and illustration of Trichia azifera refer
to the present species ; but Bulliard describes no other species of what we
know now as Stemonitis, and quotes under 7’. axifera synonymy that might
apply to any member of the genus. It seems on the whole better not to
discard the well-established name ferruginea given by Ehrenberg as to the
application of which there is no uncertainty.

Hab. On dead wood: the typical form is widely distributed and
abundant in temperate and tropical regions : var. Smithii has been recorded
from Yorkshire, Aberdeen, Switzerland, Ceylon, Java, Ottawa, New York,
Pennsylvania, Nicaragua, Antigua, and S. Chili: var. violacea has been
recorded from Worcestershire and the Jura Mountains.

Genus 20.—COMATRICHA Preuss in Linnaea, xxiv. 140
(1851) (xoun head of hair, 6p’ wool). Sporangia cylindrical,
ovoid or globose, gregarious or scattered ; sporangium-wall
evanescent (subpersistent in C. typhoides); stalk extending
within the sporangium as a columella ; capillitium consisting
of numerous threads usually combined into a more or less
uniform network, not uniting to form an even surface net.

140 ENDOSPOREAE . [COMATRICHA

The genus Comatricha is an artificial one: it includes species which
agree with Lamproderma in all characters but the persistent sporangium-
wall; from Stemonitis it differs only in the less clustered habit of the sporangia
(except in C. longa), and in the absence of a smooth surface net to the
capillitium.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF COMATRICHA.
A. Spores rather dark brownish-violet or grey (by transmitted
light) :—
A. Spores nearly smooth—

Capillitium dense, crisped or flexuose, usually arising
from the whole length of the columella; spores

brown in mass, 7 to 10 p diam. 1. C. nigra
Resembling C. nigra, but spores black in mass, 10 to
11 p diam. 2. C. Suksdorfit

Capillitium with primary branches stout and nearly
straight, arising from the whole length of the
columella. 3. C. laxa

Capillitium dense, arising by a few branches only from
the apex of the columella. 4. C. elegans

Capillitium a tuft of nearly simple threads with
clavate tips. 5. C. fimbriata

Capillitium of few rigid branching scarcely anasto-
mosing threads; stalk translucent yellow-brown
below. 6. C: cornea

B. Spores distinctly spinulose or reticulated—

a. Sporangia globose; columella ending in strong
branches continued into the flexuose network of

the capillitium ; spores warted. 7. C. lurida

b. Sporangia long, slender, cylindrical—
Spores closely reticulated. | 12. C. longa
Spores spinulose. 13. C. irregularis

Bb. Spores pale ; lilac or reddish-lilac :—

A. Spores 5 to 6 yp, marked with a few widely scattered
warts or clusters of minute warts, otherwise
smooth. 8. C. typhoides

B. Spores minutely spinulose all over, 6 to 8 » diam.—

Sporangium-wall completely evanescent; capil-

litium brown ; on leaves (on wood in var. gracilis).

9. C. pulchella

Similar to the last, but stalks usually longer, capil-
litium flesh-coloured ; on herbaceous stalks.

10. C. tenerrima

COMATRICHA | STEMONITACEAE 141

Sporangium-wall persistent at the base as a mem-
branous cup attached to the capillitium; on
leaves. — ll. C. rubens

1. C. nigra Schroeter in Cohn Krypt. Fl. Schles., iii. 1.
118 (1885) (black). Plasmodium watery-white. Total height
lto6mm. Sporangia globose, ellipsoid or cylindrical, stalked,
scattered or gregarious, about 0-6 mm. diam., purplish-
brown ; sporangium-wall evanescent. Stalk subulate, slender,
black, shining ; in the globose form usually 2 to 6 times the
length of the sporangium, equalling the length of the sporan-
gium or shorter in the cylindrical form, rising from a more or
less distinct hypothallus. Columella reaching to half the
height, or nearly to the apex of the sporangium, branching
above and continued into the capillitium. Capillitium a more
or less dense tangle of purplish-brown threads, springing from
all parts of the columella, anastomosing and branching in
arching curves, of nearly equal thickness throughout, the
ultimate branches looped and showing few free ends or
marked with short spine-like branchlets. Spores brownish-
violet, minutely and closely spinulose, 5-5 to 11 pu, average
8 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 178 ; Sturgis
in Colorado Coll. Publ., Sci. Ser., xii. 33. Stemonitis nigra
Pers. in Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1467 (1791). S. atrofusca Pers. in
Roemer N. Mag. Bot., 91 ie S. reticulata Trentep. in
Roth Catal. Bot., i. 223 (1797)? SS. ovata Pers. Syn. Fung.,
189 (1801). S. globosa Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 217 (1803) ?
S. obtusata Fr. Syst. Myc., 111. 160 (1829). S. oblonga Fr. l.c.,
159. S. Friesiana de Bary in Rabenh. Fung. Eur., no. 568
(1863) ; Mass. Mon., 82. Trichia alba Sow. Engl. Fung.,
t. 259 (1803) (nomen). T'. mucoriformis Schum. l.c., 211.
Comatricha obtusata Preuss in Linnaea, xxiv. 141 (1851);
Lister Mycetozoa, 117. C. Friesiana Rost. Mon., 199 ete
CO. Persoonii var. gracilis Cel. fil. Myx. Bohm., 50, t. 2, f.
4, 5 (1893).

Var. alta Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 152 (1911) (tall). Spor-
angia oblong or cylindrical; capillitium a tangle of long
flexuose threads attached chiefly by a few branches to the
base of the columella.—C. alta Preuss l.c., 141, and in Sturm
Deutschl. Fl., Pilze, xxxvi. 141, t. 71 (1862). C. filamentosa
Meyl. in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., liii. 456 (1921).

Var. aequalis Sturgis l.c., 34 (equal). Plasmodium milk-
white. Sporangia scattered, slender, cylindrical, 2 to 4 mm.
long, on slender stalks 2 to 2-5 mm. high ; capillitium a dense
network of violet-brown threads.—C. aequalis Peck in Rep.
N. York Mus., xxxi. 42 (1879); Brandza in Ann. Se. de l’Univ.
de Jassy, xi. 127 (1921); Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 180, Stemonitis aequalis Mass. Mon., 80 (1892).

142 ENDOSPOREAE [COMATRICHA

Var. subeaespitosa Lister (somewhat clustered). Sporangia
ellipsoid on short stalks ; 2 mm. in total height ; capillitium
with more or less of a surface net of slender threads ; spores
8 to 9 w.—Comatricha subcaespitosa Peck in Rep. N. York
Mus., xliii. 25 (1890); Macbr. l.c., 185. C. Persooni var.
subcaespitosa Torr. Fl. Myx., 137 (1909). Stemonitis sub-
caespitosa Mass. Mon., 80 (1892).

Pl. 123.—a, b. round sporangia (England) ; ¢. capillitium of same; d. cylindrical
sporangia with capillitium of same; d. cylindrical sporangia of var. alta; e, f. capil-
litium and spore of same; g. base ‘of a small sporangium (fig. 5) showing capillitium
with surface net; h. cylindrical sporangia (England); 2. sporangia of var. aequalis
(New Hampshire); m™, n. capillitium and spore of same.

A very abundant and variable species; in a development of the usual
form, minute sporangia may occur showing a close even surface net in the
lower part of the capillitium, or they may approach C. laxa in having few
and rigid primary capillitium branches (cf. O. Persoonii Gel. fil., Le. je In
the var. alta the tangle of capillitium at length falls away from ‘the upper
part of the columella, leaving the naked spike-like apex exposed. C.
filamentosa Meylan is a small form of this variety, 1 to 1-5 mm. in total
height. The var. aequalis is a tall slender and constant form connected
with typical C. nigra by many intermediate gatherings. The var.. sub-
caespitosa is an elegant little form with almost Stemonitis-like capillitium ;
it has been recorded apparently from New England only, although speci-
mens somewhat resembling it, but without such a smooth surface net have
been found in England and in the Jura Mountains. M. Meylan has pub-
lished a var. microspora (Ann. Cons. Bot. Genéve, 1913, 316), a long-stalked
form with ellipsoid sporangia and spores measuring 6 to 8 u, which he has
obtained repeatedly in the Jura Mountains.

Hab. On dead wood: the typical form is common and widely distri-
buted in temperate regions of both hemispheres; recorded also from
Ceylon and Java; var. alta is not uncommon in England and Scotland,
and has been recorded from Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, the Cape, and
New Zealand: var. aequalis from Aberdeenshire, Moldavia, New York,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Oregon, Colorado, New Mexico.

2. C. Suksdorfii Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 132 (1899)
(W. N. Suksdorf). Plasmodium? Sporangia scattered,
globose or cylindrical, 0-5 to 0-9 mm. diam., purple-black.
Stalk cylindrical, 0-3 to 0-7 mm. high. Capillittum a dense
network of flexuose black threads springing from all parts of
the columella. Spores 9 to 13 yw, purplish-grey, faintly
spinulose.—Macbr. l.c., ed. 2, 178. Stemonitis Suksdorfii
Ellis & Everh. in Bull. Washburn Coll., i. 5 (1884); Mass.
Mon., 76. Comatricha obtusata Lister Mycetozoa, 118 (1894),
in part. C. nigra var. Suksdorfii Sturgis in Colorado Coll.
Publi) Sci. Ser.,:x11933 (1907);

Pl. 123.—%. capillitium (Colorado); &. spore.

This robust species is closely allied to C. nigra, with which it is connected
by intermediate forms ; the distinguishing characters are, however, retained
in repeated gatherings from the Western States of America and from
Switzerland. It is named after W. N. Suksdorf who collected it in the
autumn of 1883 in Washington Territory. M. Meylan describes a var.
aggregata (Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., liii. 455 (1921)) with clustered, almost
confluent sporangia, and with very lax capillitium.

COMATRICHA | STEMONITACEAE 143

Hab. On dead coniferous wood in subalpine regions.—Switzerland,
Colorado, Oregon, and Washington.

3. C. laxa Rost. Mon., 201 (1875) (loose). Plasmodium
watery-white. Total height, 1 to 355 mm. Sporangia sub-
-globose or shortly cylindrical, obtuse, scattered or gregarious.
Stalk black, shining, often stout, 0-2 to 0-6 mm. long. Colum-
ella reaching nearly to the apex of the sporangium, narrowed
upwards. Capillitium usually lax, the primary threads
springing from all parts of the columella, at first straight or
slightly curved, branching towards the surface to form a loose
network of slender threads, either looped and anastomosing
or with numerous straight free ends. Spores purplish-grey
or brown, minutely and closely spinulose, 7 to 13 » diam.—
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 177. Stemonitis laxa
Mass. Mon., 79 (1892). Badhamia penetralis Cooke & Ellis in
Grev., v. 49 (1876) ? Lamproderma Ellisiana Cooke in Ann.
Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, xi. 397 (1877) ? Comatricha macro-
sperma Racib. in Rozpr. Mat. Przyr. Akad. Krak., xii. 76
(1884). C. Hllisiana Ellis & Everh. N. Am. Fung., ser. 2,
no. 2696 (1891). C. Sommerfeltic Blytt in Bidr. K. Norg.,
Sop. ili. 8 (1892). C. Hllisti Morg. in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat.
Hist., xvi. 133 (1894); Macbr. l.c., 184.

Var. rigida Brandza in Ann. Sc. de l’Univ. de Jassy, xi. 126
(1921). Capillitium scanty, of rather rigid threads ; columella
often widely forking at the apex; spores 8 to 13 p, spinulose.

Pl. 124.—a, b, ce. sporangia of various shapes (England); d. three sporangia showing
capillitium ; e. capillitium; f, g. spores.

Intermediate forms connect this species with C. nigra, of which it is
hardly more than a marked variety. The type in the Strasburg collection
is well rendered by the photographic figure in Rostafinski’s Monograph ;
it is a globose form with coarse and lax capillitium. A similar form is
found at Lyme Regis accompanied by more elongated sporangia with
denser capillitium resembling the type of C. Ellisiana Ellis & Everh. (B.M.
1800). C. Sommerfeltit Blytt has the lax capillitium of Rostafinski’s type
of C. laxa, but has larger spores, 11 to 14 4 diam. ; C. macrosperma Racib.
and C. laxa var. microcarpa Meylan (Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., lili. 456
(1921)) both represent a large-spored form, which is not of unfrequent
occurrence ; the large spores are often but not always associated with
scanty capillitium. Lamproderma Ellisiana Cooke is described as having
spherical sporangia on subulate stalks, slender forking, blackish-purple
capillitium threads radiating from the apex of a short columella, and pale
lilac spores, 15 to 16 w diam., grouped in small clusters. Nothing remains
of the type from New Jersey (K. 614) but a few naked stalks ; whether the
specimen was in part a Lamproderma, as Massee believed (Mon., 98), or
a form of Comatricha laxa, the same form in fact as Comatricha Ellisiana
(syn. Lamproderma Ellisiana Ellis & Everh.), cannot now be determined.

Hab. On dead wood and twigs: not uncommon in the British Isles, and
widely distributed throughout Europe and the United States; recorded
also from Malaya and Japan; var. rigida from Roumania and Minnesota.

4. C, elegans Lister in Guide to British Mycetozoa, ed. 3, 31

144 ENDOSPOREAE [COMATRICHA

(1909). Plasmodium watery-white. Sporangia usually scat-
tered, globose, 0:2 to 0-5 mm. diam., purplish-brown. Stalks
black, slender, subulate, 0-6 to 1 mm. high. Columella short,
soon dividing into the few straight primary branches of the
capillitium ; these again branch repeatedly and form towards
the surface of the sporangium a loose tangle of slender flexuose
anastomosing threads; spores pale brownish-violet, very
faintly spinulose, 8 to 10 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 182. Rostafinskia elegans Racib. in Rozpr.
Mat. Przyr. Akad. Krak., xii. 77 (1884); Torrend Fl. Myx.,
132. Raciborskia elegans Berl. in Sacc. Syll., vii. 400 (1888) ;
Mass, Mon., 108; Lister Mycetozoa, 133. Orthotrichia Racibor-
skit Gel. fil. Myx. Bohm., 54 (1893) ?

Var. pallens G. Lister (pale). Spores pale reddish-lilac in
mass.

Pl. 124.—nh. sporangia (Ceylon) ; 7, k. sporangia after dispersion of spores ; J. capil-
litium threads ; m, n. spores.

Although closely allied to C. nigra and connected with it by intermediate
gatherings, this form has now been obtained from many parts of the world
retaining the characteristic branching of the capillitium. C. elegans shows
considerable resemblance to Lamproderma arcyrionema, but differs in the
completely evanescent sporangium-wall and in the larger spores. The
description of Orthotrichia Raciborskw well describes the present species,
but the mounted specimen courteously shown us by Dr. Celakovsky is
a minute form of C. nigra. The var. pallens was found by Mrs. Stelfox in
Co. Down, in August, 1915; it is comparable to a pale lilac-spored form of
Enerthenema papillatum found by M. C. Meylan in the Jura Mountains.

Hab. On dead wood: widely distributed in the British Isles and
Europe ; recorded also from Japan, New Brunswick, Quebec, South Carolina,
and Colorado.

5. C. fimbriata G. Lister & Cran in Journ. Bot., lv. 122,
pl. 548, figs. 2, 2 a—-d (1917) (fringed). Plasmodium colourless.
Sporangia scattered, stalked, globose, blackish-brown, 0-1 to
0-35 mm. diam. Stalk black, subulate, slender, straight or
curved, 0-5 to 1 mm. high. Capillitium arising chiefly from
the summit of a short truncate columella, consisting of
a scanty tuft of purplish-brown threads, extremely slender
at the base, either simple throughout or forking below the
clavate or irregularly expanded tips.. Spores 10 to 12 w diam.,
greyish-purple, paler and smoother on one side, closely and
minutely spinulose.

Pl. 214.—e. group of sporangia, from four of which the spores have fallen ; f, sporan-
gium after spore dispersion ; g. base of stalk, showing reticulate structure ; h; 7. spores.

This minute species appears to be not uncommon in Britain. It may be
easily overlooked as the ripe spores fall away at a breath, leaving the
slender stalks with their tuft of scanty capillitium as shadowy objects.
The lower part of the stalk, when mounted, is seen to consist of a sheath
of purplish-brown anastomosing strands with slender connecting bars,
enclosing a loose network of paler strands; a similar structure may some-
times be seen in minute specimens of other species of Comatricha,

COMATRICHA | STEMONITACEAE 145

Hab. On dead coniferous wood, bramble-stems, &c.—Essex, Hirt Hill and
Weybridge, Surrey, Buckinghamshire, Norfolk, Worcestershire, Cheshire,
and Aberdeenshire.

6. C. cornea G. Lister & Cran in Journ. Bot., lv. 121,
pl. 548, figs. 1, 1 a—e (1917) (horny). Plasmodium colourless.
Sporangia scattered or solitary, stalked, globose, dark brown,
0-12 to 0:32 diam. Stalk subulate, slender, straight, 0-17 to
0-2 mm. high, dark brown above, brownish-yellow below
where it expands into a discoid hypothallus. Columella
brown, cylindrical, reaching one-third to one-half the height
of the sporangium, with a small collar where it meets the
stalk, dividing above into the two or three primary branches
of the capillitium ; these fork repeatedly and end at the
surface in short rigid diverging branchlets. Spores 8-5 to 9 p,
grey, minutely warted, the spore-wall thinner on one side.

Pl. 214.—a. sporangia on a moss leaf, the spores dispersed ; 6. sporangium showing
capillitium ; ¢. expanded base of stalk; d. branchlets of capillitium ; e. spore.

A very small species, found by the Rev. W. Cran almost every year in
summer and autumn since 1913 near Aberdeen. The structure of the stalk
is unusual; it consists of a smooth thick-walled tube enclosing a central
strand of parallel pale brown fibres.

Hab. On moss and bark.—Aberdeenshire, Chorin (Germany, Dr. Jahn),
Jura Mountains (C. Meylan).

7. C. lurida Lister Mycetozoa, 119 (1894), Plasmodium
watery-white. Total height 1:25 mm. Sporangia scattered,
globose or shortly ovoid, erect, 0-5 mm. diam., stalked,
purplish-brown ; sporangium-wall evanescent. Stalk setace-
ous, black, shining, 0:75 mm. long, rising from a circular
brown hypothallus. Columella cylindrical, reaching to half
the height of the sporangium, dividing into stout branches
at the apex, and continued into the capillitium. Capillitium
dark purplish-brown throughout, spreading from the upper
part of the columella in flexuose anastomosing threads, with
slender brown free ends. Spores spherical or subovoid,
purplish-grey, coarsely warted, 6 to 10 w diam.—Torrend FI.
Myx., 135.

Pl. 127.—a. sporangia (England); b. columella and capillitium with a fragment of
sporangium-wall to which spores are adhering ; ©¢. spore.

This species has the habit of Lamproderma scintillans, from which it is
distinguished by the evanescent sporangium-wall, the more branching
columella, the uniform colour of the flexuose capillitium, and also by the
more closely warted spores.

Hab. On decaying leaves, especially those of holly and ivy, rarely on
wood: abundant in some years from autumn to spring in South Devon and
in Surrey; recorded also from Somerset, Worcestershire, Bedfordshire,
Norfolk, North Wales, Nairnshire, Aberdeen, and Moldavia ; reported also
from the island of Saghalien (K. Minakata).

8. C. typhoides Rost. Versuch, 7 (1873) (Yypha reed-mace).
Plasmodium watery-white. Total height 2 to 3 mm. Spor-
L

146 ENDOSPOREAE [COMATRICHA

angia in loose clusters or scattered, stalked, cylindrical,
obtuse, at first silvery-grey from the presence of the soon
evanescent wall, then lilac-brown, 1-5 to 2:3 mm. long, 0-5 mm.
broad. Stalk black, clothed with the silvery membranous
continuation of the sporangium-wall, 0-5 to 1-3 mm. long,
0-06 mm. thick, rising from a well-developed hypothallus.
Columella reaching nearly to the summit of the sporangium,
branching at the apex. Capillitium a close network of
flexuose, pale brown threads, springing from all parts of the
columella, the: ultimate branchlets, more slender, free or
uniting to form an imperfect surface net in the lower half.
Spores pale lilac-brown, marked with 3 to 5 prominent warts
or clusters of minute warts on the hemisphere, otherwise
smooth or very minutely warted, 6 to 7 » diam.—Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 181. Trichia typhoides Bull.
Champ., 119, t. 477, fig. 2 (1791). Stemonitis typhina
Wiggers Prim. Fl. Hols., 110 (1780)? *; Pers. Obs. Myc.,
i. 57; Mass. Mon., 74. Stemonitis typhoides DC. Fl. Fr.,
ii. 257 (1805). S. pumila Corda Icones, v. 59 (1842). 8S. affinis
Mass. l.c., 76 (1892). S. atra Mass. l.c., 78. S. Carlylet Mass.
l.c., 84. S. platensis Speg. in Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
vi. 202 (1899). Comatricha typhina Rost. Mon., 197 (1875).
C.affinis Rost.1.c., 202. C.Stemonitis Wettst.in Verh. Zool.-Bot.
Gesellsch., xxxv. 534 (1885) ; Macbr. l.c., ed. 1, 180 (1899).

Var. similis Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 158 (1911) (like). Spor-
angia slender, cylindrical ; sporangium-walls evanescent ; stalk
without a silvery sheath ; capillitium with an uneven surface
net below ; spores 6 to 7 p» diam., faintly warted with a few
larger and many smaller warts.

Pl. 125.—a. sporangia (England); 0b. capillitium; ec. spores.

This abundant and widely distributed species shows some variety in the
denseness of its capillitium and the amount to which the surface net is
developed ; the scattered warts on the spores are, however, always present.
The young watery-white sporangia usually emerge from the wood separately,
but sometimes a cluster of sporangia is differentiated from a cushion-like
mass of plasmodium, as in most species of Stemonitis. The type of C. affinis,
Rost. from Freiburg (Strasb. Herb.) is not well developed, but the capil-
litium is that of the present species, and the spores have the characteristic
scattered warts. Stemonitis atra Mass., from New Zealand (K. 727), has.
spores 6 to 8 » diam., and appears to be the usual form of C. typhoides.
The var. similis has hitherto been found only in the United States; the
sporangia somewhat resemble those of C. pulchella var. gracilis, but differ
in being much longer and in having spores marked with warts of unequal
size.

Hab. Ondecayed wood: abundant in summer and autumn in the British
Isles, throughout Europe, the United States, and in temperate regions
generally ; apparently not uncommon in the tropics.

* The early names quoted by Rostafinski as synonyms for this species, such as
Mucor Stemonitis Scop., Clathrus pertusus Batsch, Stemonitis typhina Wiggers, are

accompanied by vague, and imperfect descriptions. Bulliard’s excellent figures of
Trichia typhoides leave no doubt as to the species he represents.

COMATRICHA | STEMONITACEAE 147

9. C. pulchella Rost. Mon., App. 27 (1876) (pretty). Plas-
modium watery-white. Total height 0-7 to 1.6mm. Sporangia
scattered, ovoid or cylindrical, stalked, lilac- or rufous-
brown; sporangium-wall evanescent. Stalk black, 0-2 to
0-5 mm. high, rising from a circular, membranous hypothallus.
Columella reaching nearly to the apex of the sporangium.
Capillitium a network of flexuose anastomosing brown threads
springing from all parts of the columella, looped at the surface,
with few free ends. Spores pale lilac-brown, minutely but
distinctly warted, 6 to 8 u diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 183. Stemonitis pulchella Church. Bab. in Proc.
Linn. Soc., i. 32. (1839) (nomen); Berk. in Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 1, vi. 431, t. 12, fig. 11; Mass. Mon., 86. Coma-
tricha Persoonii Rost. Mon., 201 (1875); Lister Mycetozoa, 122.

Var. fusca Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxv. 215 (1879) (dark
brown). Sporangia as in the type, but with more rigid
purplish-brown capillitium, and pale greyish-brown spores.

Var. gracilis Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 156(1911). Sporangia
narrowly cylindrical ; stalks 0-2 to 0-5 mm. high ; capillitium
threads usually uniting to form a close uneven surface net ;
spores pale violet-grey, very faintly warted, 5-6 to 7 p.—
C. gracilis Wingate in Ellis & Everh. N. Am. Fung., ser. 2,
no. 2094 (1888). C. Persooni Macbr. l.c., ed. 1, 132 (1899),
in part.

* Pl. 126.—a. sporangia (England) ; b. capillitium and spores ; e. spore; d. capillitium
and spores of var. fusca ; e. spore ; 7. sporangia of var. gracilis (Japan) ; k, l. capillitium
and spores of same.

This species differs from C. nigra and C. laxa in the paler capillitium, and
in the paler and more distinctly warted spores. The typical form is common
in the British Isles and in Europe, but appears to be rare elsewhere ; the
var. gracilis is the usual representative of the species in the tropics and
Japan, where it often forms large colonies of close-ranked sporangia.

Hab. On dead leaves, in autumn: abundant in the British Isles, and
widely distributed in North Temperate regions ; recorded also from N. India
and Malaya: var. fusca on leaves ; recorded from Essex, Surrey, Somerset,
Worcestershire, North Wales, Aberdeenshire, and Switzerland : var. gracilis
on wood and herbaceous stalks ; North Germany, Austria, Moldavia, South
Nigeria, Cameroons, Ceylon, Japan, Pennsylvania.

10. C. tenerrima G. Lister in Guide to British Mycetozoa,
ed. 4, 39 (1919) (most delicate). Plasmodium watery-white.
Sporangia scattered, stalked, ovoid or narrowly cylindrical,
acute or obtuse, pale red, brownish-pink or lilac-pink, equalling
or shorter than the slender black stalks ; total height 1:5 to
2mm. Columella slender, often reaching to the summit of
the sporangium. Capillitium a network of slender flexuose
pale red threads. Spores pale flesh-coloured, minutely
warted, 7 to 8 w diam.—C. pulchella var. tenerrima Lister
Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 156 (1911). Stemonitis tenerrima Curtis in
Sill. Am. Journ., vi. 352 (1848) ; Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ii. 69.

L 2

148 ENDOSPOREAE [COMATRICHA

Pl. 126.—f. sporangia; g, h. capillitium and spores.

This slender little species appears to be constant in the pale colour of the
capillitium and spores; the stalks are usually longer than in C. pulchella,
to which it is nearly allied.

Hab. On dead herbaceous stalks and dead wood: not uncommon in
Great Britain from summer to winter; recorded from France, Germany,
Belgium, Switzerland, Japan, Philadelphia, South Carolina, Antigua,
Brazil.

11. C. rubens Lister Mycetozoa, 123 (1894) (red). Plas-
modium watery-white. Total height 1 to 2 mm. Sporangia
scattered, obovoid, ellipsoid or subglobose, stalked, erect or
inclined, 0-5 to 0-8 mm. long, 0-3 to 0-5 broad, pinkish-brown,
shining below; sporangium-wall evanescent above, mem-
branous and persistent in the lower quarter, pinkish-brown.
Stalk setaceous, black, shining, 0-6 to 1-3 mm. long, rising
from a circular brown hypothallus. Columella reaching to
about two-thirds the height of the sporangium, branching at
the apex. Capillittum of purplish-brown threads, springing
from all parts of the columella, broad, at the base, more or
less flexuose, anastomosing and branching at wide angles,
often with flat expansions, gradually narrowing to the slender
straight free ends; the persistent base of the sporangium-
wall is connected with the lower part of the columella by
capillitium threads with broad attachments. Spores pale
lilac-brown, minutely spinulose, 7 to 8 w diam.—Torrend FI.
Myx., 1388; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 183.

Pl. 127.—d. sporangia (England) ; e. columella and capillitium, with the persistent
base of the sporangium-wall; f. spore.

Closely allied to C. pulchella, but differing in shape, in the branching of
the capillitium, and in the persistent base of the sporangium-wall, a char-
acter showing an approach to the genus Lamproderma. In some years it
has been found in great abundance on decaying ivy leaves near Lyme Regis.

Hab. On dead leaves: not uncommon in England in autumn and
winter; recorded from Devon, Dorset, Isle of Wight, Worcestershire,
Bedfordshire, Surrey, Essex, Yorks, Aberdeenshire, Nairnshire, Switzer-
land, Pennsylvania, Colorado.

12. C. longa Peck in Rep. N. York Mus., xliii. 24 (1890).
Plasmodium bright yellow. Sporangia clustered, forming
large colonies hanging in long tufts, stalked, cylindrical,
elongated and slender, flexuose or drooping, 2 to 5 cm. long,
black ; sporangium-wall evanescent. Stalks very slender,
1 to 3 mm. long, black, rising from a well-developed mem-
branous hypothallus. Columella continued to near the apex
of the sporangium, very slender and wavy with zigzag lines
in the upper part, tapering in breadth from 20 p at the base
to 2 near the summit. Capillitium a lax network of dark
brown threads, the terminal branchlets directed outwards,
rigid, free, forking at an acute angle. Spores dark grey,
spinulose, the spines connected at their bases by faint bands

ENERTHENEMA | STEMONITACEAE 149

forming a close reticulation, 8 to 9 » diam. —Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed..2, 175; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 353 ;
A. R. Sanderson in Tr. Br. Myc. Soc., vii. 248. Stemonitis
longa Mass. Mon., 83 (1892). Comatricha equinoctialis 'Torrend
Fl. Myx., 138 (1909).

Var. flaccida Minakata in litt. Sporangia weak, adhering ;
capillitium scanty.

Pl. 122.—a, b. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; c. capillitium from upper part of spor-
angium ; d. capillitium from lower part of sporangium ; e. spores.

From the absence of any surface net in the capillitium this species is
placed in Comatricha, though in its fasciculate habit it resembles a Stemonitis.
The capillitium varies in different gatherings; in some the threads are
comparatively short, rigid throughout, and anastomosing but little; in
others they form a profuse network with many membranous expansions
and very slender free branchlets; the character of the dark reticulated
spores remains constant in all forms.

Hab. On dead wood: abundant in warm temperate and_ tropical
regions ; recorded also from near Berlin (in a glass-house), from Roumania,
the Cape, Japan, Ottawa, and the United States, where it is more common
in the east than the west.

13. C. irregularis Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1891,
393. Plasmodium? Sporangia crowded, stalked, cylindrical,
2 to 5 mm. high, blackish-brown. Stalks black, slender,
1 to 3 mm. high, rising from a membranous hypothallus.
Columella straight or flexuose, reaching nearly to the apex
of the sporangium. Capillitium a close or lax network of
arched purple-brown threads, becoming more slender towards
the surface of the sporangium, and there forming an irregular
net, or ending in numerous colourless free branchlets. Spores
brownish-purple, often paler on one side, closely spinulose,
8 to 10 w diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 176.
Stemonitis crypta Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., iv. 260
(1832) ? Comatricha crypta Macbr. in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa,
ii. 189 (1893). C. longa var. irregularis Lister Mycetozoa,
120 (1894).

Pil. 122.—f. sporangia (Philadelphia); g. capillitium; . spore of usual type;
2. spore showing a faint reticulation.

This species is closely allied to C. longa, with which it is almost connected
by intermediate forms. It has been suggested that Slemonitis crypta
Schwein. was the present species, but the type specimen is utterly lost
(teste Rex), and the description is too vague to be instructive.

Hab. On dead wood.—Malaya, New South Wales, Ottawa, Manitoba,
and throughout the United States.

Genus 21.—ENERTHENEMA Bowman in ‘Trans. Linn,
Soc., xvi. 152 (1830) (évepbe beneath, vjya thread). Spor-
angia stalked; columella reaching to the summit of the
Ssporangium ; capillitium springing from beneath the super-
ficially extended apex of the columella.

1. E. papillatum Rost. Mon., App. 28 (1876) (papilla

150 ENDOSPOREAE [| ENERTHENEMA

nipple). Plasmodium watery-white. Total height 1 to 1-5 mm.
Sporangia gregarious, globose, stalked, 0-5 to 0-75 mm. diam.,
black or purple-brown, crowned with the small shining salver-
shaped rarely papillate apex of the columella; sporangium-
wall evanescent. Stalk cylindrical or conical, black. Columella
slender, cylindrical from a conical base, traversing the spor-
angium and expanding on the surface into a membranous disc
0-1 to 0:2 mm. broad. Capillitium threads spreading from the
expanded apex of the columella, long, slender, black, sparingly
branched, straight or flexuose. Spores greyish-brown, spinu-
lose, 8 to 11 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,
190. Stemonitis papillata Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., 90,
t. 1, fig. 4 (1794). S.mammosa Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 161 (1829).
Arcyria atra Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell., ii. 215 (1803). Trichia
notata Schum. l.c., 211 (young stage). Hnerthenema elegans
Bowm. l.c., t. 16; Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2,
v. 366; Rost. Mon., 209; Mass. Mon., 105; Lister Myce-
tozoa, 124. Ancyrophorus crassipes Raunkiaer in Bot. Tidssk.,
xvil. 93 (1888); Mass. l.c., 107.

Var. carneo-griseum Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat.,
li. 268 (1917) (greyish-flesh-colour). Spores greyish-lilac in
mass.

Var. synearpon G. Lister (cvv together, xapzds fruit). Spores
clustered in groups of 4-8; 11-12 pw diam.—EHnerthenema
syncarpon Sturgis in Colo. Coll. Publ., Sc. Ser., xii. 448 (1913).
HL. Berkeleyana Rost. l.c., 29? Mass. l.c., 106? Macbr. l.c.,
190.

Pl. 128.—a. sporangia (England); 0. sporangia after dispersion of spores, showing
the capillitium arising from the apical disc of the columella; c¢. sporangium with
capillitium arising from the whole length of the columella, found in company with
sporangia having normal capillitium ; d, e. spores.

If young sporangia are disturbed while developing the capillitium often
varies considerably from the normal character, and the threads, instead
of being simple and radiating from the apex of the sporangium, become much
branched and spring from all parts of the columella which may end below
the summit ; all conditions between this and the normal form occur in the
same group of sporangia. The account and figure of Ancyrophorus crassipes
Raunkiaer, well represent this irregular form. In what remains of the type
of H. Berkeleyana Rost., from South Carolina (K. 1643), no spores of an
Enerthenema can be detected ; the specimen is sprinkled with clusters of
brown spores or dividing cells of a fungus. Berkeley and Broome describe
this specimen as having the ‘spores produced in little heads surrounded
by a common vesicle at the free apices of the flocci’, and of this being
‘almost the only case in which the spores of a Myxogaster have been
observed in situ’. The sporangia are of the typical form of FE. papillatum,
and it is possible that the fungus was mistaken by Berkeley and Broome
for the true spores. ‘The occurrence, however, of clustered spores in the
specimen from Colorado, named EH. syncarpon by Dr. Sturgis, is strongly
in favour of Berkeley’s description of clustered spores in the S. Carolina
specimen having been correct. Other characters being similar, the cohesion
of spores in clusters appears to be of no more than varietal importance.

LAMPRODERMA | STEMONITACEAE 151

Hab. On dead wood, or on mossy bark of living trees; frequent in the
British Isles in autumn and winter, and widely distributed in North Tem-
perate regions ; recorded also from South Chili; var. syncarpon from near
Boston and Colorado.

Genus 22.—LAMPRODERMA Rostafinski Versuch, 7
(1873) (Aapzpos bright, dépua skin). Sporangia usually stalked,
globose or ellipsoid (sessile in L. insessum and L. atrosporum
var. debile) ; sporangium-wall membranous, somewhat per-
sistent, shining with iridescent colours ; stalk black ; columella
cylindrical or clavate, usually reaching to half or more than
half the height of the sporangium ; capillitium consisting of
branched anastomosing threads, radiating chiefly from the
upper part of the columella.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LAMPRODERMA.

A. Spores more or less spinulose :—
A. Spores echinulate, 15 to 20 » diam.
Sporangia stalked. 1. L. echinulatum
Sporangia sessile. 2. L. insessum
B. Spores spinulose, warted or nearly smooth (see also 10).

a. Columella dividing above into the few primary
branches of the dark flexuose capillitium.

3. L. arcyrionema

b. Sporangia iridescent; capillitium spreading in very

numerous branches from the abruptly ending

columella—
Sporangia globose; capillitium threads dark with
pale bases. 4. L. scintillans

Sporangia globose or obovoid ; stalk 3 mm. long or
less; capillitium usually purple with colourless
tips. 5. L. columbinum

Sporangia globose or ovoid; stalks 1 mm. long or
less ; capillitium pale or dark 6. L. violacewm

c. Sporangia silvery, spotted with black; capillitium
pale. 7. L. Gulielmae
B. Spores more or less reticulated :—

Spores reticulated with raised bands.
8. L. cribrarioides

Spores marked with broad warts and short ridges,
9. L. cristatum

Spores marked with a close imperfect reticulation of
raised bands or rows of warts, or spinulose or
minutely warted all over. 10. L. atrosporum

152 ENDOSPOREAE [LAMPRODERMA

1. L. echinulatum Rost. Mon., App. 25 (1876) (echinus
sea-urchin). Plasmodium opaque white. Total height 2 to
4 mm. Sporangia loosely clustered, globose, stalked, erect,
0-5 to 1 mm. diam., shining with steel-blue or green reflec-
tions ; sporangium-wall membranous, persistent, purplish or
grey. Stalk subulate or cylindrical, 1 to 2-7 mm. long, black,
rising from a well-developed hypothallus. Columella cylin-
drical, obtuse, about half the height of the sporangium.
Capillitium either black, pale purplish-brown, or nearly
colourless, spreading chiefly from the upper part of the
columella, threads stout, sparingly forked and anastomosing,
colourless and slender at the tips. Spores dark grey or brown-
ish-purple, echinulate with black spines, 15 to 20 » diam.—
Lister in Journ. Bot., xxix. 261; Mass. Mon., 97; R. E.
Fries in Svensk. Bot. Tidskr., vi. 768. Stemonitis echinulata
Berk. in Hooker Fl. Tasm., ii. 268 (1860). Lamproderma
Lnstert Mass. l.c. (1892).

Pl. 134.—a. sporangia (New Zealand); b. columella of same; c. sporangia (Tas-
mania); d. columella and capillitium of same; e. capillitium threads; f, g. spores ;
h. sporangia (Moffat, Scotland) ; 7. columella and capillitium ; &. capillitium-threads.

The type specimen from Tasmania is an abnormal development ; many
of the stalks are misshapen and tumid, and most of the primary branches
of the capillitium soon divide into a flaccid network of grey threads with
broad expansions at the angles ; but some of the primary threads are regular
and branch towards the surface in the manner usual in Lamproderma.
A specimen from New Zealand gathered by Colenso (B.M. slide) is mouldy
and difficult to examine, but the capillitium forms more of a brush and
resembles the British gatherings, which are perfect developments. Occa-
sionally the capillitium threads consist of a darker central strand sur-
rounded by a colourless sheath, which breaks up into segments as in Collo-
derma.

Hab. On dead wood.—Dorset, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, North Wales,
Wigtownshire, Aberdeenshire, Nairnshire, Co. Down, Co. Galway, Sweden,
Tasmania, New Zealand.

2. L. insessum G. Lister in Trans. Br. Myc. Soc., iv. 41,
pl. 1, fig. 2, 2a, b (1912) (perched). Plasmodium ? Sporangia
clustered, sessile, subglobose or forming short plasmodiocarps,
iridescent purple, 0‘8 mm. diam.; sporangium-wall mem-
branous, pale purple. Columella none. Capillitium a scanty
very loose network of broad purplish threads, often expanded
at the angles, and marked with a few bead-like thickenings.
Spores dark brownish-purple, closely spinulose, 18 to 19 p
diam.

Pl. 215.—e. group of sporangia; f. capillitium and spores.

A single gathering only of this inconspicuous species has been recorded ;
it occurred on lichen (Physcia sp.) growing five feet from the ground, on
the trunk of a living sycamore near Forres, N.B., in Sept. 1912. The

unusual habitat may account for the apparent rarity of the species.
Hab. On lichen on living trees.—Elginshire.

3. L. arcyrionema Rost. Mon., 208 (1875) (Arcyria and

LAMPRODERMA | STEMONITACEAE 153

vipa thread). Plasmodium watery-white. Total height 1 to
2mm. Sporangia gregarious, globose, stalked, erect, 0-5 mm.
diam., steel-grey, blue or bronze, shining iridescent ; spor-
angium-wall membranous, pale purple, falling away in large
fragments, persistent as a collar round the base of the spor-
angium. Stalk subulate-setaceous, about 1 mm. high, black,
shining. Columella slender, smooth, cylindrical, reaching to
one-third or one-half the height of the sporangium, suddenly
dividing at the apex into the few primary branches of the
eapillitium. Capillitium of purple-brown or black threads
arising from the apex of the columella, branching repeatedly
and anastomosing to form a close crisped network, with very
short free ends. Spores pale lilac-grey, very faintly warted,
6 to 8 » diam.—Mass. Mon., 96 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 197. Stemonitis physaroides var. subaeneus Berk. in
Herb. Lamproderma subaenewm Mass. l.c., 95 (1892). LL.
inconspicuum Racib. in Hedw., xxxv. 208 (1896)? Coma-
tricha Shimekiana Macbr. in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 380,
t. x, fig. 3 (1893).

Pl. 129.—a. sporangia (Philadelphia); 0. capillitium; c¢. sporangia (England);
d. columella and capillitium of same; e. spore.

This widely distributed species appears to be especially abundant in the
United States, where it is described by Dr. Rex as sometimes occurring in
vast profusion, ‘covering one entire side of a fallen log about 3 feet in
diameter for a length of about 10 feet with the steel-coloured sporangia’.
The specimens marked Stemonitis physaroides var. subaeneus, from Ohio, in
Berkeley's collection (K. 1560, 1562) correspond in every respect with
Rostafinski’s type of Lamproderma arcyrionema in Strasb. Herb. Coma-
tricha Shimekiana Macbr., from Nicaragua (B.M. 1008), is a form of the
present species with rather slender capillitium. The sporangia of L.
arcyrionema are on the whole remarkably constant in character. A variety
has been found near Kamawata, Japan, by Mr. K. Minakata (B.M. 2659),
with unusually lax and slender capillitium, and with spores rather darker
than in the typical form measuring 8 to 9 p» diam.

Hab. On dead wood: not common in Britain ; recorded from Cornwall,
Devon, Somerset, Worcestershire, Bedfordshire, Middlesex, Essex, Norfolk,
Yorkshire, and South Wales ; from France, Poland, Roumania, Switzerland,
Portugal, South Nigeria, Ceylon, East and West Indies, Japan, United
States, Brazil.

4. L. scintillans Morgan in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
xvi. 131 (1894) (sparkling). Plasmodium watery-white. Total
height 1 to 1:55 mm. Sporangia scattered or gregarious,
globose, stalked, erect, 0-3 to 0-5 mm. diam., steel-blue, red
or bronze, brilliantly iridescent ; sporangium-wall delicately
membranous, colourless, falling away in large fragments.
Stalk setaceous, black, shining, rising from a purple-brown
circular hypothallus. Columella cylindrical, truncate, scarcely
reaching to half the height of the sporangium. Capillitium
of rigid threads, radiating from the apex of the columella,
dichotomously branching and anastomosing, black or purple-

154 ENDOSPOREAE [LAMPRODERMA

brown, pale at the base, coloured to the free extremities ;
the threads connecting the apex of the columella with the
somewhat persistent base of the sporangium-wall usually
slender and colourless. Spores violet-grey, minutely warted,
6-5 to 8 w diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 195.
Stemonitis scintillans Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc., xv.
84 (1876). Lamproderma arcyrioides var. iridea Cooke Myx.
Brit., 50 (1877). L. irideum Mass. Mon., 95 (1892); Lister
Mycetozoa, 128. Hnerthenema muscorum Lévy. in Ann. Sci.
Nat., ser. 4, xx. 289 (1863).

Pl. 130.—a, b. sporangia (England); e¢. capillitium and columella; d. branching
thread of capillitium showing the colourless base; e, f. spores.

This species is distinguished from L. violaceum by the bases of the capil-
litium threads being pale where they spring from the truncate apex of the
columella, and by the spores, which, instead of being minutely and closely
spinulose as in the pale-spored form of L. violaceum, are marked with
scattered warts that can easily be counted when magnified 1,000 diam.,
and number about thirty on the hemisphere. It isa most abundant species
in England in heaps of dead leaves; in a fir plantation near Lyme Regis
the stones and herbage by the side of a rivulet and rising from the water
appeared hoary over an area of many square yards with the young rising
sporangia. The type from Ceylon (K. 1634) agrees in all characters with
the English gatherings, and is well described by Berkeley. There are several
specimens of this species in the Kew Collection, named L. arcyrioides var.
uridea Cke. (K. 615-19); these are referred to in Massee’s Monograph
as having smooth spores measuring 11 to 16 », which is misleading. The
type of Hnerthenema muscorum Lév. from New Granada (B.M. 1032),
appears to be a form of the present species; it is on moss, and consists of
scattered sporangia on setaceous stalks, with rigid capillitium threads dark
to the base; the spores measure 7:5 to 9 uw, and are marked with fewer
and larger warts than in the type. Considering the unusual character of
the gathering it seems better to retain Berkeley’s specific name for the
present species, rather than revive that given by Léveillé, although the
latter is of earlier date.

Hab. On dead leaves, twigs, and straw: common in the British Isles
from summer to early spring; widely distributed, especially in temperate
regions ; recorded also from Ceylon, Singapore, and Java; not common in
the United States.

5. L. columbinum Rost. Versuch, 7 (1873) (dove-coloured,
from the sporangia having the iridescence of a pigeon’s neck).
Plasmodium opaque white, rarely yellow. Total height 2 to
3 mm. Sporangia gregarious, globose or ellipsoid, stalked,
erect, 0-5 to 0:8 mm. diam., purplish-black with iridescent
blue or green reflections, or shining like burnished brass ;
sporangium-wall membranous, persistent, purplish in the
lower part, usually mottled with darker shades. Stalk
cylindrical, straight, 1:5 to 2 mm. high, 0-15 mm. thick,
purplish-black, shining, longitudinally striate or rugose,
rising from a dark purplish hypothallus. Columella cylindrical
with a conical apex, or clavate, reaching to more than half the
height of the sporangium. Capillitium dense of brownish-

LAMPRODERMA | STEMONITACEAE 155

purple threads, radiating from the columella, sparingly forked
and anastomosing, towards the surface branching and forming
a delicate, nearly colourless network. Spores purple-grey,
closely spinulose, 11 to 14, rarely 16 diam.—Rost. Mon.,
203; Mass. Mon., 100; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,
194. Physarum columbinum Pers. Obs. Myc., i. 5 (1796) ;
Fr. Syst. Myc., ii. 136. P. saliconwm Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell.,
ii. 200 (1803) ? P. bryophilum Fr. 1.c., 185 (1829)? Stemonitis
physaroides Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 103, t. 11, fig. 8
(1805)? Trichia columbina Poiret in Lam. Encyel., viii. 52
(1808). Fulgia encaustica Chev. Fl. Par., ed. 2, 347 (18386).
Lamproderma physaroides Rost. l.c., 202; Mass. l.c., 103 ;
Lister Mycetozoa, 125; Macbr. l.c., 192. L. Schimperi Rost.
Eon 203.

Var. gracile G. Lister (slender). Plasmodium watery-white.
Sporangia obovoid-cylindrical, obovoid or subglobose, iri-
descent blue or violet ; stalk 2 to 3 mm. long, slender, subulate,
often curved.

Var. iridescens G. Lister in Trans. Br. Myc. Soc., ix. 36 (1923).
Sporangia globose ; stalks stout, long or short; capillitium
lax, colourless or pale purplish—Physarum iridescens Berk.
in Hook. Journ. Bot., iii. 20 (1851). Lamproderma iridescens
Rost. l.c., App. 25 (1876).

Var. brevipes G. Lister l.c. (brevis short, pes foot). Plas-
modium watery-white or yellow. Sporangia globose, iridescent
or dull glossy ; stalks 0-3 to 0-5 mm. long, usually slender ;
capillitium of purplish threads which are tubular, flattened,
and often mottled below, branching and forming an irregular
network above, often with dark expansions at the axils.—
L. Staszcii Racib. in Hedw. xxviii. 116 (1886)? L. Cruchetir
Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., lii. 96 (1918) ?

Pl. 131.—a. sporangia of typical form; 0, c, d. sporangia of var. gracile; e, f. capil-
litium of subglobose and cylindrical sporangia ; g. capillitium from base of sporangium,
and columella; %. columellae of various shapes from one group of sporangia; Jl, m.
spores,

This beautiful and widely distributed species varies much in the shape
of the sporangium and in the colour of the capillitium, while the spores are
remarkably constant in character. The typical form, with brilliantly
iridescent blue or brassy globose sporangia and straight cylindrical stalks,
is the most abundant form in Britain, and occurs on fir wood; var. gracile
with usually longer, iridescent blue sporangia and long slender curved stalks,
is not uncommon on mossy pine stumps. Both these forms have normally
a cylindrical columella and close regularly branched dark capillitium,
ending at the surface in a dense brush or pile of very slender colourless
branchlets; imperfect developments often have a clavate or bulbous
columella. The vars. iridescens and brevipes appear to be weaker forms,
and usually occur on moss on wet rocks, but sometimes on decayed fir
wood. The type of var. iridescens is an almost sessile form with weak
colourless capillitium, found by the late Richard Spruce on liverwort in the
‘Pyrenees in 1851 (K. 1318); sporangia with similar capillitium and either
short or long stalks are not unfrequent on mossy rocks in North Wales.

156 ENDOSPOREAE [LAMPRODERMA

The var. brevipes is a more widely distributed and commoner form, with
short slender stalks and with the dark capillitium often knotted with
irregular expansions at the axils of the branches. All these forms appear to
merge into one another, and defy attempts to divide them into distinct
species. M. Meylan has published a new species, L. Cruchetii, from the
Jura Mountains, differing from var. brevipes only in the yellow colour of
the plasmodium; but as typical L. columbinum sometimes has yellow
plasmodium it seems doubtful if LZ. Cruchetii deserves specific rank. The
description and illustration of Stemonitis physaroides Alb. & Schw., with
globose shining silvery-grey sporangia and compact globular capillitium,
suggest L. arcyrionema rather than the present species, but in the absence
of the type this reference is conjectural. The specimen in the Strasburg
Herbarium of L. physaroides agrees in all respects with the above description
of typical L. columbinum. There are three specimens in that collection
determined by Rostafinski as L. columbinum; one is the present species,
one is a pale form of L. violacewm, and the third is L. scintillans.

Hab. On decayed fir wood and moss: the typical form and var. gracile
are widely distributed in North Temperate regions; var. gracile has also
been recorded from Tasmania: var. iridescens recorded from North Wales,
Aberdeenshire, and the Pyrenees: var. brevipes recorded from Somerset,
Cumberland, Northumberland, North Wales, Aberdeenshire, Co. Dublin,
Vosges and Jura Mountains, and from near Berlin.

6. L. violaceum Rost. Versuch, 7 (1873). Plasmodium
watery-white, rarely yellow. Total height 0-6 to 1-5 mm.
Sporangia stalked, subglobose, more or less flattened and
umbilicate beneath, erect, scattered or gregarious, 0-4 to
0-9 mm. diam., shining with iridescent blue, violet or bronze
reflections ; sporangium-wall membranous, somewhat per-
sistent, colourless or pale violet-brown, often sprinkled with
small scattered clusters of slender hyaline rods, 50 to 100 u
long, which appear to be of a crystalloid nature. Stalk
varying from very short to one and a half times the height
of the sporangium, black, rising from a red-brown mem-
branous hypothallus. Columella one-third to two-thirds the
height of the sporangium, cylindrical, obtuse, or sometimes
narrowing to the apex. Capillitium of almost colourless or
brown threads springing from the upper part of the columella,
branching and anastomosing to form a more or less dense
network, becoming very slender towards the surface. Spores
purplish-grey, minutely spinulose, 8 to 10 » diam.—Rost. in
Fuckel Symb. Fung., Nachtr. 69; Mon., 204; Mass. Mon.,
94; Macbr. in N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 196. Stemonitis
violacea Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 162 (1829). S. arcyrioides Somm.
in Mag. Nat., vii. 298 (1827). Lamproderma arcyrioides Rost.
l.c., 206; Blytt in Bidr. K. Norg., Sop. ii. 8; Mass. l.c., 102.
L. nigrescens Rost. l.c., 205 (1875)? L. leucosporum Rost.
l.c., App. 26 (1876)? L. minutum Rost. l.c.? L. nigrescens
Sacc. in Michelia, ii. 262 (1882) (non Rost.). L. tatricum
Racib. in Hedw., xxviii. 117 (1889)? L. Saccardianum Mass.
l.c., 101 (1892). Zlmadoche Berkeleyi Mass. l.c., 332.

LAMPRODERMA | STEMONITACEAE 157

Var. Sauteri Lister Mycetozoa, 129 (1894) (Dr. Sauter who
found this variety near Salzburg in 1863). Sporangia globose,
or ovoid-globose ; capillitium threads straight or rather
wavy, brown; spores purple-brown, 11 to 15 » diam., nearly
smooth or spinose.—L. Sautert Rost. Mon., 205 (1875); Mey-
lan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., li. 268; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 140. JL. robustum Ellis & Everh. in Mass. Mon., 99
(1892); Macbr. l.c., ed. 2,193. L. arcyrioides Morg. in Journ.
Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi. 131 (1894). Stemonitis Morthieri
Fuckel Symb. Myc., 343 (1869).

Var. Carestiae Lister l.c., 130 (Abbé A. Carestia who
gathered this form in Piedmont in 1861). Sporangia globose
or ovoid, nearly black, shortly stalked or sessile on a dark
membranous hypothallus ; capillitium of dark purple-brown
threads with colourless tips, either flexuose and forming
a dense network, or almost straight and branching at acute
angles ; spores purple-brown, closely spinulose or spinose,
9 to 20 nw diam.—Stemonitis Carestiae Ces. & de Not. Erb.
Crit. Ital., no. 888 (1879).

Pl. 132.—a, 6. sporangia (England); ec. capillitium and columella; d, e. spores ;
f. sporangium of var. Sauteri (Salzburg) ; 9, m. spores of same; h. sporangia of var.
Carestiae (North Italy); 7. capillitium and columella of same; &, J. spores of same.

The varieties given above are well-marked centres, round which inter-
mediate forms group themselves, but neither the size of the spores, the colour
of the capillitium, nor the shape of the sporangia can be taken as giving
constant specific characters. The typical form is usually found in the
lowlands; the two well-marked varieties are essentially alpine forms.
Gatherings made near Lyme Regis show even in a single development
capillitium varying from nearly colourless and flaccid, to brown and rigid,
the associated spores being pale violet-grey, closely and minutely spinulose,
8 to 10yudiam. The type of S. arcyrioides, of which through the courtesy
of Prof. Blytt of Christiania a mounting is in the British Museum, has
globose sporangia, with brown capillitium and minutely spinulose spores
8 to 9 w diam., as in typical L. violacewm. The measurement ‘ 12-5 to 16°5 p’
given by Rostafinski and repeated in other works is erroneous, but is
corrected by Prof. Blytt, lc. By the strict application of the rule of
priority, the name L. arcyrioides should take precedence of L. violaceum,
but the former has been so long associated with a misleading description
that it would seem preferable to retain the familiar and appropriate name
given by Fries. The type of L. Sautert Rost. from Salzburg in the Tyrol,
now in the Strasburg Herbarium, has the same form of sporangium and
abundant brown capillitium as in the type of S. arcyrioides, but has spinulose
spores, 11 to 14 » diam. The type of Lamproderma robustum Ellis and
Everh., from Philadelphia (B.M. slide), is var. Sawtert with dark, strongly
spinulose spores 11 to 13 p» diam. ; it is almost identical with the type of
L. Sauteri. In some gatherings of var. Carestiae the spores measure 9 p,
in others 11 to 14 p, in others again 14 to 20; they are usually dark
purplish-brown, and either nearly smooth or strongly spinulose. Interesting
light is thrown on the strange variety of forms which may occur in this
species by the study of a single development found on the Weissenstein,
Jura Mountains, 4,000 ft. alt., in June 1910. The sporangia are 0:9 to
1-3 mm. diam., subglobose and shortly stalked or sessile, and either brilliant
iridescent blue or dull glossy bronze in colour. The walls of the iridescent
sporangia are membranous and pale purplish, entirely free from refuse-

158 ENDOSPOREAE [LAMPRODERMA

matter of any kind; in the bronze form the sporangium-walls include
much brown granular refuse-matter, evenly distributed or forming irregular
lumps and patches ; in the stalked sporangia the columellae, and capillitium
of slender almost colourless flaccid threads are, on the whole normal ;
but amongst the sessile sporangia a few ring-shaped plasmodiocarps occur,
with walls more or less clothed with refuse-matter, the columella forming
an irregular low ridge, and capillitium consisting of a dense network of
pale slender threads branching mostly at right angles, enclosing meshes
15 to 70 » diam. In all these sporangia the spores are purplish-grey,
minutely spinulose and 9 to 10 » diam., as in the typical form.

Hab. On mossy wood, dead leaves, and twigs: the typical form is
fairly abundant in Great Britain, widely distributed throughout Europe,
and common in the United States ; it has also been recorded from Tasmania :
vars. Sautert and Carestiae occur on turf and hollow herbaceous stalks in
alpine situations; they have been recorded from Scotland, Germany, and
North Italy; they are abundant in Sweden and the Swiss Alps; var.
Sauteri has also been recorded from the western United States.

7. L. Gulielmae Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., lii.
449 (1919) (Gulielma Lister). Plasmodium ‘translucent
yellow’ (Brandza). Sporangia globose or obovoid, stalked,
in loose clusters, 0-35 to 0-45 mm. diam., silvery or iridescent
blue, spotted with black depressed patches corresponding to
thickened purplish-brown areas of the otherwise colourless
sporangium-wall. Stalk black, subulate, 0-5 to 1 mm. high.
Capillitium consisting of pale brown or colourless threads
radiating from the columella, and branching repeatedly at an
acute angle. Spores brownish-purple, strongly spinulose,
12 to 15 » diam.—G. Lister in Journ. Bot., lix. 91. LZ. echinu-
latum ? Baa in Ann. Se. de ’Univ. de Jassy, x. 196,
pl. ii, fig. 3 (1916).

Pl. 215.—-a. sporangia; 0b. sporangium after spore dispersal; ¢. branch of capil-
litium ; d. spore.

This widely distributed species was first described by Prof. Marcel Brandza
from luxuriant colonies found by him on dead beech leaves in mountain
woods in Moldavia; he suggested it might be a form of L. echinulatum,
but describes and figures the spores as closely reticulated ; unfortunately
all his first gatherings were destroyed during the war; later specimens
collected by him have strongly spinulose spores as in M. Ch. Meylan’s type
of L. Gulielmae from Cote aux Fées in the Jura Mountains. The spotted
character of the sporangium enables this species to be identified even in
the field with the aid of a pocket lens.

Hab. On dead leaves of beech and on needles of conifers.—Norfolk,
Aberdeenshire, Jura Mountains and Miirren, Switzerland, Moldavia, and
Colorado.

8. L. cribrarioides R. E. Fries in Svensk. Bot. Tidskr., iv
259 (1910) (Cribraria). Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered or
clustered, globose, 0-8 mm. diam., stalked or sessile, rarely
forming plasmodiocarps, purple- brown, shining with iridescent
colours ; sporangium-wall membranous, colourless above,
purplish-brown below. Stalk black, 0-1 to 0-5 mm. high.
Columella cylindrical, reaching to half or two-thirds the

LAMPRODERMA | STEMONITACEAE 159

height of the sporangium, absent in the plasmodiocarp form.
Capillitium a network of pale or dark purplish-brown flexuose
threads, which are stouter below, slender and colourless at
the tips. Spores brownish-purple, 11 to 18 » diam., regularly
reticulated with narrow raised bands that form a net with
from 8 to 24 meshes on the hemisphere, and show as a border
0-5 to 1:5 wide —R. E. Fr. l.c., vi. 768; Meylan in Bull.
Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., li. 264. Stemonitis cribrarioides Fr. Syst.
Mye., ili. 163 (1829). Lamproderma Lycopodii Raunk. in Bot. °
Tidsskr., xvii. 109 (1888) ; Lister in Journ. Bot., xlvi. 218.

Pl. 133.—a. plasmodiocarp (Switzerland) ; 0, ec. capillitium; d, e. spores.

Dr. R. E. Fries has examined the type of Stemonitis cribrarioides Fr.,
gathered near Arnstadt, Thuringia, on Lycopodium annotinum by Lucas,
and preserved in the Botanical Museum, Upsala, and finds it corresponds
perfectly with specimens obtained by himself in Lappmark on dead stalks
of Mulgedium alpinum ; it is also similar to the type of L. Lycopodit Raun-
kiaer, which was found on the island of Zealand, Denmark, on Lycopodium
annotinum. JL. cribrartoides occurred on the Col de Venose in Dauphiné,
near melting snow, in May 1922, scattered over the large irregular nodules
formed by the sclerotium of Diderma Lyallit. M. Meylan finds it common
and ‘in numerous forms’ on leaves and twigs high on Jura Mountains in
springtime. A curious pulvinate plasmodiocarp form was found by Dr.
A. Volkart on the Fiirstenalp, Graubunden, 1,700 m. alt., scattered over
a spray of Lycopodium alpinum ; no columella is developed, and the dense
network of pale brown capillitium arises from the whole of the shining
reddish-brown floor of the sporangium. On the same spray of Lycopodium
were sporangia of L. violacewm var. Carestiae, suggesting, at first sight,
that all these sporangia might be variants of the same species. A fine
colony of L. cribrarioides was found in October 1922 by Miss A. M. Davidson
on a pine stump in Hazelhead Wood near Aberdeen. This species resembles
L. violaceum var. Sauteri in capillitium and general appearance and differs
chiefly in the sharply defined reticulation of the spores.

Hab. On pine stumps: also on Lycopodium, dead leaves, twigs, &c., on
moorland and in alpine meadows.—Aberdeenshire, North Sweden, Island
of Zealand, Thuringia, Dauphiné, Switzerland, Austria.

9. L. eristatum Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., liii.
457 (1921) (crested). Plasmodium? Sporangia crowded or
scattered, shortly stalked or sessile on a membranous hypo-
thallus, subglobose or ovoid, 1 to 1:5 mm. diam., silvery
iridescent. Capillitium either brown, radiating in somewhat
wavy lines from the columella, as in L. violacewm var. Sauterv,
or forming a dense network of dark threads with colourless
tips, as in L. violacewm var. Carestiae. Spores dark brownish-
purple in mass, marked with short broad flat-topped warts
or short ridges, 11 to 15 pw, purple-grey.

Pl. 216.—h. spores.

This alpine species has been found in some abundance by M. Meylan,
in four different localities during the last four years in the Jura Mountains
near Ste. Croix. Although the capillitium may vary considerably even in
a.single development, the spores retain their characteristic markings.
These, as M. Meylan points out, resemble those on the spores of T'richia

160 ENDOSPOREAE [LAMPRODERMA

persimilis; under a high magnification the broad warts and ridges are
seen to be hollow membranous vesicles enclosing air and marked along
their crests by small papillae.

Hab. On leaves, twigs, &c., near melting snow.—Jura Mountains.

10. L. atrosporum Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat.,
xlvi. 51 (1910) (ater black, czopa seed). Plasmodium ? Spor-
angia clustered or scattered, subglobose or ovoid, stalked or
sessile, glossy purple-black with silvery or iridescent reflections,
0-8 to 1-4 mm. diam.; sporangium-wall purplish, at length
breaking up into fragments. Stalks black, 0-1 to 1 mm. high,
on a dark membranous hypothallus. Columella cylindrical
or clavate, about half the height of the sporangium. Capil-
litium consisting of nearly black or purple-brown threads,
branched and anastomosing, slightly flexuose or closely
crisped, dark to the tips of the branchlets which are often
thickened and adhere to the sporangium-wall. Spores brown-
ish-purple or purplish-grey, 11 to 15 » diam., either closely
and minutely spinulose, or marked with scattered spines, or
more or less completely reticulated with rows of minute warts
or raised bands.

Var. anglicum G. Lister & Howard in Journ. Bot., lvii. 27
(1919) (English). Sporangia shortly stalked or sessile, clus-
tered or scattered, narrowly obovoid, ovoid or subglobose,
0-5 to 0-6 mm. diam., dark purple-brown with iridescent blue
reflections ; sporangium-wall purplish-brown. Stalk slender,
0-1 to 0-3 mm. high. Columella long, slender, and cylindrical,
or clavate, irregular and merging by membranous expansions
into the capillitium ; capillitium threads dark to the- tips of
branchlets which adhere to the sporangium-wall. Spores
purplish-grey, 11 to 14 uw, more or less reticulated with rows
of minute warts, or raised lines, or spinose.

Var. debile G. Lister & Howard (weak). Sporangia clustered
or scattered, sessile, subglobose or hemispherical on a mem-
branous base, rarely forming plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-
wall pale purplish-brown. Columella black, shortly cylindrical,
convex, or often entirely absent. Capillitium a dense network
of pale purplish or colourless threads with membranous
expansions at the angles. Spores purplish-grey, very pale in
some specimens, closely and minutely spinulose all over, or
marked with a few small scattered clusters of minute warts,
9 to 12 » diam.—L. violaceum var. debile G. Lister & Howard
in Journ. Bot., lvii. 25 (1919).

Pl. 133.—f. sporangia ; g. showing capillitium after dispersion of spores ; h, 7. spores.

Pi. 216.—a. var. anglicum, stalked and sessile sporangia; b. capillitium attached
by tips of branchlets to sporangium-wall; ec. spores with broken or complete reticu-
lation : var. debile, group of sporangia, one of which shows a flat base and rudimentary
columella ; e, f. spores from two sporangia showing variety of markings; h. fragment
of colourless capillitium.

The typical form of this species is not unfrequent in many parts of the
Swiss Alps and in the Jura Mountains. Although closely allied to L. vio-

CLASTODERMA | STEMONITACEAE 161

laceum var. Carestiae and L. cribrarioides, it is distinguished from both by
the dark tips of the capillitium threads adhering firmly to the sporangium-
wall; this causes the wall to break up into many fragments and gives the
unburst sporangia a less brilliant iridescent sheen than in the allied
species. The var. anglicum was first gathered in fair abundance by Mr.
H. J. Howard in heaps of dead beech leaves in a wood near Norwich, in the
spring of 1918, and again in 1920, 1922, and 1923; Mr. E. Brazier found it
near Stourbridge, Worcestershire, in May 1920, also on beech leaves ;
in every case it was associated with var. debile, which was the distinctly
more abundant variety; in a few instances forms occurred intermediate
in character. Without these intermediate forms, any connexion between
the var. debile with its pale capillitium and spores and var. anglicum with
dark capillitium and spores would have seemed highly improbable.

Hab. On dead beech leaves, twigs, &c., in alpine situations.—Switzerland :
vars. anglicum and debile recorded from Norfolk and Worcestershire.

Genus 23.—CLASTODERMA Blytt in Bot. Zeit., xxxviii.
343 (1880) (kAacrds broken to pieces, d¢pya skin). Sporangia
stalked, without lime; columella very short; capillitium
arising from the apex of the columella as solid pale brown
threads, repeatedly forking, sparingly anastomosing ;_ spor-
angium-wall dividing into membranous rounded or polygonal
fragments, attached to one or several of the ultimate branches
of the capillitium; spores pale brown.—ORTHOTRICHA
Wingate in Journ. Myc., ii. 125 (1886).

1. C. Debaryanum Blytt l.c. (Anton de Bary, 1831 to 1888,
a master in the study of Mycetozoa). Plasmodium watery-
white. Total height 1 to 1:25 mm. Sporangia gregarious,
globose, stalked, 0-15 to 0:2 mm. diam., brown ; sporangium-
wall membranous, persistent only in circular or polygonal
plates attached to the ultimate branches of the capillitium.
Stalks slender, dark, rugose and enclosing refuse-matter below,
smooth, solid, translucent brown above; about the middle
there is usually a swollen shining and sticky portion enclosing
refuse-matter. Columella short, dividing into the primary
branches of the capillitium. Capillitium of pale brown threads,
forking three or four times, sparingly anastomosing at the
surface, the ultimate branchlets attached singly or two or
three together to the persistent plates of the sporangium-wall.
Spores pale brown, smooth, 7 to 10 uw diam.—R. E. Fries in
Svensk. Bot. Tidsk., vi. 769; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2,191. Orthotricha microcephala Wing. |.c.; Mass. Mon.,
109.

Pl. 135.—a. sporangia (Philadelphia); 6. sporangia after dispersion of spores ;
¢. capillitium branches; d. capillitium with expanded membranous plates (Norway) ;
e. spore; f. sporangium (Norway); g. spore (Ceylon).

This minute species was discovered by Prof. Blytt in 1879, near Christiania,
growing on dead Polyporus. In the United States it has been repeatedly
found, and was described by Mr. Wingate as Orthotricha microcephala.
In these gatherings the threads anastomose more freely than in the Nor-
wegian specimen, and the disc-shaped fragments of the sporangium-wall

M

162 ENDOSPOREAE [BARBEYELLA

are usually less pronounced; in some sporangia, however, they agree
essentially with the type. Mr. Petch describes Clastoderma Debaryanum as
being rather common in Ceylon ‘on rotten wood in up-country jungles’,
but found also at lower elevations (see Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 354).

Hab. On dead wood, gorse sticks, &c.—Somerset, Norway, Sweden,
Austria, Portugal, Ceylon, Borneo, New South Wales, New Zealand, Japan,
the more eastern United States and 8S. Chili.

Genus 24.—ECHINOSTELIUM de Bary in Rost. Versuch,
7 (1873) (éxtvos hedgehog, o77An column). Sporangia stalked,
very minute, 50 diam., colourless; capillitium branches
few, arising from the apex of a short columella.*

1. E. minutum de Bary l.c. Plasmodium colourless. Spor-
angia scattered, stalked, colourless, globose, 40 to 50 » diam.
Sporangium-wall persistent at the base as a minute collar.
Stalk subulate, 0-4 mm. long, solid and hyaline above, enclos-
ing nearly colourless refuse-matter below. Columella slender,
3 to 4 p high. Capillitium of two or three colourless zigzag
threads, simple or sparingly branched and anastomosing,
with free spine- or hook-like branches. Spores colourless,
smooth, 6 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 215, figs. 53, 54, 58, 68 ;
Mass. Mon., 109; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 198.

Pl. 128.—f. ore (Dumfriesshire) ; g. sporangium showing capillitium ; all the
spores but two are dispersed; #. various forms of capillitium ; 7. spores.

This inconspicuous hyaline species appears to be most nearly allied to
Clastoderma Debaryanum. It may be easily mistaken in the field for the
fruit of a Mucor. The spore-wall is not perfectly uniform, but is divided
into areolae by thin lines of dehiscence.

Hab. On dead wood.—Herefordshire, Cheshire, Dumfriesshire, Aberdeen -
shire, Austria, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts (in a culture of Prof.
Thaxter’s).

Genus 25.—BARBEYELLA Meylan in Bull. Soc. Bot.
Genéve, sér. 2, vi. 89 (1914), figs. 1 to 6 (M. Barbey, a Swiss
botanist). Sporangia subglobose, stalked, with the dull
purple walls dehiscing in lobes and somewhat persistent ;
capillitium of few simple black threads radiating from the
summit of the columella.

1. B. minutissima Meylan l.c. Plasmodium? Sporangia
scattered, stalked, subglobose, angular, 0-13 to 2 mm. diam.,
dull blackish-purple, glossy along the angles; sporangium-
walls membranous, dull purple, with scattered deposits of
dark refuse-matter, breaking up into a few persistent irregular

* Heimerlia hyalina F. v. Hohnel (Ann. Myc., i. 391 (1903) ), which has by some
writers been included among the Mycetozoa, does not appear to belong to this group.
Very little is known of its life-history. The minute colourless sporangia somewhat
resemble those of Echinostelium minutwm in size and shape. The slender subulate
stalk penetrates the sporangium to form a long columella; there is no capillitium ; the
spores are held together by a drop of hyaline mucilage; they do not give rise to
amoeboid bodies, but the contents consist of a long closely coiled thread ; when placed
in water the spore-wall bursts and the thread rapidly straightens into a non-motile rod
70 to 80» long, 0:2 « wide. These observations were made on specimens that appeared
on dead wood at Lyme Regis in July 1904; the further fate of the threads was not
traced. It appears possible that Endodromia vitrea Berk. (Hook. Journ. Bot., iii. 78,
t. 1, fig. c, (1841) ) is the same species,

AMAUROCHAETACEAE 163

lobes and plates, the margins of which are slightly reflexed,
thickened, and minutely papillose. Stalk black, subulate,
solid above, tubular and enclosing refuse-matter below,
0:2 to 0-6 mm. high. Columella black, about half the height
of the sporangium, cylindrical or thickened at the summit
from which most of the few, 7 to 10, dark simple capillitium
threads radiate, to adhere by their tips to the sporangium-
wall. Spores pale purplish-grey, minutely warted, 7 to 8 wp.

Pl. 217.—d. sporangia on liverwort, two unbroken, one burst and showing capil-
litium; e. sporangium from a glycerine mounting; f. columella, capillitium, and part
of sporangium-wall; g. spore.

This minute species has been found twice by M. Ch. Meylan on liverworts,
near Ste. Croix in the Jura Mountains, at an altitude of over 4,000 ft.
It resembles Clastoderma and Echinostelium in the stalk being solid above
and enclosing refuse-matter in the lower part, but in colour is more like

a Lamproderma.
Hab. On liverworts.—Jura Mountains.

Family IJJ.—AMAUROCHAETACEAE.

Sporangia combined into an aethalium. Capillitium dark
purple-brown, of irregular strands and threads, or of complex
vesicles.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF AMAUROCHAETACEAE.

Capillitium of irregularly branching threads ; spores in mass
black. (26) AMAUROCHAETE

Fig. 34.—Amaurochaete fuliginosa Machr,

a. Aethalium. Half natural size.
b. Capillitium. Magnified 10 times.

Fig. 34,

Capillitium of horizontal threads, with many chambered

vesicles ; spores in mass purple-brown.
(27) BREFELDIA

Fig. 35.— Brefeldia maxima Rost.
a. Aethalium. Natural size.
b. Capillitium and spores. Magnified 50 times.

164 ENDOSPOREAE [ AMAUROCHAETE

Genus 26.—AMAUROCHAETE Rostafinski Versuch, 8
(1873) (duavpds dark, yairn mane). Aethalium pulvinate, com-
posed of elongated closely compacted confluent sporangia ;
sporangium-walls not developed within the aethalium. Colu-
mellae black, arising from a dark membranous hypothallus,
irregularly branched and anastomosing, merging into the strands
and threads of the capillitium. Spores in mass black.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AMAUROCHAETE.

Capillitium branches irregularly anastomosing.
1. A. fuliginosa

Capillitium an elastic network of curved threads.
2. A. cribrosa

1. A. fuliginosa Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 109 (1899)
(sooty). Plasmodium creamy-white. Aethalium pulvinate
on a broad base, 1 to 8 cm. diam., rarely subglobose, 0:5 to
1 cm. diam. and attached to the substratum by a slender
stalk-like strand of hypothallus, glossy purplish-black ;
cortex divided by thinner lines into polygonal areolae, 0-4 to
0-8 mm. diam., representing the summits of the component
sporangia. Columellae of black rigid flattened strands,
forked and anastomosing, arising from a dark purplish mem-
branous base. Capillitium of irregular dark strands branching
repeatedly at acute angles and anastomosing, the ultimate
branchlets slender. Spores purplish-grey, paler on one side,
minutely spinulose, 11 to 14 » diam.—Lycoperdon fuliginosum
Sow. Engl. Fung., t. 257, with description (1803). Lycogala
atrum Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 83 (1805). Dermodium
inquinans Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., iii. 25 (1809) ?
Strongylium atrum Swartz in Hand. K. Svenska Vet. Acad.,
110 (1815). S. majus Fr. Symb. Gast., 9 (1817). Reticularia
Strongylium Schwein. Syn. Fung. Carol., 35 (1822). R. atra
Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 86 (1829). Amawrochaete atra Rost.
Versuch, 8 (1873) ; Mon., 211; Mass. Mon., 89; Lister Myce-
tozoa, 134.

Pl. 136.—a. capillitium (England); b, ce. spores.

Sowerby’s illustration of Lycoperdon fuliginosum with the accompanying
note so well represents the present species, that his specific name must take
precedence over that of Albertini and Schweinitz. The spores when first
matured are a rich brownish-purple, but in a few days they fade to dull
purplish-grey when seen by transmitted light.

Hab. On dead coniferous wood: not uncommon in Great Britain and
widely distributed throughout Europe, the United States, and Japan.

2. A. cribrosa Sturgis in Mycologia, ix. 329 (1917) (sieve-
like). Plasmodium watery-white. Aethalia subglobose or
pulvinate, | to 4cm. diam., glossy black, sessile, rarely stalked ;

BREFELDIA | AMAUROCHAETACEAE 165

sporangium-walls represented by the polygonal areolae of the
purplish membranous cortex. Columellae numerous, less stout
than in the preceding species, branched and anastomosing,
dividing above into the capillitium which forms an elastic
network of dark arcuate threads, sometimes divided or lobed
towards the surface of the aethalium to show the contours
of the component sporangia. Spores black in mass, purplish-
grey by transmitted light with a pale area of dehiscence, closely
and minutely spinulose, 11 to 15 ~.—Lachnobolus cribrosus
Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg., 148 (1825). Reticularia nitens Morg. in
Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii. 40, pl. ii, fig. 11 (1895) ?
Amaurochaete Tubulina Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,
150 (1922). Matruchiotiella splendida Skup. in Bull. Ac. Pol.
Sc., 1924, 396, figs. 4 to 6.

Pl. 217.—a. two aethalia, one entire, the other after spore-dispersal (Vadheim) ;
b. capillitium ; c. spores.

In the former editions of this work the present species was included under
A. fuliginosa, but gatherings from many localities show it to be a well-
marked and constant form having the capillitium more fully developed
and of a far more graceful type. The relation between the two forms is
discussed by Fries (Syst. Myc., iii. 87), who points out their general resem-
blance, but draws attention to the remarkable dense woolly elastic network
of ‘Lachnobolus cribrosus’. A portion of Fries’s type, marked ‘ Lachnobolus
cribrosus ex herb. Greville’, is in the Edinburgh Herbarium, and well
illustrates the characters described above. Prof. Macbride considers that
Stemonitis Tubulina Alb. & Schw. (Consp. Fung., 102) refers to this species,
but the spores are described as dark brown, and Fries, who had seen the
type of S. Tubulina, regarded it as a confluent form of Stemonitis fusca
with the summits of the sporangia black and shining as the result of too
rapid drying (Syst. Myc., iii. 157).

Hab. On dead coniferous wood.—Yorkshire, Staffordshire, Aberdeen-
shire, Norway, Poland, Japan, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Washington.

Genus 27.—BREFELDIA Rostafinski Versuch, 8 (1873)
(O. Brefeld, a German botanist; b. 1839). Aethalium
pulvinate, consisting of subcylindrical, somewhat branched
and confluent sporangia, rising from a base of spongy barren
tissue, which is continued among the lower portions of the
sporangia in irregular folds ; imperfect sporangium-walls and
central columellae sometimes present. Capillittum of numer-
ous horizontal threads, uniting at the surface of the adjacent
sporangia to form many-chambered vesicles.

1. B. maxima Rost. Versuch, 8 (1873) (largest). Plas-
modium creamy-white. Aethalium large pulvinate, 2 to
30 cm. or more across, 5 to 10 mm. thick, purplish-brown,
composed of elongated branching sporangia 0:3 to 0-5 mm.
diam., extending upwards from the spongy basal tissue ;
distinct rigid columellae often present. Capillitium consisting
of numerous dark threads radiating from the inner part of
each sporangium, free from the columella; each thread

166 ENDOSPOREAE

expands at the surface of the sporangium into a many-
chambered vesicle, which is continued into a corresponding
radial thread of the adjoining sporangium ; the proximal ends
of the threads are connected in clusters of three or four by
a fragile membrane; the vesicles are of firm texture, often
containing a spore in several of the chambers, occasionally
coalescing in fewer or greater numbers to form vertical
scalariform strands. Spores purplish-brown, minutely spin-
ulose, 9 to 12 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 213; Mass. Mon., 91 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 154. Dermodiwm in-
quinans Fr. Symb. Gast., 9 (1817)? Reticularia maxima
Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg., i. 147 (1825). Licea perreptans Berk. in
Gard. Chron., 1848, 451.

Pl. 136.—d. subdiagrammatic view of portions of four columnar sporangia from
an aethalium ; each sporangium has a central columella, and is clothed on the surface
with numerous vesicles, from which short capillitium threads pass into the adjacent
sporangia; at x. is seen a scalariform strand, formed by vertical union of a row of
vesicles ; e. capillitium threads and vesicles; f. spores (England).

The complex structure of the capillitium is difficult to follow in the
lower part of an aethalium; towards the surface the sporangia are often
separated from each other by narrow intervals; their sides are then seen
to glitter with the numberless vesicles of the capillitium, the threads of which
penetrate the adjacent sporangia to the distance of 0-07 to 0-1 mm., or
about half the radius. The entire length of the threads, including the
central vesicle, is 0-15 to 0:23 mm. The mass of spores in the central part
of the sporangium is not traversed by any threads. In the lower strata the
threads are sometimes attached at each extremity to folds of the membrane
arising from the spongy base; the rigid columellae, throughout the upper
part at least, are free from the capillitium. The plasmodia are sometimes
very large, and may wander from the place of emergence and climb adjacent
plants or other objects to mature into aethalia one or two feet in length.
In the field this species often shows considerable resemblance to the con-
fluent form of a Stemonitis, the genus to which Brefeldia appears to be nearly
allied.

Hab. On dead wood: not uncommon in the British Isles in autumn
and winter ; widely distributed throughout Europe and the United States.

Order Il.—LAMPROSPORALES.

Spores variously coloured, not violet-brown or purplish-
grey, except in Licea minima and. Listerella, q.v.

Suborder 1—ANEHEMINEAE.

Capillitium absent or not forming a system of uniform
threads, except in Alwisia, q.v.

Family I—HETERODERMACEAE.

Sporangium-wall membranous, studded with microscopic
round granules (plasmodic granules), either continuous or
forming a net in the upper part ; capillitium wanting ; spores
4 to 7 w diam.

LINDBLADIA | HETERODERMACEAE 167

KEY TO THE GENERA OF HETERODERMACEAE.

Sporangia sessile, compacted or aethalioid, the wall not form-
ing anetin the upper part. (28) LINDBLADIA

Fig. 36.—Lindbladia effusa Rost.
a. Aethalium. Natural size.
b. Vertical section of aethalium. Magnified 6 times.

Sporangia stalked ; sporangium-wall with thickenings in the
form of a delicate persistent net expanded at the nodes.
(29) CRIBRARIA

Fig. 37.—Cribraria vulgaris Schrad.
a. Group of sporangia. Twice natural size.

b. Sporangium after dispersion of the spores. Mag-
nified 20 times.

Sporangia stalked ; sporangium-wall with thickenings in the
form of nearly parallel ribs extending from the base to the
apex, connected by delicate threads. (30) DictyDIuM

Fig. 38.—Dictydium cancellatum Macbr.
a. Group of sporangia. Twice natural size.

b. Sporangium after the dispersion of spores. Mag-
nified 20 times.

Genus 28.—LINDBLADIA Fries Summa Veg. Scand., 449
(1849) (M. A. Lindblad, 1821 to 1899, a Swedish botanist).
Sporangia either combined to form an aethalium, or closely
compacted, rarely free; sporangium-wall membranous,
studded with microscopic dark plasmodic granules.

1. L. effusa Rost. Mon., 223 (1875) (poured out). Plas-
modium brownish-black. Sporangia cylindrical, convolute,
combined to form a more or less complex effused or pulvinate
aethalium, 1 to 25 cm. across, 2 to 10 mm. thick, either black

168 ENDOSPOREAE [CRIBRARIA

with a cortex of imperfectly developed spores, or umber-
brown and the surface formed by the convex summits of the
component sporangia each about 0-4 mm. diam.; hypothallus
strongly developed, membranous, forming a more or less spongy
tissue ; sporangium-walls entire or perforated, membranous,
yellow-brown, studded with dark plasmodic granules grouped
in clusters or forming irregular veins. Spores ochraceous-
brown, faintly warted, 4 to 6 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 204. Licea effusa Ehrenb. Sylv. Myc. Berol.,
26 (1818). Reticularia maxima Corda Icon., vi. 14, t. li, fig. 35
(1854). Lindbladia Tubulina Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., 449
(1849); Lister Mycetozoa, 137. Aethaliwm melaenum Chev.
in Fung. et Byss. Ilustr., i. (1837), t. 32. A. atrum Preuss
in Linnaea, xxiv. 141 (1851). Tubulina effusa Mass. Mon.,
41 (1892).

Var. simplex Rex in Bot. Gaz., xvii. 202 (1892). Sporangia
shortly cylindrical, closely compacted, sessile, rarely free and
shortly stalked.—Licea spermoides Berk. & Curt. in Grev.,
ii. 68 (1873). Physarum caespitosum Peck in Rep. N. York
Mus:, xxvi. 75 (1874). Perichaena caespitosa Peck l.c., xxxi.
57 (1879). Tubulina spermoides Mass. Mon., 37 (1892). 7.
caespitosa Mass. l.c., 43.

Pl. 187.—a. vertical section of part of a pulvinate aethalium; 6. fragment of
sporangium-wall and spores; c.sporangia, var. simplex; d. sessile and stalked sporangia
var. simplex approaching Cribraria argillacea; e. fragment of sporangium-wall and
spores of same; f. spore (United States).

The sporangium-walls in the aethalioid form are usually continuous ;
some aethalia, however, gathered by Mr. K. Minakata in the province of
Kii, Japan, have the walls widely perforated with large rounded openings
as in the genus Hnteridium. A complete series of intermediate forms
connects the var. simplex on the one hand with typical L. effusa and on
the other with Cribraria argillacea, as was first pointed out by Dr. Rex.
Licea spermoides Berk. & Curt. is var. simplex, and is represented by several
specimens in the Kew Collection, including the type from Alabama referred
to by Rostafinski in his App. 32; he cites the name as a synonym for
Cribrarva argillacea (K. 1695), but the sporangium-wall shows no indication
of a net to warrant its being placed under that species.

Hab. On dead coniferous wood and sawdust heaps: widely distributed
throughout Great Britain, and North Temperate regions; recorded also
from Ceylon: var. simplex recorded from Moldavia, Japan, and the United
States.

Genus 29.—CRIBRARIA Persoon in Roemer Neues Mag.
Bot., 1. 91 (1794) (from cribrum a sieve). Sporangia globose
or pyriform, stalked ; sporangium-wall either forming a cup
in the lower half or reduced to a basal disc, continued above
as a net of slender threads more or less expanded and thick-
ened at the nodes, membranous and evanescent in the meshes
of the net.

CRIBRARIA | HETERODERMACEAE 169

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CRIBRARIA.
A. Nodes of the net rarely thickened (see also 8) :—

A. Spores clay-coloured, cup imperfectly defined, spor-
angium-wall subpersistent above. 1. C. argillacea

B. Spores dull crimson, net close. 2. C. rubiginosa
c. Spores nut-brown or rufous—
Sporangia 0-6 mm. diam., net lax. 3. C. rufa
Sporangia 0-1to0-2mm.diam. 4. C. minutissima

D. Spores brick-red ; sporangia 1 to 1-5 mm. diam.
5. C. ferruginea

B. Nodes of net thickened :—
A. Spores ochraceous or yellow—
a. Cup ribbed, perforated at the margin, merging into

the branching nodes. 6. C. macrocarpa
b. Cup well-defined, nodes ely, flattened, angular,
branching. 7. 0. vulgaris
c. Cup replaced by strong ribs, nodes either flattened or
little developed. 8. C. splendens

d. Cup well-defined or absent, nodes thickened, promi-
nent, numerous—
Nodes with free rays, and connected by five to
eight slender threads. 9. C. intricata
Nodes rounded in outline, often without free rays,
connected by four to five slender threads.
10. C. tenella
B. Spores dull red or brownish-pink—

a. Stalk two to four times the height of the sporangium ;
plasmodic granules dark, 1 to 2 w diam.
ll. C. piriformis
b. Stalk four to six times the height of the sporangium—
Cup one-third the height of the sporangium, nodes
polygonal. 12. C. languescens
Cup minute or absent, nodes rounded, prominent.
13. C. microcarpa
C. Spores purple-red—
Cup one-third the height of the sporangium, 0-7 mm.
diam. 14. CO. purpurea
Cup one-half of the sporangium, 0-5 mm. diam.
15. C. elegans

D. Spores violet-blue. 16. C. violacea

EPG UMA ie ENDOSPOREAE [CRIBRARIA

1. C. argillacea Pers. in Roemer Neues Mag. Bot., i. 91
(1794) (clayey). Plasmodium lead-coloured or purplish-olive.
Total height 0-75 to 15 mm. Sporangia globose, crowded,
shortly stalked or nearly sessile, 0-5 to 0-8 mm. diam., when
immature lilac or lead-coloured, at length clay-coloured ; cup
imperfectly defined ; sporangium-wall often persistent through-
out, delicately membranous above, stouter towards the base
where it is usually strengthened with rather few strong ribs,
or reticulated all over with strongly or faintly thickened bands,
which form a net with hardly expanded nodes and meshes
about 0-1 mm. wide. Plasmodic granules dark, 1 » diam.
Stalk 0-1 to 0-8 mm. high, furrowed, dark brown, arising
from a well-developed hypothallus. Spores ochraceous, nearly
smooth, 5 to 6 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 238; Mass. Mon., 65 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 218. Stemonitis argillacea
Pers. in Gmel. Syst. Nat., ii. 1469 (1791). S. sphaerocarpa
Schrank in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot., xii. 20 (1790) ? Cribraria
micropus Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 3 (1797). Trichia argillacea
Poiret in Lam. Encycl., viii. 55 (1808). Lacea brunnea Preuss
in Linnaea, xxvi. 709 (1853) ?

Pl. 138.—a. sporangia (England); b. net of sporangium-wall and stalk; c¢. spores
and plasmodic granules; d. spores.

This species varies much in the extent to which the ribs and net of the
sporangium-wall are developed. In the usual form the thickened bands
are dark brown, well-defined, hardly expanded at the nodes, often stouter
towards the base; but in some gatherings the thickenings are close, faint,
and broad, and the wall of the sporangium is nearly uniform in texture,
when it closely resembles the var. simplex of Lindbladia effusa.

Hab. On dead wood: abundant in the British Isles in summer and
autumn ; widely distributed throughout all temperate regions.

2. C. rubiginosa Fries Syst. Myc., ii. 172 (1829) (rusty).
Plasmodium purple-black. Totalheight 2to4mm. Sporangia
forming large colonies on a well-developed hypothallus,
ellipsoid or subglobose, stalked, 1 to 1-7 mm. high, 1 to
1-5 mm. broad, dull crimson ; cup one-third to half the height
of the sporangium, ill-defined above, thickened with numerous
oblique curved or horizontal lines, or closely reticulated with
thickened bands, studded with plasmodic granules 1 to 1:5 uw
diam. ; net of slender red-brown rigid threads with a mesh
about 0-1 mm. diam., without conspicuous expansions at the
nodes. Stalk rugged, dark brown, 0:3 to 3-5 mm. long, 0-2 mm.
thick. Spores rufous, minutely warted, 5 to 6 w diam.—
Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud., xliv. 294.

Pl. 139.—a. sporangia (Sweden); 6. sporangium after dispersion of spores, from
¥ mounting in Canada balsam ; ¢. part of net of sporangium-wall with margin of cup ;
, & spores.

This handsome species is allied to C. macrocarpa, but differs in the ruddy
colour of the spores, and in the less expanded nodes of the sporangial net.
It is not uncommon in mountain woods in Moldavia, where Prof. Brandza
describes colonies several centimetres across on decayed trunks of spruce

CRIBRABIA | HETERODERMACEAE Lil

and silver fir. The sporangia are crimson when fresh and fade to brown on
weathering. M. Meylan finds in the Jura Mountains a form with stalks
two and even three millimetres long which he has published as var. longipes
(1.c.).

Hab. On dead coniferous wood, in: autumn.—Sweden, Switzerland,
Moldavia.

3. C. rufa Rost. Mon., 232 (1875) (red). Plasmodium milk-
white. Total height 1:5 to 2 mm. Sporangia scattered,
stalked, subglobose or turbinate, erect, 0-6 to 0-7 mm. diam.,
bright orange-red ; cup one-third the height of the sporan-
gium, with a regularly toothed margin, more or less ribbed,
the thicker ribs continued into the wide-meshed net; the
plasmodic granules of the sporangium-wall hardly 1 pw diam. ;
nodes of the net scarcely expanded, or narrow, triangular and
flattened, connected by three or four firm threads. Stalk
cylindrical, the length of the sporangium or more, 0-2 mm.
thick, longitudinally rugose, black. Spores pale yellowish-
red, minutely warted, 5 to 8 » diam.—Mass. Mon., 63 ; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 220. Stemonitis rufa Roth FI.
Germ., i. 548 (1788). Cribraria rufescens Pers. in Roemer
N. Mag. Bot., i. 91 (1794); Lister Mycetozoa, 140. C. inter-
media Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 4 (1797). C. fulva Schrad. l.c., 5.
Trichia rufescens Poiret in Lam. Encycl., viii. 55 (1808).

Pl. 140.—a. sporangia (Scotland); 6. net and cup of sporangium-wall; c. spore
and plasmodic-granules.

This well-marked species is remarkably constant in its characters; it
appears to be most nearly allied to C. minutissima, from which it differs
in its much larger proportions.

Hab. On coniferous wood or on dead trunks of Castanea.—Not uncommon
in the British Isles and widely distributed throughout Europe; recorded
also from Japan, Prince Edward’s Isle, and the States of Oregon and
Washington.

4. C. minutissima Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., n.s.
iv. 260 (1832) (very minute). Plasmodium blackish-blue.
Total height 0:5 to 0:7 mm. Sporangia stalked, gregarious,
globose, erect or inclined, 0-1 to 0:2 mm. diam., nut-brown ;
cup either about half the height of the sporangium, or entirely
wanting, pale nut-brown, nearly even at the margin, faintly
striate longitudinally with lines of plasmodic granules 1 yw
diam. ; nodes of the net not expanded, or narrow and flattened,
connected by three to five slender threads. Stalk filiform,
one and a half to four times the height of the sporangium,
brown. Spores ochraceous, minutely spinulose, 5 to 6-5 p.—
Rost. Mon., App. 31; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,
220. Cribraria minima Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ii. 67 (1873) ;
Mass. Mon., 59. C. microscopica Berk. & Curt. l.c.; Rost.
lic.; Mass. Mon., 62.

Pl. 140.—d. to g. sporangia after dispersion of spores; A. spore and plasmodic
granules (United States).

172 ENDOSPOREAE [CRIBRARIA

In the large gatherings obtained by Dr. Rex of this minute species, there
is great variety in the size of the cup and in the extent to which the nodes
of the net are enlarged. Nothing now remains in this country of the type
specimen of C. microscopica Berk. & Curt., but from Berkeley’s description
and figure it appears to be a form of the present species with the nodes
of the net rather widely expanded. The type of C. minima Berk., from
South Carolina (B.M. 671) is also the present species ; the nodes of the net
are either triangular or unexpanded, and the cup is deep.

Hab. On dead coniferous wood.—France, Jura Mountains, Ceylon, Malaya,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Missouri, Colorado, Iowa, South Dakota.

5. C. ferruginea Meylan in Ann. Cons. Bot. Geneve, 1913,
319 (rust-coloured). Plasmodium? Sporangia crowded on a
membranous hypothallus, stalked, sub-globose, narrowing
into the stalk, brick- or orange-red, 1 to 1:5 mm. diam. ;
sporangium-wall forming a small ill-defined cup, marked with
narrow dark ribs which merge above into the net, the nodes
of which are hardly expanded ; the meshes of the net average
0-1 mm. across and are bounded by slender red-brown threads
about 2 4 diam. Plasmodic granules 1 u diam. Spores 5 to
7 #, minutely warted, bright brick-red or orange-red in mass,
pale red by transmitted light.

Pl. 219.—a. group of sporangia; 0b. sporangium after spore dispersal; c¢. from
lower part of sporangial net; d. spore and thread of sporangial net.

This beautiful species resembles C. macrocarpa in having shortly tur-
binate sporangia and a strongly ribbed cup, but differs in the nodes of the
net being scarcely developed and in the bright brick-red colour of the
spores. It has been recorded hitherto from Switzerland only.

Hab. On dead coniferous wood.—Jura Mountains, Goldau (Canton
Schwyz), Wengen (Canton Bern), Iserable (Canton Vailais).

6. C. macrocarpa Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 8 (1797) (paxpos
large, xapros fruit). | Plasmodium slate-coloured. Total
height 2 mm. Sporangia stalked, gregarious or scattered,
globose or turbinate, 0-6 to 1 mm. diam., nut-brown; cup
about one-third of the sporangium, orange-brown, with
numerous dark longitudinal ribs, perforated above, irregularly
and deeply toothed at the margin and merging into the
branching nodes of the net; nodes flattened, elongated,
confluent and irregular in the lower part, branching and
polygonal with the angles continued into the connecting
threads above ; the nodes and ribs of the cup studded with
dark plasmodic granules 1 to 2 » diam. Stalk 0-8 to 1 mm.
high, 0-1 mm. thick, furrowed, dark brown. Spores ochraceous,
nearly smooth, 4 to 6 « diam.—Rost. Mon., 238 ; Mass. Mon.,
56; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 219. C. tatrica
Racib. in Hedw., xxiv. 170 (1885) ; T'richia macrocarpa Poiret
in Lam. Encycl. viii. 55 (1808). Heterodictyon Biensaszw
Racib. l.c., xxviii. 121 (1889).

Pl. 141.—a. sporangia after dispersion of spores; b. part of net and cup of sporan-
gium (Freiburg, Germany, specimen named by Rostafinski) ; c. net and cup of spor-
angium (Black Forest, Germany); d. spore, and plasmodic granules.

CRIBRARIA | HETERODERMACEAE 73

Specimens from America from low elevations have usually more numerous
and slender connecting threads and more prominent nodes in the upper
part of the net; they approach forms of C. intricata, while the European
type more nearly resembles stout forms of C. vulgaris; a gathering made
by Dr. Rex at an elevation of 6,200 feet on Roan Mount, North Carolina,
exactly corresponds with the European form.

Hab. On dead coniferous wood.—Forfarshire, Nairnshire, Sweden,
Norway, Germany, Switzerland, Moldavia, South Chili, North and South
Carolina, Pennsylvania, New York, Oregon, and Ontario.

7. C. vulgaris Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 5 (1797) (common).
Plasmodium usually slate-grey. Total height 1 to 2 mm.
Sporangia gregarious, stalked, globose, erect or nodding,
0-4 to 0-7 mm. diam., nut-brown; cup one-third the height
of the sporangium, irregularly and deeply toothed at the
margin, studded with round plasmodic granules 0-5 to 1 uw
diam. arranged in close lines radiating from the base of the
sporangium ; nodes of the net flattened, broad, branching
and angular, or narrow, the angles continued into the slender
connecting threads, often with a few free rays. Stalk subulate,
dark brown, two to four times the height of the sporangium.
Spores ochraceous, minutely warted, 5 to 6 » diam.—Rost.
Mon., 234; Mass. Mon., 61. Meylan in Ann. Cons. Bot.
Genéve, 1913, 318. C. variabilis Ficin. & Schub. Fl. Dresden,
ii. 296 (1823) ? C. intermedia Berk. in Sm. Engl. FL, v., ii.
318 (1836). Sphaerocarpus semitrichioides Bull. Champ., 125
pl. 387, fig. 1 (1791) ?

Var. aurantiaca Pers. Syn. Fung., 194 (1801) (orange-
coloured). Plasmodium green: nodes of the net usually
dark-brown, convex, crowded with plasmodic-granules ;
spores yellow.—C. aurantiaca Schrad. l.c., 5, Rost. l.c., 233 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 221.

Pl. 142.—a, b. sporangia; c. sporangium of var. aurantiaca; d, e. part of net and
margin of cup of ‘a’ and of ‘bd’ respectively; f. spores and plasmodic granules ;
g. spores.

Rostafinski’s specimens of C. vulgaris in Strasb. Herb., differ in no
respect from those he has named C. aurantiaca. In describing three forms
of C. vulgaris, ‘ a genuina, B aurantioides, y delicatula’, he recognizes the
great variability to which the species is subject, and points out how closely
his form 8 approaches C. aurantiaca. Gatherings at Lyme Regis from the
same fir log in consecutive years, show variations in the cup, net, and
colour, which illustrate the characters given in Rostafinski’s description
and figures of both C. awrantiaca and C. vulgaris. Usually, however, a short-
stalked form with ochraceous spores, maturing from slate-grey plasmodium,
can be distinguished from a taller form maturing from bright green plas-
modium, and with spores golden-yellow when fresh; this colour fades to
an ochraceous shade when specimens have been kept for some months.
Intermediate forms occur connecting C. aurantiaca with a group of allied
species ; a large form having a strongly ribbed cup approaches C. macro-
carpa; when the nodes and cup have dense deposits of dark plasmodic
granules, the form approaches C. piriformis ; when the cup is shallow and
is connected with the net by ribs, it may resemble C. splendens, while the
forms with a close and regular net approach C. tenella or C. intricata.

174 ENDOSPOREAE [CRIBRARIA

8. C. splendens Pers. Syn. Fung., 191 (1801) (shining or
beautiful). Plasmodium lead-colour. Total height 1-5 mm.
Sporangia globose, stalked, erect or inclined, scattered, 0:3 mm.
diam., nut-brown ; sporangium-wall consisting in the lower
half of nine or more free ribs with little trace of a persistent
cup, continued into a loose net with small triangular or
polygonal nodes, or the nodes may be scarcely developed ;
plasmodic granules minute, inconspicuous. Stalk slender,
brown, four or five times the length of the sporangium. Spores
pale ochre, almost smooth, 5 pw diam.—Rost. Mon., 236 ;
Mass. Mon., 64; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 221.
Dictydium splendens Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 14 (1797).
Trichia splendens Poiret in Lam. Encyel., viii. 55 (1808).

Pl. 141.—e. sporangium after dispersion of spores (Germany ; specimen named by
Rostafinski) ; f. part of net of sporangium; g. sporangium (Switzerland); h. spores
and plasmodic granules.

C. splendens differs from C. aurantiaca in having strong ribs taking the
place of a cup. The persistent shining wall between the net mentioned by
Rostafinski has almost disappeared in the specimen named by him in the
Strasburg Herbarium, but as this membrane is occasionally persistent in
nearly every species of Cribraria, the character is not important. C. splen-
dens appears to be connected by intermediate forms with C. awrantiaca,
C. intricata, and C. tenella. M. Meylan finds a beautiful form in the Jura
Mountains with the nodes little or not at all expanded; it somewhat
resembles C. minutissima, from which it differs in the larger size and in the
strong ribs at the base of the sporangium.

Hab. On dead coniferous wood.—Sweden, Germany, Switzerland,
Moldavia, Singapore, Japan, Ontario, the States of New York, Pennsylvania,
Iowa and Washington, and South Chili.

9. C. intricata Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 7 (1797) (complex).
Plasmodium lead colour or brownish-black. Total height 1-5
to3 mm. Sporangia gregarious, often forming large colonies,
stalked, globose, nodding or erect, 0-5 to 0-7 mm. diam.,
ochraceous-brown ; cup one-third the height of the sporangium,
yellow-brown, studded with brown plasmodic granules 0-5 to
2» diam. arranged in close lines radiating from the base of
the sporangium ; margin toothed ; net close, regular ; nodes
numerous, dark brown, thickened, prominent, polygonal, often
branching, connected by five to eight very slender threads,
and with many free rays. Stalk subulate, two to four times
the height of the sporangium, dark brown. Spores ochraceous,
nearly smooth or faintly warted, 5 to 6 w diam.—Rost.
Mon., 237; Mass. Mon., 59; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 223. C. dictydioides Macbr. l.c., 222 (1922). TDrichia
intricata Poiret in Lam. Encyel., viii. 56 (1808).

Var. dictydioides Lister Mycetozoa, 144 (1894) (Dictydium).
Plasmodium dark green. Cup almost or quite obsolete ;
the nodes in the lower part of the net elongated and confluent,
forming ribs converging to the apex of the stalk.—Cribraria
dictydioides Cooke & Balf. (in Rav. Fung. Amer. Exs., no. 475)

CRIBRARIA | HETERODERMACEAE 175

ex Mass. Mon., 65 (1892); Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 222.

Pl. 143.—a, b. sporangia after dispersion of spores; e. part of net and cup of spor-
angium (Borneo); d. sporangium, var. dictydioides (South Carolina; type of C.
dictydioides Cooke & Balf.); e. spore and plasmodic granules.

This species is abundant in the United States and in the tropics; it is

less frequent in Europe, and the typical form has hardly been met with
except in hot-houses in the British Isles; forms intermediate between
CO. intricata and C. aurantiaca are, however, not uncommon in England.
The specimens in the Kew Herbarium marked Cribraria Balfourii de Bary,
K. 963, on Sphagnum from the hot-houses of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Edinburgh, are small developments of the var. dictydioides. A nearly.
similar form was obtained in orchid-houses at Lamberhurst, Kent, and at
Clevedon, Somerset. The last-named specimen is quoted by Massee as
C. microcarpa (l.c., 64).
- Hab. On dead wood.—Yorkshire, Sweden, France, Italy, Roumania,
Cape Province, New Zealand; abundant in Japan, in the United States
and in the tropics: var. dictydioides is also abundant in the United States
and the tropics, and has been recorded from Sweden and Moldavia.

10. C. tenella Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 6 (1797) (delicate).
Plasmodium brown-black. Sporangia closely resembling
C. intricata in size, shape, colour, and spores ; cup one-third
the height of the sporangium, or more or less obsolete ; net
close, regular ; nodes numerous, dark brown, rounded, rarely
elongated, prominent, with few or no free rays, connected by
three to six very slender threads.—Rost. Mon., 235; Mass.
Mon., 58; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 225. C. elata
Mass. l.c., 61 (1892).

Var. concinna G. Lister (neat). Sporangia 0-15 to 0-3 mm.
diam. ; cup small or none; net close with rounded nodes.—
C. microcarpa Macbr. l.c., 226 (1922) ?

Pl. 143.—f. sporangium after dispersion of spores; g. part of net of sporangium
(Ceylon: named by Rostafinski) ; h. part of net and margin of cup (Philadelphia) ;
7. spore and plasmodic granules.

Both C. tenella and C. intricata are abundant in the United States, where
frequent intermediate forms occur. The specimen figured, from Ceylon
(K. 1684), referred to by Rostafinski as C. tenella (Mon., App. 31), has
a small cup, rounded or elongated prominent nodes, with no free rays.
The var. concinna is a small neat form somewhat resembling C. microcarpa,
but differing in the yellow-brown colour of the sporangia, and the smaller
plasmodic granules hardly 1 » diam.

Hab. On dead wood.—Surrey, Norfolk, Yorkshire, Salop, County
Wicklow ; Sweden, Switzerland, Poland, Moldavia. Abundant in Japan and
in the United States; not uncommon in the tropics; recorded also from
the Cape Province: var. concinna from Dominica, Florida, Pennsylvania,

Colorado, and Iowa.

11. C. piriformis Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 4 (1797) (pirum
pear, forma shape). Plasmodium pale slate colour? Total
height 1 to 1:7 mm. Sporangia gregarious, turbinate or
globose, stalked, 0-4 to 0-9 mm. diam. ; spore mass pinkish-
or lilac-brown, becoming yellowish-brown with age; cup

176 ENDOSPOREAE [CRIBRARIA

about one-third the height of the sporangium, brownish-pink or
brownish-yellow, perforated and irregularly toothed at the
margin, or equally toothed, studded with large round purple-
brown plasmodic granules 2 to 2:5 » diam., arranged in broad
lines radiating from the base or evenly distributed ; nodes
of the net varying in shape and size, flat, polygonal, triangular
or elongated, often branching, some usually not expanded,
charged with dark round plasmodic granules and connected
by firm yellowish or brown threads ; in some developments
the net is lax and incomplete and the broader threads have
many free hooked branchlets. Stalk stout, 0-5 to 2-5 mm.
high, dark purple-brown. Spores brownish-pink, becoming
ochraceous with age, almost smooth, 5 to 6 w diam.—Rost.
Mon., 237; Mass. Mon., 55; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 224.

Var. notabilis Rex ex Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 182 (1911).
Sporangia globose ; nodes convex and prominent, rounded or
irregular with slender connecting threads ; stalks slender.

Pl, 144.—a. sporangia after dispersion of spores; 0b. part of net and cup of sporan-
gium (Shrewsbury, England); ¢. sporangium from mounting in Canada balsam
(Germany, specimen named by Rostafinski) ; d. part of net and cup of same; e. spor-
angia, var. notabilis ; f, g. part of net and cup of same ; h. spore and plasmodic granules
(United States) ; 7. spores.

The var. notabilis has been found in abundance on old sawdust heaps in
Sussex and Surrey. It differs from the typical form in the sporangia being
always globose, in the delicate threads of the net, and in the nodes, which
are usually prominent and convex. The plasmodic granules vary in abun-
dance in different gatherings. M. Meylan has published a var. fusco-pur-
purea (Ann. Cons. J. Bot. Genéve, 1913, 319), characterized by the nodes
of the net not being expanded,—possibly not a constant form.

Hab. On dead coniferous wood.—Somerset, Hampshire, N. Wales, Perth-
shire, Inverness-shire, Aberdeenshire ; France, Sweden, Germany, Switzer-
land, Roumania, Portugal, Japan, Connecticut, New Hampshire: var.
notabilis, Surrey, Sussex, Switzerland, Portugal; widely distributed in the
United States.

12. C. languescens Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
1891, 394 (becoming feeble, drooping). Plasmodium red.
Total height 2-5 to 3 mm. Sporangia scattered, stalked,
globose, often drooping, 0:25 to 0:35 mm. diam., dull red ;
cup about one-third the height of the sporangium, red-brown,
shining, studded with purple-brown plasmodic granules 0-3
to 1-5 p diam., arranged in close lines radiating from the apex
of the stalk; margin toothed ; nodes of the net purplish-
brown, thickened, rather prominent, charged with dark
granules, polygonal, with few free rays and with slender
connecting threads; meshes of the net triangular. Stalk
long and slender, subulate, often sinuous or wavy, dark
red-brown. Spores dull red in mass, pale red by transmitted
light, almost smooth, 5 to 6-5 » diam.— Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 229. C. cuprea Morg. in Journ. Cine. Soe.
Nat. Hist., xv. 142 (1893) ; Macbr. l.c., 229.

CRIBRARIA | HETERODERMACEAE bey

Pl. 145.—a. sporangia after dispersion of spores; 0b. part of net and margin of cup
of sporangium ; ¢. spore and plasmodic granules (United States).

This slender species somewhat resembles C. microcarpa, but differs in
the well-developed cup, and in the paler smaller plasmodic granules. C.
cuprea Morg. differs from typical C. languescens only in the spores in mass
being copper coloured and paler, a character which can hardly be con-
sidered of much importance.

Hab. On dead wood.—Sweden, Austria, Switzerland (in an orchid-
house), South Nigeria, Ceylon, Japan, the West Indies ; rare in the United
States, recorded from South Carolina, Ohio, New York ; also in Ontario.

13. C. microcarpa Pers. Syn. Fung., 190 (1801) (puxpds
small, xapzos fruit). Plasmodium greenish or purple-black.
Total height 0-7 to 2 mm. Sporangia gregarious, globose,
stalked, erect or nodding, 0-1 to 0-3 mm. diam., purplish-red ;
cup rudimentary or wanting ; net close, regular ; nodes of the
net subglobose, prominent, about 10 » diam., densely charged
with usually very dark purple-brown plasmodic granules
1 to 2 w diam., connected by five or six slender pink threads.
Stalks slender, four to ten times the height of the sporangium,
purple-brown. Spores in mass pale red, minutely spinulose,
5 to 6 w diam.—Rost. Mon., 235; Mass. Mon., 63; Petch in
Ann. Perad.,iv. 356. C.capillaris Fr. Stirp. Femsj., 84 (1825) ?
Trichia microcarpa Poiret in Lam. Encyel., viii. 54 (1808).
Dictydium microcarpum Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 13 (1797).

Pl. 145.—d, e. sporangia after dispersion of spores (d. Germany, specimen named
by Rostafinski, e. United States); f. part of net with cup of sporangium (Germany) ;
g. the same (United States) ; h. spore and plasmodic granules.

Hab. On dead wood.—France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Bohemia,
Moldavia, Portugal, Ceylon, Malaya, Japan, New Hampshire, Connecticut,
Pennsylvania.

14. C. purpurea Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 8 (1797) (purple).
Plasmodium staining the wood from which it emerges purple-
red; ‘scarlet before formation of fruit’ (Macbride). Total
height 2 to 2:5 mm. Sporangia crowded or gregarious,
globose, erect or inclined, 1 mm. diam., purple or purple-red ;
cup one-third of the sporangium, with a deeply toothed
margin ; net of slender threads with mesh of varying size,
most or a few of the nodes expanded, flat, membranous,
angular or branched ; plasmodic granules purple, 2 to 2:5 pu
diam., thickly distributed over the cup, often arranged in
oblique lines. Stalk purple-black, furrowed, 1-5 mm. long,
0-1 mm. thick. Spores purplish, minutely warted, 5 to 6 yu
diam.—Rost. Mon., 233; Mass. Mon., 57; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 228.

Pl. 146.—a. sporangium after dispersion of spores; 0b. part of net; c¢. spore and
plasmodic granules.

Prof. Brandza describes this species as occurring on almost every decaying
coniferous log in the mountain forests of Moldavia; he finds that it
develops late in the year, usually in December, when some of the Abies
logs look as if clothed with a robe of cardinal-violet, from the abundance
of the sporangia. Weathered specimens change from purple to purple-red.

N

178 ENDOSPOREAE [DICTYDIUM

Hab. On dead coniferous wood.—Norway, Sweden, France, Germany,
Switzerland, Austria, Bohemia, Moldavia, Japan, Ontario; widely distri-
buted in the United States.

15. C. elegans Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ii. 67 (1873). Plas-
modium ? Total height 0-7 to 1-3 mm. Sporangia gregarious,
globose, stalked, erect or inclined, 0-3 to 0-4 mm. diam., red-
purple ; cup about half the height of the sporangium, with
the margin deeply toothed and perforated ; net of very slender
threads connecting numerous branching flat expanded nodes ;
both cup and nodes thickly studded with round purple plas-
modic granules 2 to 2-5 » diam. Stalk subulate, nearly smooth,
0-6 to 1 mm. long, purple-black. Spores pale violet, almost
smooth, 4 to 6 » diam.—Rost. Mon., App. 31; Mass. Mon., 55 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 228.

Pl. 146.—d. sporangia after dispersion of spores; e. part of net and margin of cup ;
f. spore and plasmodic granules (United States).

This species closely resembles a small form of C. purpurea; hitherto
it has been obtained only from the United States, where, Prof. Macbride
writes, it is much the commoner of the two species.

Hab. On dead coniferous wood.—The United States.

16. C. violacea Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891,
393. Plasmodium deep violet-black. Total height 0-5 to
1 mm. Sporangia gregarious, globose or ellipsoid, stalked,
erect or slightly nodding, about 0-2 mm. diam., dark violet
with a metallic sheen; cup varying from one-third to two-
thirds the height of the sporangium or more, membranous,
violet-blue, the margin scalloped with few short teeth ; net of
slender threads connected with broadly expanded, flat, angular
nodes; ‘exceptionally the apical portion is nearly entire,
being simply perforated with three or four oval or rounded
openings ’ (Rex) ; the cup and nodes are studded with purple
plasmodic granules 0-5 to 1» diam. Stalk slender, subulate,
violet-black. Spores lilac, minutely and closely warted, 6 to
8 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 227.

Pl. 146.—g. sporangium after dispersion of spores (England); hf. part of net and
margin of cup of same ; 7. sporangia (United States); &. part of net and cup of same ;
spore and plasmodic granules,

This minute species differs from C. elegans in the longer stalks, the smaller
sporangia of a blue-, not red-purple colour, and in the larger spores. It
appears in varied habitats, on dead or living bark, and on pig dung, where
Prof. Thaxter found it in Florida.

Hab. On wood of beech, poplar, &c.—Devon, Worcestershire, Bucking-
hamshire, Yorkshire, Aberdeenshire, Switzerland, Germany, Austria,
Roumania, the Cameroons, Ceylon, Malaya, Japan, West Indies, Florida,
Pennsylvania, Illinois, lowa, Colorado.

Genus 30.—DICTYDIUM Schrader Nov. Gen. Pl., 11 (1797)
(diminutive of . dékrvoy net). Sporangia globose, stalked ;
sporangium-wall formed of numerous ribs extending from the

DICTYDIUM | HETERODERMACEAE 179

base nearly to the apex, connected by slender transverse
threads, the intervening wall evanescent or persistent as
a shallow cup.

1. D. ecancellatum Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 172
(1899) (latticed). Plasmodium purple-black. Total height
lto2mm. Sporangia gregarious, subglobose, nodding, 0-5 to
0-7 mm. diam., dark red-brown; sporangium-wall forming
a net with nearly square meshes, composed of numerous (40
to 50) rigid longitudinal ribs, 5 » thick, connected by slender
transverse threads, and often breaking up into an irregular
net at the apex ; basal cup scarcely developed. Stalk subu-
late, bent or twisted at the slender apex, rich purple-brown or
red, one to three times the height of the sporangium. Spores
pale red, minutely warted, 4 to 7 diam., usually with two
to four dark plasmodic granules on the spore wall.—M/ucor
cancellatus Batsch Elench. Fung., ii. 135, fig. 232 a, b, c (1789).
Stemonitis cancellata Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1468 (1791). Cribraria
cernuad Pers. Obs. Myc., i. 91 (1796). OC. (Dictydium) trichioides
Chev.) Fl. Par., 327 (1826-7). Dictydium wmbilicatum Schrad.
Nov. Gen. Pl., 11 (1797) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 148. D. cernuum
Nees Syst. Pilze, 120, fig. 117 (1816) ; Rost. Mon., 229; Mass.
Mon., 67. D.longipes Morgan in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
xv. 143 (1893). Trichia cernua Poiret in Lam. Encycl., viii.
54 (1808). 7’. coccinea Poiret l.c., 55 ?

Var. purpureum Macbr. l.c., 173. Sporangia, stalk and spores
purple ; cup more or less developed; Meylan in Bull. Soc.
Bot. Genéve, sér. 2, ii. 265. Cribraria exilis Macbr. in Bull. Nat.
Hist. Iowa, ii. 378 (1893).

Var. fuscum Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 120 (1898)
(dark brown). Sporangia nodding, smaller and browner than
in the type, with a well-defined cup from the margin of which
the numerous ribs arise.

Var. alpinum Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 185 (1911). Spor-
angia globose, erect, brown, with or without an irregular cup ;
ribs from twenty to thirty, branching in the upper third of the
sporangium to form an irregular net; stalk not narrowed at
the apex, often rugged.—Dictydiwm anomalum Meylan in Bull.
Soc. Vaud., xliv. 295 (1908). Heterodictyon mirabile Rost.
Mon., 231 (1875). Cribraria mirabilis Mass. Mon., 60 (1892).

Forma anomalum Jahn in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges., xix. 99
(1901) (a not, éuadds ordinary). Ribs branching and anasto-
mosing to form a Cribraria-like net.—D. ambiguum Schrad.
le., 13. D. venosum Schrad. l.c., 14? Cribraria venosa Pers.
Syn. Fung., 191 (1801) ?

Pl. 147.—a. to d. sporangia of various forms after the dispersion of the spores ;
a. typical form; 0b. var. fuscum; c. form with irregular net found with sporangia of
usual type (England); d. erect sporangium (United States); e. spores, three of them
show plasmodic granules adhering; f, g. sporangia of var. alpinum (type of Hetero-

N 2

180 ENDOSPOREAE

dictyon mirabile Rost., from Freiburg); h. spores of same with plasmodic granules
adhering.

The ribs of the sporangium-wall become inflexed at the summit, and tend
to break up the ball of mature spores ; they consist of two layers, the outer
smooth and shining, the inner studded with purple plasmodic granules
lp diam.; in the typical form they are usually free to the base of the
sporangium, but are sometimes connected by a small basal disc. In large
developments of this species at Lyme Regis, amongst typical sporangia an
irregular form often occurs with the ribs branching and anastomosing from
the base or dividing in the upper half into a Cribraria-like network (see
pl. 147¢.). This form is the var. anomalum of Dr. Jahn; it is apparently
due merely to unfavourable conditions of development, and constitutes
a form rather than a true variety.* The var. fuscum, with its well-defined
cup, is widely distributed but is too inconstant to be regarded as a distinct
species. The var. alpinum has been obtained usually at high altitudes ;
Dr. Sturgis has gathered it on Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado, and M. Meylan
finds it abundant in the Jura Mountains at an elevation of 1,000 to 1,450 m.
in the autumn months; the typical form he obtains earlier in the year,
from June to August, below 1,300 m. alt. The type of Heterodictyon mirabile
Rost., from the Hollensteig gorge in the Black Forest, is this variety ; the
sporangia show irregular basal cups, and the ribs are in many parts expanded
and form a loose imperfect net with broad and angular nodes; in other
parts the ribs are connected by the usual delicate transverse threads, and,
though fewer in number and coarser than in the type, are essentially of the
same character.

Hab. On dead wood: frequent in the British Isles in summer; widely
distributed in temperate and tropical regions: var. purpurea recorded
from Switzerland and Nicaragua: var. fuscwm is widely distributed in the
British Isles and throughout Europe, and has been recorded from South
Nigeria, Japan, and Eastern Canada: var. alpinum is abundant in alpine
woods in Switzerland and has been recorded also from Colorado.

Family I1.—LicEacras.

Sporangia scattered, sessile or stalked; sporangium-wall
cartilaginous, rarely membranous ; capillitium and columella
wanting.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF LICHACEAE.

Sporangia sessile, subglobose or forming plasmodiocarps,
opening irregularly or by lobes. (31) Licka

Fig. 39.—Licea flexuosa Pers.
a. Group of plasmodiocarps. Twice natural size.
b. Plasmodiocarp. Magnified 6 times.
c. Spores. Magnified 200 times.

Fig. 39.

* A full account of the development of this species and some of the variation to
which it is subject is given by Dr. Jahn l.c., 97-115 (1901).

LICEA | LICEACEAE 181

Sporangia sessile, opening by a membranous lid.
(32) HyMENOBOLINA

Fig. 40.—Hymenobolina parasitica Zukal.
a. Group of sporangia. Magnified 40 times.

b. Two spores; fragment of membranous lid and of
thickened lower walls. Magnified 270 times.

Fig. 40.

Sporangia stalked, opening by a membranous lid.
(33) ORCADELLA

Fig. 41.—Orcadella operculata Wingate.
a. Group of sporangia. Magnified 8 times.
b. Sporangium with open lid. Magnified 80 times.

Genus 31.—LICEA Schrader Nov. Gen. Pl., 16 (1797)
(derivation unknown). Sporangia sessile, subglobose, hemi-
spherical, or forming plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall carti-
laginous or membranous; spores olive-brown or brownish-
yellow, lilac-brown or nearly colourless.

KEY TO SPECIES OF LICEA.
A. Sporangium-wall cartilaginous :-—
Sporangia hemispherical, dehiscing in lobes ; spores
brown, 9,to 11 p. 1. L. minima

Sporangia subglobose or bolster-shaped, dehiscing in
lobes ; spores almost colourless, 8 to 10 p.
2. L. castanea

Sporangia pulvinate, dehiscing in lobes; spores

16 to 20 p. 3. L. pusilla
Plasmodiocarps elongate, 2 to 8 mm. long, dehiscing
irregularly. 4. L. flexuosa

Bb. Sporangium-wall membranous :—
Plasmodiocarps about 0-2 mm. long, 0:1 mm. wide,
dehiscing by a longitudinal fissure. 5. L. biforis

Sporangia subglobose or ovoid, olive-yellow.
6. L. tenera

182 ENDOSPOREAE [LICEA

1. L. minima Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 199 (1829) (smallest).
Plasmodium drab, slate-colour, watery-grey or pale yellow.
Sporangia scattered, subglobose, or hemispherical, depressed,
angular with prominent shining lines of dehiscence, 0-2 to
0-5 mm. diam., chestnut-brown or nearly black, dehiscing by
three or four lobes; sporangium-wall cartilaginous, dark
brown, opaque with granular deposits, except the margins of
the lobes which are usually dotted on the inner side with
minute peg-like warts 1 to 2 diam. Spores olivaceous-
brown or lilac-brown, spinulose, 9 to 12 u diam., the wall
thinner on one side.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 201 ;
Torrend Fl. Myx., 66. Yubulina minima Mass. Mon., 36
(1892). Kletstobolus pusillus Lippert in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesell.
Wien, xliv. 70, t. iii (1894).

Pl. 148.—d. sporangia (United States) ; e. spores and fragment of sporangium-wall
showing the plasmodic granules on the margin of a lobe; f. spore.

This minute species may be easily overlooked; it often forms large
colonies, fresh sporangia appearing from day to day among those already
formed. It is closely allied to L. pusilla, from which it differs in the entire
lobes of the sporangium and the smaller rougher spores. Glycerine pre-
parations of the type of Kleistobolus pusillus Lippert, kindly lent by Prof. v.
Hohnel, show this to be a nearly typical example of the present species. The
rudimentary capillitium-threads described by Lippert are fungus hyphae
traversing the substratum on which the sporangia are seated ; the spores
are faintly warted and measure 11 to 13 p, not 7 to 9 yp, as stated by Lippert.

Hab. On dead coniferous wood.—Surrey, Bedfordshire, Yorkshire,
Aberdeenshire, County Down; widely distributed throughout Europe
and the United States.

2. L. castanea G. Lister in Journ. Bot., xlix. 61 (1911)
(chestnut). Plasmodium? Sporangia scattered, sessile, sub-
globose, or forming bolster-shaped plasmodiocarps, 0:2 to
0-9 mm. long, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. broad, chestnut or pale brown,
smooth or wrinkled; sporangium-wall somewhat cartila-
ginous, nearly colourless or pale brown, overlaid by a more or
less continuous layer of brown granular refuse-matter, de-
hiscing along definite lines to form plates or lobes whose
margins are often marked with a row of minute warts 1 pu
diam. Spores in mass olive-yellow, when magnified almost
colourless, smooth, 8 to 10 » diam., their walls rather thinner
on one side.

Pl. 219.—e. group of sporangia; f. part of four lobes of sporangium-wall, and
spores; g. spore.

This inconspicuous species was discovered in November 1910 by the
Rev. W. Cran at Lesmoir, Aberdeenshire, on moss and living bark of Pyrus
Aucuparia and has been gathered by him since a number of times in various
parts of the county. It has been found also by M. Ch. Meylan at an altitude
of nearly 3,000 feet in the Jura Mountains. In size it resembles L. minima,
but it is distinguished by the paler sporangia, usually areolated with pro-
minent lines of dehiscence, and by the smooth, pale spores.

Hab. On moss and bark.—Aberdeenshire and Jura Mountains.

3. L. pusilla Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 19 (1797) (small).

LICEA | LICEACEAE 183

Plasmodium watery-drab, or dull yellowish. Sporangia
scattered, hemispherical or pulvinate, 0-6 to 1 mm. diam.,
dark purple-brown, glossy on the inner side, dehiscing in
irregular lobes; sporangium-wall cartilaginous, chestnut-
brown, the margins of the lobes usually crenate and undulate,
dotted with prominent warts 1 to 2 diam. Spores olive-
brown, 13 to 20 diam., closely and minutely warted, the
wall thinner on one side.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed.
2,202. Trichia pusilla Poiret in Lam. Encycl., viii. 131 (1808).
Physarum Licea Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 143 (1829). Protoderma
pusilla Rost. Mon., 90 (1875). Protodermiuwm pusillum Berl.
in Sace. Syll., vii. 328 (1888) ; Mass. Mon., 43.

Pl. 149.—a. sporangia; 0b. fragment of sporangium-wall, and spores; c¢. spore
(Scotland).

This species was separated by Rostafinski from Licea, and placed in
the division Amaurosporeae as the type of a separate genus Protoderma,
on account of the spores being ‘ dull violet’ ; but the examination of many
specimens shows them to be olive-brown ; Schrader’s original place for the
species is therefore retained.

Hab. On dead wood.—Surrey, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Perthshire,
Forfarshire, Aberdeenshire, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Poland.

4. L. flexuosa Pers. Syn. Fung., 197 (1801) (curved). Plas-
modium dull yellow or rose-coloured. Sporangia scattered,
pulvinate, depressed, or forming straight curved or branching
plasmodiocarps 1 to 6 mm. long, either yellowish-brown and
glossy, or dark brown and opaque when an outer layer of
refuse - matter is present; sporangium-wall cartilaginous,
translucent, pale purplish-brown, usually more or less over-
laid with a thick mottled layer of olive-brown refuse-matter,
dehiscing irregularly. Spores pale olive-brown, spinulose,
with a thinner area of dehiscence, 11 to 14 yu diam., yellowish-
brown or dull olive in mass.—Fr. Syst. Myc., ii. 197; Rost.
Mon., 218. JL. variabilis Schrad. Nov. Gen. Pl., 18, pl. 6,
figs. 5, 6 (1797) ?; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 200.
L. Serpula Fr. Symb. Gast., 12 (1817)? ZL. alutacea Wallr. FI.
Crypt. Germ., ii. 344 (1833). L. Schoenleinit Johow Estud.
Fl. Juan Fernandez, 195 (1896)? Zubulina flexuosa Poiret
in Lam. Encyel., viii. 131 (1808); Mass. Mon., 37. T'richia
variabilis Poiret l.c. ?

Pl. 148.—a. plasmodiocarp (England) ; b. fragment of sporangium-wall and spores ;
¢. spore.

In the field this species somewhat resembles Enteridium liceoides, and
also Dianema corticatum; it differs from both in the rough granular
deposits on the sporangium-wall which have a mottled effect as seen with
transmitted light, and in the yellowish-brown colour of the spores. It
sometimes occurs on old sawdust heaps in such abundance as to darken the
sawdust over areas a foot or more across. L. variabilis Schrad. may refer
to the present species, but both Fries and Rostafinski quote Schrader’s
description as referring to something different and doubtful, which they
had not seen.

184 ENDOSPOREAE | HYMENOBOLINA

Hab. On dead coniferous wood, rarely on oak (8S. Buchet): widely
distributed in the British Isles and throughout Europe; recorded from
New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa (teste Macbride).

5. L. biforis Morgan in Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xv.
131, t. 3, fig. 1 (1893) (having two flaps). Plasmodium watery-
white then greyish. Sporangia scattered, forming minute
ellipsoid or fusiform plasmodiocarps, attached by a long base,
0-2 mm. long, 0-05 to 0-1 mm. broad, glossy, yellow-brown,
dehiscing along a thinner central ridge or depression ;
sporangium-wall membranous, minutely papillose, almost
colourless, with scanty superficial deposits of discharged
refuse-matter. Spores somewhat ovoid, the wall thinner on
one side,.12 by 9, almost colourless and smooth, pale
ochraceous in mass.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,
201; Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 135.

Pl. 149.—g. six sporangia (Philadelphia); hk. three sporangia; 7%. fragment of
sporangium-wall and spores; sk. spore.

This species is almost too small to be detected with the naked eye ; when
magnified one hundred times it bears considerable resemblance to a date-
stone. Mr. K. Minakata has observed that young sporangia are copper-
colour.

Hab. On dead wood.—Japan, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Canada.

6. L. tenera Jahn in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges., xxxvi. 665,
taf. xviil, figs. 4-6 (1919) (tender). Plasmodium ? Sporangia
solitary or in groups, sessile, subglobose or ovoid, 0-4 to
0-5 mm. diam., shining olive-yellow ; sporangium-wall a firm
pale olive or dull yellow membrane, hardly cartilaginous,
minutely areolated from spore-impressions, with scanty super-
ficial deposits of refuse-matter. Spores pale olive-yellow,
minutely spinulose, 10 to 12 1 diam., the wall thinner on one
side. |

Pl. 219.—h. two sporangia; %. part of sporangium-wall and four spores; &. spore.

Dr. Jahn describes a dozen inconspicuous sporangia developing in
a culture on Sycamore bark (Acer pseudoplatanus) brought from Hohen-
schwangau, Oberbayern. A gathering on an elm-stick from Wanstead
Park, Essex, December 1898, appears to be the same species ; it consists
of four glossy sporangia, three of which are partly confluent, attached to
the stick by strands of dark hypothallus. It is closely allied to L. flexuosa,
as Dr. Jahn remarks, and might easily be mistaken for the form of that
species in which the superficial refuse deposits are absent.

Hab. On dead wood.—Essex, Bavaria.

Genus 32.—HYMENOBOLINA Zukal in Oester. Bot. Zeit-
schr., xliii. 1383 (1893) (iuyv membrane, Boros a casting).
Sporangia solitary, sessile, brownish-grey, opening by a mem-
branous lid. Sporangium-wall single, without lime. Capilli-
tium none. Spores smooth, having the spore-wall thinner on
one side. Plasmodium parasitic on lichens and algae.

H. parasitica Zukal l.c. Plasmodium rosy-red. Sporangia

ORCADELLA | LICEACEAE 185

scattered, sessile, subglobose or forming short plasmodiocarps,
0:05 to 0-2 mm. diam. brownish-grey, opaque or glossy,
dehiscing irregularly or by a well-defined lid which is either
smooth or areolated with prominent ridges ; sporangium-wall
membranous, pale-purplish, minutely papillose on the inner
surface of the lid or of all the wall, usually invested with
a thick layer of refuse-matter in the lower part. Spores
shining chestnut-brown in mass; with transmitted light
smooth, brown, subglobose, 11 to 16» diam., the spore-wall
with a well-defined thin colourless area of dehiscence ; the con-
tents of the freshly formed spore includes rosy granules.—Hy-
menobolus parasiticus Zukal |.c., 73, pl. v., figs. 1-10. Licea
singularis Jahn in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges., xxxvi. 665, t. xviii,
7-12 (1919).

Pl. 217.—h. fourteen sporangia and three plasmodia; 7%. part of lid and opaque
lower sporangium-wall; k. spores.

This minute species is fully described by Zukal, who succeeded in culti-
vating the plasmodia on fragments of willow-bark. It is exceptional among
Mycetozoa in the following characters: the amoeboid swarm-cells do not
pass through a flagellate stage, and the plasmodium does not exhibit the
characteristic rhythmic circulation of granular protoplasm, but instead
shows slow irregular movements. The habit of the plasmodium also is
remarkable ; instead of spreading in branching veins, each plasmodium
forms a small nearly stationary mass which feeds on the lichen or alga lying
beneath it, and into which it gradually penetrates. In dry weather each
plasmodium contracts to form a spherical rose-coloured macrocyst 0:1 to
0-2 mm. diam., and then resembles the perithecium of a Nectria. The Rev.
- W. Cran has repeatedly found sporangia and macrocysts on lichens and
algae growing on elder and ash bark in various parts of Aberdeenshire.
The macrocysts soon revived on being moistened, and formed plasmodia
that moved about slowly for some days in a moist chamber. There is no
trace of capillitium in the sporangia we have examined, and it is probable
that the threads Zukal described as capillitium were the hyphae of some
minute mould. From the description and illustration of the spores of
Lacea singularis Jahn, there can be little doubt that they refer to the present
species. Hymenobolus, the name first applied by Zukal, was found to be
already appropriated ; he therefore changed it to Hymenbolina.

Hab. On moss and lichen on bark of dead or living trees.—Nairnshire,
Aberdeenshire, Bavaria, Carinthia.

Genus 33.—ORCADELLA Wingate in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil., 1889, 280 (diminutive of orca jar). Sporangia usually
stalked ; sporangium-wall opaque with granular deposits
except in the upper part where it forms a membranous lid.

- 1. O. operculata Wing. l.c. (with a lid). Plasmodium
dull orange (Minakata). Total height 0-4 to 0:9 mm. Sporan-
gia scattered, urn-shaped or subglobose, stalked, erect,
0-1 to 0:3 mm. diam., brown cr nearly black, provided with
a convex or dome-shaped dull yellow glossy lid, rarely sessile ;
sporangium-wall cartilaginous, opaque from deposits of refuse-
matter; lid membranous, minutely papillose. Stalk cylin-

186 ENDOSPOREAE

drical or subulate, furrowed, nearly black, filled with dark
refuse-matter. Spores almost colourless and smooth, 8 to 11 p
diam., yellowish or pink in mass.—Mass. Mon., 49; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 203 ; Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud.
Sc. Nat., liii. 460.

Var. sessile G. Lister. Sporangia sessile, pulvinate, glossy
dark brown, dehiscing along one or more ridges ; spores lilac-
pink.

Pl. 149.—d. sporangia; e. fragment of sporangium-wall and papillose lid, with
spores; f. spore (United States).

This minute species was first found by Mr. Harold Wingate in Fairmount
Park, Philadelphia, where it appeared in some abundance on oak bark.
Sporangia found by Mr. W. H. Burrell at Stratton Strawless, Norfolk, differ
from the type in having an ill-defined lid and in the walls being dark and
cartilaginous at the base only, while above they are membranous, pale
olive-brown, translucent and minutely papillose, and have a somewhat
faceted appearance from being marked with superficial patches of refuse
matter. Mr. Cran finds a similar form near Aberdeen, associated with
sporangia having well-defined lids and with occasional sessile sporangia.
The spore walls are colourless, but the contents are pale rose-coloured ;
this rosy tint gives a striking appearance to the emerging swarm cells
(see Burrell in Trans. Norf. & Norw. Nat. Soc., ix. 106). The form
described as var. sessile was found on moss on an oak-tree, five feet from
the ground, in December 1920, near Porlock, Somerset, by Mr. N. G. Hadden.
The walls of the sporangia are equally thickened all over except along thinner
prominent lines of dehiscence. In one sporangium two slender spikes enclosing
dark refuse-matter project inwards from the walls, while a longer spike
forms a bar, varying from 5 to 10 » diam., crossing the sporangium and con-
necting the opposite walls. Possibly this is not a normal development; the
spores are, however, perfectly formed. Mr. Cran finds typical sporangia in
great profusion on the mossy bark of living trees, five or six feet up the
trunk, fully exposed to light and weather.

Hab. On moss and bark of living trees.—Norfolk, Aberdeenshire, North
Germany, Jura Mountains, Japan, Pennsylvania, Maine: var. sessile,
Somerset.

Family III.—TuBULINACEAE.

Sporangia clustered, cylindrical or ellipsoid, stalked or sessile ;
sporangium-wall membranous, pale rufous, without plasmodic
granules ; spores minutely reticulated, 4 to 7 » diam.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF TUBULINACEAE.
Sporangia cylindrical, compacted, with or without pseudo-
columella. (34) TUBIFERA

Fig. 42.—Tubifera ferruginosa Gmel.
Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 23 times.

Sporangia clustered, stalked, ellipsoid ; capillitium a brush

TUBIFERA | TUBULINACEAE 187

of tubular threads attached above and below to the sporan-
gium-wall. (35) ALWISIA

Fig. 43.—Alwisia bombarda Berk. & Br.
a. Three clusters of sporangia. Twice natural size.

b. Immature sporangium; the capillitium is seen
through the transparent walls. (Drawn
from a glycerine mounting.) Magnified 12
times.

c. Upper portion of three capillitium-threads, showing
attachment to the sporangium-wall. Magni-
fied 70 times.

Genus 34.—TUBIFERA Gmelin Syst. Nat., ii. 1472
(1791) (tubus tube, fero I bear). Sporangia cylindrical,
crowded on a common hypothallus.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TUBIFERA.

A, Sporangia without pseudo-columella :—
Sporangia clustered on a broad hypothallus, spores

5 to 8 p. 1. 7. ferruginosa

Sporangia clustered on a stalk-like hypothallus,

spores 3 to 5 p. 2. T'. stupitata

B. Sporangium-wall connected by tubular strands with a
hollow pseudo-columella. 3. T'. Casparyt

1. T. ferruginosa Gmel. l.c. (rust coloured). Plasmodium
watery-white, rarely bright yellow, changing to salmon-colour
or rose-red, then mulberry-red in the young sporangia.
Sporangia densely crowded, cylindrical, angled by mutual
pressure, seldom loosely clustered, convex or conical above,
3 mm. long, 0-4 mm. broad, light reddish-brown or umber,
glossy or iridescent, seated on a common spongy hypothallus
and forming rufous-brown cushions, 2 to 7 cm. in breadth ;
sporangium-wall membranous, pale rufous-brown, marked on
the inner side with minute scattered warts or papillae and often
with pouch-like protuberances. Spores pale rufous-brown,
closely and minutely reticulated over two-thirds of the surface,
the remaining third nearly smooth, or marked with broken
ridges, 5 to 8 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,
206. TZ. cylindrica Gmel. lic. T. fragiformis Gmel. l.c.
Stemonitis ferruginosa Batsch Elench. Fung., 261, fig. 175
(1786). Lycoperdon favaceum Schrank Baier. F'l., 11. 667 (1796).
Tubulifera ceratum Mill. Fl. Dan., t. 659, fig. 2 (1777) ?
(nomen). T'. arachnoidea Jacq. Misc., i. 144, t. 15 (1778) ?
T. coccinea Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 243 (1797).
Sphaerocarpus cylindricus Bull. Champ., 140, t. 470, fig. 3
(1791). 8S. fragiformis Bull. lc., 141, t. 384. TZubulina

188 ENDOSPOREAE [TUBIFERA

fragiformis Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 91 (1794) ;
Lister Mycetozoa, 153. 7. fallax Pers. Obs. Myce., ii. 28
(1799). ZT. cylindrica DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 249 (1805); Rost.
Mon., 220; Rex in Bot. Gaz., ‘xv. 315; Mass) Moneys:
T. fragifera Poiret in Lam. Encyel., viii. 130 (1808). 7’. con-
globata Preuss in Linnaea, xxiv. 140 (1851). 7’. nitedissema
Berk. in Journ. Linn. Soc., xviii. 387 (1881). 7’. speciosa
Speg. in Atti Soc. Critt. Ital., ser. 2, iii. 62 (1881). Licea
clavata Schrad. Nov. Pl. Gen., 18 (1797). LZ. T’ubulina Schrad.
l.c., 16. L. fragiformis Nees Syst., 107 (1816). L. cylindrica
Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 195 (1829). JZ. iricolor Zoll. in Flora,
xxx. 300 (1847). JZ. rubiformis Berk. & Curt. in Proc. Am.
Acad. Arts & Sci., iv. 125 (1860).

Pl. 150.—a. tubular sporangia clustered on a spongy barren base; 0. spores; in

two the side is shown on which the reticulation is imperfect (England); c¢. part of
a cluster of sporangia with conical summits (United States).

The substance of the sporangium-wall varies in different gatherings ;
it may be iridescent and delicately membranous, or firm and of considerable
thickness. As the young thin-walled sporangia mature their colour changes
from rose-red to chestnut-brown; in stouter forms the young sporangia
change from dark mulberry-red to dark brown (see Rex l.c., 318). In some
sporangia of the more fragile type the apex is produced into a sharp cone ;
in others the sporangia are cylindrical, obtuse, and slightly connected with
each other, those on the outside of the cluster being often entirely free ;
in the stouter type the walls are closely compacted, and their apices form
a level tesselated surface. This species is often infested by the larvae of
a small fly, one of the Mycetophagidae, which devour the spores and pupate
within the cushions of sporangia.

Hab. On dead wood: common in the British Isles and widely distri-
buted in temperate and tropical regions.

2. T. stipitata Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 157 (1899)
(stalked). Plasmodium white or colourless (teste Rex).
Sporangia in shape, size, and colour as in 7’. ferruginosa, but
clustered on a dark brown spongy hypothallus, which has the
form of a stout stalk 2 to 3 mm. high. Spores pale rufous-
brown, minutely reticulated over the greater part of the
surface, the remaining part smooth or marked with ridges,
3 to 5 uw diam.—Licea stipitata Berk. & Rav. ex Berk. & Curt.
in Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci., iv. 125 (1860). L. microsperma
Berk. & Curt. in Grev., 11. 68 (1873). Tubulina stipitata Rost.
Mon., 223 (1875); Rex in Bot. Gaz., xv. 318 ; Mass. Mon., 38;
Lister Mycetozoa, 154.

Pl. 150.—d. cluster of sporangia on a stalk-like base ; e. spores, one shows the side
on which the reticulation is imperfect (United States).

The conical form of 7’. ferruginosa has spores measuring 4 to 6 pw, and
represents a form intermediate between that and the present species.
Mr. Petch describes a Ceylon gathering in which the sporangia occur singly
or in groups of three to twelve or more ; in some clusters the outer sporangia
are reflexed as in Alwisia bombarda; the ‘stalk’ may be 3 mm. high or
almost absent (see Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 357).

ALWISIA | TUBULINACEAE 189

Hab. On dead wood: not uncommon in the United States, the West
Indies, Japan, and throughout the tropics.

3. T. Casparyi Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 157 (1899)
(J. X. R. Caspary (1818-87), a German mycologist). Plas-
modium white. Sporangia closely compacted, resembling
T. ferruginosa in shape, size, and colour; sporangium-walls
connected with a long central columella by numerous straight
tubular processes. Spores pale rufous-brown, closely reti-
culated over the greater part of the surface, loosely reticulated
over the remaining part, 6 to 7u diam.—Siphoptychium
Casparyt Rost. Mon., App. 32 (1876); Rex in Bot. Gaz.,
xv. 319; Mass. Mon., 89; Lister Mycetozoa, 155.

Pl. 150.—f. portion of two sporangia with their walls partially broken away, showing
the columella and capillitium; g. portion of columella and capillitium; h. spores,
two show the side on which the reticulation is lax (United States).

Dr. Rex suggested that the columella in this species might be viewed
as an aborted sporangium since ‘aethalia are found in which from one-
third to one-half of the component sporangia lack both columellas and
connecting threads’ (l.c.); but the constancy of the typical structure in
specimens from many parts of the world does not support this view. Varia-
tions, however, do occur. In a large specimen gathered in Japan by Mr.
K. Minakata the apical caps of the sporangia consist of a firm membrane
to which the columellae are attached; the latter have few horizontal
branches and are either rod-like or are broken up into a sheaf of slender
knotted strands connected by numerous cross branchlets.

Hab. On dead wood.—Sweden, Japan, Ontario, New England, Iowa,
Washington.

Genus 35.—ALWISIA Berkeley & Broome in Journ. Linn.
Soc., xiv. 86 (1873) (H. de Alwis Seneviratne, for many years
draughtsman to the Ceylon Botanic Gardens; died 1894).
Sporangia clustered, stalked, ellipsoid; sporangium-wall
falling away in the upper half and exposing a stiff brush of
capillitium threads.

1. A. bombarda Berk. & Br. l.c., 87 (a stone-throwing
engine, or bomb). Plasmodium watery-white. Total height
4mm. Sporangia in clusters of four to eight, stalked, cylindri-
cal-ellipsoid, 1 to 1-5 mm. high, 0-5 mm. broad, rufous-brown,
the outer sporangia of a cluster usually reflexed ; sporangia
opening by spreading lobes; sporangium-wall membranous,
evanescent above, persistent below, pale red, with minute
scattered granules on the inner side, occasionally produced
into small pouches. Stalks cylindrical, 2-5 mm. high, 0-15 mm.
thick, adhering in clusters of 4 to 12, brownish-purple ; when
mounted in glycerine, orange-red, translucent. Capillitium
consisting of slender straight and nearly simple tubular
threads 0:5 to 0:8 mm. long, 3 to 8 w wide, attached above
by slender points to the fugaceous apical sporangium-wall,
and also below to the interior of the cup-like base of the
sporangium, where they often branch and anastomose ; they

190 ENDOSPOREAE

may be interrupted by bulbous swellings 20 to 40 pw long,
and are either smooth or closely studded with slender spines
2 to 3 in length. Spores pale reddish-brown, reticulated
over two-thirds their surface, 5 to 6 » diam.—Lister in Journ.
Bot., xlii. 135; Fischer in Mitth. Naturf. Ges. Bern., 1906,
121, figs: 11-14 (1907); Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 357 ;
Macbride N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 208. Trichia fragilis
Rost. Mon. App., 39, (1876) in part. Prototrichia bombarda
Mass. Mon., 128 (1892).

Pl. 151.—a. three clusters of sporangia (Ceylon); 0. cluster of sporangia, the upper
walls have broken away exposing the capillitium-threads (Jamaica); ¢. group of
capillitium-threads attached above and below to the sporangium-walls ; d. upper ends
of three threads of capillitium, and spores ; e. lower ends of capillitium-threads showing
attachment to the sporangium-wall; f. part of capillitium-thread and spores.

On maturity the cup of the sporangium splits into reflexed lobes bearing
the persistent threads of the capillitium in the form of a diffuse tuft. The
type of this remarkable species is an immature gathering made by Thwaites
in Ceylon in 1868. Although differing from the other species of the 7'ubuli-
naceae in the mode of dehiscence and in the capillitium, it agrees with them
completely in the colour and structure of the sporangium-wall and in the
character of the spores. Mr. A. R. Sanderson, who has collected this
species three times in Malaya, and who was the first to observe the colour
of the plasmodium, writes that it occurs on moss-covered rotten jungle-logs,
sometimes forming very large colonies.

Hab. On dead wood.—Ceylon, Malaya, Sumatra, Jamaica.

Family LV.—RETICULARIACEAE.

Sporangia closely compacted and usually forming an
aethalium ; sporangium-walls without plasmodic granules,
usually incomplete, perforated, or forming a spurious capilli-
tium ; true capillitium none, or in Liceopsis consisting of
a few branching threads and strands.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF RETICULARIACEAE.

A. Sporangia forming aethalia* :—

Sporangia columnar ; sporangium-walls incomplete, dome-
shaped at the apex, continued down to the base in four
to six straight threads. (36) DicTtyDIAETHALIUM.

Fig. 44.—Dictydiaethalium plumbeum Rost.
a, Aethalium. Natural size.

b. Hight sporangia of an aethalium isolated ; in three
the column of spores has fallen away, leaving
the cap and persistent threads. Magnified
20 times,

* Sporangia form elongated or net-like plasmodiocarps in Enteridium liceoides.

DICTYDIAETHALIUM| RETICULARIACEAE 19]

Walls of convoluted sporangia perforated and forming
a uniform tissue of interarching bands.
(37) ENTERIDIUM

Fig. 45.—Enteridium olivaceum Ehrenb.
a. Plasmodiocarp. Magnified twice.
b. Part of spurious capillitium. Magnified 35 times.

c. A spore cluster, and one isolated spore. Magnified
210 times.

Walls of convoluted sporangia incomplete, forming strands
and folds with numerous anastomosing threads.
(38) RETICULARIA

Fig. 46.—Reticularia Lycoperdon Bull.

a, Aethalium. Natural size.
b. Fragment of capillitium. Magnified 100 times.

B. Sporangia subglobose, closely compacted or forming
aethalia ; inner walls usually complete.
(39) LickopsIs

Fig. 47.—Liceopsis lobata Torrend.
a. Two groups of sporangia. Magnified 5 times.
b. Capillitium. Magnified 50 times.
¢. Spore. Magnified 450 times.

Genus 36.—DICTYDIAETHALIUM Rostafinski Versuch,
D (1873) (durvdiov a little net, aethalium the term for a com-
pound fructification). Aethalium pulvinate, formed of erect
columnar sporangia; sporangium-walls incomplete, dome-
shaped at the apex, continued down to the basal membrane
in four to six straight threads; capillitium none. CLA-
THROPTYCHIUM Rost. Mon., 225 (1875).

1. D. plumbeum Rost. Versuch, 5 (1873) (lead-coloured).

192 ENDOSPOREAE [DICTYDIAETHALIUM

Plasmodium rose-red. Aethalium pulvinate, smooth, flattened,
1 to 5 cm. broad, 0-5 to 1 mm. thick, dull slate-coloured or
clay-coloured, iridescent, areolated with the convex apices
of the sporangia, often surrounded by a white membranous
hypothallus ; sporangia cylindrical, angled by mutual pressure,
0-5to 1mm. high, 0-2 mm. broad; sporangium-wall ochraceous
or yellow, persistent and forming a flat or dome-shaped cap
at the apex, sometimes dark with superficial deposits of refuse-
matter, continued down to the basal membrane in four to
six straight threads 2 to 4 thick and triangular in section,
evanescent between the threads. Spores clay-coloured in
mass, when magnified pale yellow, spinulose, 9 to 12 » diam.—
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 215. Fuligo plumbea
Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell., ii. 193 (1803). Reticularia plumbea
Fr. Syst. Mye., ili. 88 (1829). A. lurida Berk. & Br. in Journ.
Linn. Soc., xiv. 82 (1873). Ostracoderma spadiceum Schwein.
in Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., ser. 2, iv. 262 (1831). Licea rugulosa
Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., 1. 345 (1833). ZL. applanata Berk.
in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot., iv. 67 (1845). ZL. cinnabarina
Berk. & Br. l.c., 86 (1873). L. tenuissuma Berk. & Br. lL.c.
Lycogala lenticulare Dur. et Mont. in Expl. Sc. de lAlgérie,
401 (1846). Dictydiaethalium applanatum Rost. in Fuckel
Symb. Myc., Nachtr., ii. 69 (1873). D. dissiliens Hazsl. in
Oester. Bot. Zeitsch., xxvii. 85 (1877). Clathroptychium
rugulosum Rost. Mon., 225 (1875); Mass. Mon., 51. C.
cinnabarinum Sacc. in Michelia, i. 545 (1879). C. Berkeleyi
Mass. l.c., 53 (1892).

Var. entoxanthum G. Lister in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot.,
xlvi. 95 (1922) (évrds within, gavO0s yellow). Aethalia pale or
dark olive-green, 2 to 3 mm. thick; spores bright yellow.—
Reticularia entoxantha Berk. in Hook. Journ. Bot., iti. 201
(1851).

Pl. 152.—a. part of an aethalium seen from above; 0. tubular sporangia from an
aethalium ; in two of them the spores are dispersed and the caps and threads of the
sporangium-walls are left free; ¢. sporangia from a stouter aethalium; d. cap and
threads of sporangium-wall; e. floor of aethalium areolated with the bases of the
sporangia; jf. spores and portion of a thread; g. spores and portion of thread from
aethalium drawn at c. (England); h. spore and thread of var. entoxanthum (Sikkim,
K. 1669); %. spore (England) ; &. spore from type of Clathroptychium Berkeleyi Mass.

In this species the spores are dispersed by the threads giving way below
and the sporangia separating in tufts from the persistent shining base of
the aethalium. In irregular developments the sporangium-walls may be
continuous to a great extent between the threads, forming a lattice work
with wide expansions. The type of var. entoxanthum from Sikkim (K. 1660)
is a robust form with an olive-black aethalium, 3 mm. thick, and bright
yellow within; the threads of the sporangia are 10, diam., waved and
thickened at the margins; the spores are yellow and spinulose, 9 to 11 pw;
similar aethalia have been obtained by Prof. Thaxter from Corral, Chili,
but with more clay-coloured spores. Clathroptychiwm Berkeleyi Mass., from
Ceylon (K. 1666), differs only from the robust forms of D. plumbeum in the
more strongly spinulose spores; but as the spores of most gatherings vary
in roughness, this character alone is not sufficient to mark specific difference.

ENTERIDIUM | RETICULARIACEAE 193

Olathroptychium cinnabarinum Sacc., from N. Italy, is described as having
vermilion sporangia with blackish-purple opercula and threads; this
description applies to immature specimens of D. plumbeum.

Hab, On dead wood: frequent in Great Britain in autumn and winter ;
widely distributed in all temperate and tropical regions: var. entoxanthum
recorded from Sikkim, Ceylon, New Caledonia, and South Chili.

Genus 37.—ENTERIDIUM Ehrenberg in Spreng. Jahrb.
Gewichs., i., pt. 2, 55 (1818) (évrepov intestine). Aethalium
composed of confluent interwoven sporangia, their walls
perforated with large openings; sporangia more or less free,
forming plasmodiocarps in EH. liceoides ; capillitium none.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ENTERIDIUM.,
A. Sporangia forming aethalia :—

Aethalia usually 1 cm. diam. or more; spores warted,
clustered or free. 1. EL. olivacewm

Aethalia 1 to 2 mm. diam. ; spores warted, clustered.
2. H. minutum

Spores reticulated, free. 4. H. Rozeanum

B. Sporangia forming plasmodiocarps ; spores clustered.
3. H. liceoides

1. E. olivaceum Ehrenb. l.c., 57 (olive). Plasmodium
rose-red. Aethalium pulvinate, depressed, 1 mm. to 8 cm.
broad, 1 to 3 mm. thick, smooth or rugulose, dark olive-
brown, rarely dark bluish-green, often glossy ; sporangium-
walls yellow-olive or dark green, sub-cartilaginous, perforated
with wide openings forming a network or pseudo-capillitium
with broad winged boundaries to the meshes. Spores in
clusters of 6 to 20, sometimes free, pale olive or brown,
thickened and warted on one side, 9 to 12 » diam.—Rost.
Mon., 227; Mass. Mon., 44; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 214. Lycoperdon ungulinum Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell.,
ii. 192 (1803)? Reticularia versicolor Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg.,
i, 147 (1825). R. olivacea Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 89 (1829).
R. ungulina Fr. 1.c.? R. applanata Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xviii. 56, t. ii, fig. 3 (1866). Licea olivacea
Fuckel Symb. Myc., 338 (1869). Licaethalium olivaceum Rost.
Versuch, 4 (1873). Hnteridiwm atrum Preuss in Linnaea, xxiv.
142 (1851). E. simulans Rost. 1.c., App. 30 (1876). £. antarcti-
cum Speg. in Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cord., xi. 363 (1887) ?
EH. Rostrupit Raunk. in Bot. Tidssk., xvii. 106 (1890). £,
macrosperma Raunk. l.c.

Pl. 153.—a. aethalium ; b. pseudo-capillitium and spore clusters ; ¢. spore cluster.

The aethalia in this species may consist of many or few layers of sporangia;
of the latter form an example is seen in Hnteridiwm Rostrupit Raunk. from
Denmark, in which parts of the large olive-grey aethalia consist of only

O

194 ENDOSPOREAE [ENTERIDIUM

one or two layers of much branched loosely compacted sporangia. A speci-
men (B.M. 2813) obtained by Mr. W. B. Allen in the rosy plasmodium stage
at Shirlett, Salop, and matured indoors, shows all stages between single
spherical sporangia, 0-2 to 0-3 mm. diam., small subglobose aethalia 1 to
2 mm. diam., and larger aethalia 5 to 10 mm. long; the spores are perfectly
formed and free. This variety of forms from one plasmodium is probably
due to unfavourable conditions of development.

Hab. On dead wood: not uncommon in the British Isles in autumn and
winter ; widely distributed throughout Europe, and recorded also from
New Jersey, and possibly from South Chili.

2. E. minutum Sturgis in Mycologia, ix. 329 (1917) (small).
Aethalia subglobose or elongate, pale umber, 0-7 to 2 mm.
diam.; inner sporangium-walls or pseudo-capillitium pale
brown, perforated by large rounded openings, or in part
reduced to anastomosing strands. Spores pale yellowish-
brown, globose or flattened on one side, minutely warted,
10x12 or 11x13 p, loosely adhering in clusters of two to
three.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 214.

Pl. 220.—a. aethalium broken and showing pseudo-capillitium ; b. pseudo-capillitium,
spores, and fragment of aethalium wall; ec, d. spores.

It appears somewhat doubtful if this is anything more than a small weak
form of the preceding species which varies much in size and colour.
Hab. On dead wood.—Yorkshire, Colorado.

3. E. liceoides G. Lister in Guide to British Mycetozoa,
ed. 4, 48 (1919) (Licea). Plasmodium rosy-pink. Sporangia
usually forming curved plasmodiocarps, simple, branching,
or sometimes forming a flat net, glossy, dark brown or purple-
brown ; wall of aethalium purplish or brown, cartilaginous,
consisting of two layers enclosing brown granular matter ;
pseudo-capillitium represented by simple or forked columnar
strands or tubes connecting the upper and lower sporangium-
walls. Spores pale brown or olivaceous, clustered, minutely.
warted on the side facing outwards in the cluster, 10 to 12 pw
diam.—#. olivacewm var. liceoides Lister in Journ. Bot.,
xxxlv. 211 (1896) ; Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 197.

Pl. 153.—d. plasmodiocarps.

This species is found to be constant in the features which distinguish it
from . olivaceum. A curious intermediate form was gathered by the late
Prof. W. G. Farlow at Chocorua, New Hampshire, consisting of a depressed
aethalium, about 3 mm. diam. and 0:2 to 0-25 mm. thick, with dark brown
rugged pseudo-capillitium in the form either of stout pillars or of branching
and anastomosing strands enclosing refuse-matter.

Hab. On dead coniferous wood.—Devon, Somerset, Wiltshire, Surrey,
Norfolk, Argyllshire, France, North Germany, New Hampshire.

4, E. Rozeanum Wing. in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., (1889)
156 (M. Roze who gathered the type). Plasmodium watery-
white changing to flesh-coloured. Aethalium hemispherical or
subglobose, 5 to 30 mm. diam., red-brown; sporangium-
walls within the aethalium perforated, forming a network
of broad membranous bands, or sometimes frayed into strands

RETICULARIA | RETICULARIACEAE 195

and slender threads as in Reticularia. Spores rusty-brown,
closely and evenly reticulated on two-thirds of the surface,
the remaining part faintly warted, 7 to 9 wu diam.—Macbr.
in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 117; Mass. Mon., 46. Reticularia
(?) Rozeana Rost. Mon., App. 33 (1876). R. splendens Morg.
in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xv. 1387 (1893). Hnteridium
splendens Morg. in litt.; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 211.

Pl. 153.—e. aethalium; half is seen in vertical section, showing the persistent
sporangium-walls and the barren base; f. perforated sporangium-walls; g. spores
(United States).

Mr. Wingate states that specimens received by him from M. Roze,
obtained from near Paris, identify the American gatherings with Reticularia
Rozeana Rost., the type of which appears to be now lost. Prof. Macbride
is of the opinion that Wingate’s identification may have been incorrect,
and prefers to use a later name, given by Morgan, LH. splendens, for what is
a common American species. There is no doubt, however, that the specimens
from Philadelphia described by Wingate as H. Rozeanum are the present
species, and we have not sufficient evidence to disturb the name he adopted.
Typical examples have been gathered by Prof. Brandza in Moldavia.

Hab. On dead wood.—France, Moldavia, Japan, Ontario, British
Columbia, and the United States.

Genus 38.—RETICULARIA Bulliard Champ., 95 (1791)
(reticulum a little net). Aethalium composed of numerous
elongated interwoven sporangia, whose walls are partly
evanescent, partly persistent, and form broad expansions
and strands dividing above into delicate capillitium-like
threads ; spores and threads rusty-brown.

1. R. Lycoperdon Bull. l.c., t. 446, f. 4 (1791) (a genus of
Puff-balls). Plasmodium creamy-white. Aethalium pulvinate
or subglobose, 5mm. to 6cm. diam., brownish copper-coloured
or enclosed in a thin smooth silvery cortex, seated on a well-
developed hypothallus of interwoven membranous strands.
Pseudo-capillitium consisting of persistent portions of the
sporangium-walls, forming irregular branching strands arising
from the hypothallus, dividing above into numerous slender
flattened and flexuose rusty-brown threads. Spores free or
adhering loosely in large clusters, somewhat turbinate, rusty-
brown, thickened and closely reticulated on the rounded side,
the remaining part marked with scattered warts, 6 to 10 pw
diam.—Rost. Mon., 240; Mass. Mon., 93; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 210. R.argentea Poiret in Lam. Encycl.,
vi. 183 (1804). R. umbrina Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 87 (1829).
Mucor Lycogalus Bolton Hist. Fung., iii. 133, t. 133, f. 2
(1789). Lycogala argentea Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot.,
i. 87 (1794). JL. turbinata Pers. Syn. Fung., 158 (1801). JZ.
punctata Pers. l.c. Fuligo Lycoperdon Schum. Enum. PI.
Saell., ii. 193 (1803). Strongylium fuliginoides Ditm. in
Schrad, Neu. Bot. Journ., iii. 3 (1809).

QO 2

196 ENDOSPOREAE [LICEOPSIS

Var. jurana G. Lister (from the Jura Mountains). Aethalium
small, copper-coloured, with rather paler spores than in the
typical form.—R. jwrana Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc.
Nat., xliv. 297 (1908).

Pi. 154.—a. aethalium; 6. capillitium ; c. spores (England).

When matured in a moist atmosphere under a glass shade, the smooth
silvery cortex formed by a layer of barren sporangia is not produced, and
the convolute sporangia are filled with spores to their apices, which gives
an uneven brain-like surface to the aethalium. In some gatherings the
walls of the sporangia are much more developed than in others, and have
almost the character of Hnteridiwm, to which genus Reticularia is closely
allied. M. Meylan has courteously sent us specimens of what he regards
as a new species, R. jurana (B.M. 2824), obtained from several stations in
the Jura Mountains, at an elevation of from 1,300 to 1,500 m.; he gives
as the distinguishing characters the small size of the aethalia, which measure
5 to 10 mm. diam., their fragile copper-coloured surface walls, and the
faint reticulation of the paler spores. Similar aethalia are not unfrequent
in the British Isles, and appear to be small forms of Rk, Lycoperdon hardly
deserving varietal distinction.

Hab. On dead wood.—Common in the British Isles from spring to early
autumn; widely distributed in all temperate regions.

Genus 39.—LICEOPSIS Torrend in Bull. Soc. Portug. Sci.
Nat., ii. 63 (1908) (Licea and os appearance). Sporangia
closely compacted, sessile, subglobose, with fragile mem-
branous walls. Capillitium either consisting of slender branch-
ing threads and strands with membranous expansions at the
axils, or wanting.

1. L. lobata Torrend l.c. (lobed). Plasmodium watery-
white. Sporangia closely clustered, angled by mutual pressure,
rarely solitary, subglobose, 0-4 to 0-7 mm. diam., rusty-brown,
shining iridescent, sometimes confluent to form a flat or
globose aethalium ; sporangium-walls membranous, smooth.
Capillitium scanty, consisting of slender rusty-brown branching
and anastomosing threads and strands with thin membranous
expansions. Spores subglobose or turbinate, rusty-brown,
sharply and closely reticulated on two-thirds of their surface,
faintly and loosely reticulated on the remaining third, 6 to
10 » diam.—Torrend Fl. Myx., 121. Reticularia lobata Lister
Mycetozoa, 161 (1894). . Rozeana Lister in Journ. Bot.,
xxix. 263 (1891).

Pl. 154.—d. clustered sporangia (England); e. capillitium; jf. spores.

This species appeared in July 1887 and in the three following years on
a Spanish chestnut stump in Wanstead Park, Essex; it has since been
obtained in many other localities. Gatherings made by Dr. Torrend on old
willows, near Lisbon, show sporangia which do not unite to form true
aethalia, as they do in some of the Wanstead specimens; in a few cases
they are quite free, and may even be seated on slender stalks or strands of
hypothallus. The small size and occasional free sporangia appear to be
the chief characters distinguishing this species from Hnteridium Rozeanum.

Hab. On dead wood.—Wanstead and Epping Forest, Essex, Surrey,

LYCOGALA | LYCOGALACEAE 197

Bedfordshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, Salop, Norfolk, Aberdeen-
shire, North Wales, France, Germany, Portugal, Switzerland.

Family V.—LyYcoGALACEAE.

Sporangia forming an aethalium ; pseudo-capillitium con-
sisting of smooth or wrinkled branching colourless tubes.
(40) LycogaLa

This order contains the single genus Lycogala.

Fig. 48.—Lycogala epidendrum Fr.
a. Three aethalia. Natural size.
b. Capillitium. Magnified 150 times.
c, Spore. Magnified 600 times.

Fig. 48.

Genus 40.—LYCOGALA Adanson Fam. PIl., ii. 7 (1763)
(Avxos wolf, yada milk). Aethalium subglobose or conical, with
a cortex consisting of two or more closely combined layers of
different structure ; the outer layer has large cell-like vesicles,
which are either embedded or superficial, and is traversed by
interlacing tubular threads which pierce the homogeneous
inner layer, and are continuous with the tubes of the pseudo-
capillitium ; the latter are grey or colourless, wrinkled or
nearly smooth.

The plasmodium of Lycogala epidendrum emerges from decaying wood
to form an aethalium as a group of small coral-red papillae; these grow
and unite into a cushion-like mass composed of numerous slender convoluted
sporangia from 0-5 to 0°7 mm. diam. The sporangia are bounded at first
by extremely delicate walls ; narrow branching air passages also lie in the
interstices between them, which eventually are enclosed by membranous
walls and constitute the pseudo-capillitium. Sections of young aethalia at
various stages of growth show the formation of the complex structure of
the cortex. The outer layer of the cortex is formed from the superficial
coils of the sporangia and eventually consists of a membrane traversed by
a weit of branching tubes containing air; these tubes originated as air
spaces between the outer barren layers of sporangia which have become
flattened and contracted on themselves. The inner layer of the cortex is
a finely granular membrane pierced by tubes continuous on the outside
with those of the outer cortical layer, and on the inside with the pseudo-
capillitium. Over the surface of the cortex are scattered numerous wart-
like vesicles, which, when first formed, contain granular protoplasm with
many nuclei, which degenerate and disappear as the vesicles dry. The
pseudo-capillitium in L. flavo-fuscum has more delicate walls than in L.
epidendrum and is sometimes perforated by irregular lattice-like openings.
The occasional presence of spores in the tubes in L. flavo-fuscwm may be
explained by the penetration of sporeplasm through such openings.

198 ENDOSPOREAE [LYCOGALA

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LYCOGALA.

Cortex of aethalia smooth or areolated. 1. L. flavo-fuscum °
Cortex of aethalia warted—
Aethalia subglobose. 2. L. epidendrum
Aethalia conical. 3. L. conicum

1. L. flavo-fuscum Rost. Versuch, 3 (1873) (flavus yellow,
fuscus dusky). Plasmodium white or pale pink. Aethalia
usually solitary, rounded, sessile, or pyriform and shortly
stalked, 2 to 7 cm. diam., glossy, ochraceous or pale purplish-
brown, minutely areolated ; cortex thick, of three layers ;
the outer membranous, composed of interwoven barren
sporangia ; the middle consisting of several layers of vesicles
with ochraceous granular contents, 50 to 80 » diam., bounded
on the inner side by a network of tubes containing air; the
inner layer a pale brown homogeneous membrane, pierced by
these tubes. Stalk a slender, colourless, more or less cylin-
drical strand of hypothallus, 1 to 2 cm. long. Pseudo-capilli-
tium consisting of irregularly branching and anastomosing
tubes, nearly colourless, smooth or somewhat wrinkled and
papillose, 6 to 20 » diam., with numerous wide expansions at
the axils and with free rounded ends. Spores in mass pale
buff, when magnified colourless, minutely reticulated over the
greater part of the surface, 5 to 6 w diam.—Rost. Mon., 288 ;
Mass. Mon., 124; Zopf in Schenk Handb. Bot., iii, pt. 2, 167;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 234; Bambeke Contr.
Hist. Lycogala flavo-fuscum (1912). Diphtherium flavo-
fuscum Ehrenberg Sylv. Myce. Berol., 14, 27 (1818). Reticularia
flavo-fusca Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 88 (1829). R. testacea Wally. FI.
Crypt. Germ., ii. 340 (1833)? Lycogala repletum Morg. in
Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii. 40 (1895)? LZ. Rosta-
finskw Siemaszko in Rocznika, xlvii. 249, t. v (1922) ?

Pl. 155.—a. aethalium; 0b. reticulated surface of cortex; c. vertical section of
cortex ; (1) outer layer composed of interwoven empty flattened tubes ; (2) vesicles
containing yellow or reddish-yellow matter, with the interspaces between them
traversed by tubular processes which are more or less continuous with the pseudo-
capillitium ; (3) homogeneous inner layer, perforated by the pseudo-capillitium ;
d. pseudo-capillitium consisting of empty tubes, occasionally containing spores in the
rounded ends ; two large isolated vesicles are also shown ; e. part of pseudo-capillitium
tube, showing papillose surface ; f. spores, showing unequally distributed reticulation.

In this species large isolated vesicles filled with granular matter and
measuring from 50 to 100, diam. are often found scattered among the
spores. The description of L. Rostafinskii, the type of which was found on
a trunk of Fagus orientalis in the Caucasus, applies well to the stalked form
of L. flavo-fuscum.

Hab. On dead wood, especially within hollow elm-trees in England:
recorded from Hampshire, Bedfordshire, Surrey, Salop, Nottinghamshire,
Yorkshire, and Westmorland; from Sweden, France, Germany, Poland,
and Austria; from the Cape Province, Ceylon, and Japan; not common
but widely distributed in North and South America.

LYCOGALA | LYCOGALACEAE 199

2. L. epidendrum Fries Syst. Myc., iii. 80 (1829). (ez
upon, dévdpov tree). Plasmodium coral-red, rarely white,
cream-coloured, or yellow. Aethalia crowded or scattered,
subglobose, sessile, 3 to 15 mm. diam., pinkish-grey, yellowish-
brown, red-brown or nearly black, minutely warted ; cortex
varying in thickness, minutely warted with irregular super-
ficial vesicles. Pseudo-capillitium arising from the inner side
of the cortex in the form of loosely branching and anastomosing
thin-walled tubes, varying from 3 to 20, diam., usually
marked with close transverse wrinkles; free branches numerous,
clavate or rounded at the ends. Mass of spores pinkish-grey or
pink, becoming ochraceous with age; spores almost colourless,
closely reticulated over the greater part of the surface, the
remaining part marked with a loose reticulation or with short
raised lines and warts, 4 to 7 » diam.—Rost. Versuch, 3,
& Mon., 285; Mass. Mon., 121; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 233. Lycoperdon Epidendrum Linn. Sp. Pl.,
1184 (1753) ; ‘Bull. Champ., 145, t. 503. L. pisiforme Jacq.
Misc. Austr., i. 119, t. 7 (1778). L. variolosum Huds. FI. Angl.,
ed. 2, 645 (1778). L. chalybeum Batsch Elench. Fung., 155
(1783). L. pinewm Batsch l.c.? DL. verrucosum Batsch Loe.
Mucor Lycogala Scop. Fl. Carn., ii. 496 (1772). M. fragiformis
Schaeff. Fung. Bav., iv. 132 (1770). Galoperdon epidendrum
Wiggers Fl. Holsat., 109 (1780). Lycogala miniatum Pers. in
Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 87 (1794); Lister Mycetozoa, 209
L. punctata Pers. Syn. Fung., 158 (1801)? JZ. ferruginea
Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 192 (1803). LZ. cinerea Schum. 1. c.,
193 ? L. plumbea Schum. l.c.? JL. affine Berk. & Br. in Journ.
Linn. Soc., xiv. 82 (1873). ZL. platense Speg. in Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, vi. 203 (1898-9)? Reticularia rosea DC.
in Bull. Soc. Philom., i. 105, fig. 8 a, B, c (1798). R. miniata
Poiret in Lam. Encyel., vi. 184 (1804). R. punctata Poiret l.c.

Var. exiguum Lister in Minakata in Bot. Gaz. Tokyo, xxvii.
415 (1913) (small). Aethalia small, pale or dark, 2 to 5 mm.
diam.; spores usually rosy-pink.—L. exiguwm Morgan in
Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xv. 134 (1893); Macbr. lL.c.,
ed. 2, 235.

Var. tessellatum Lister in Penz. Myx. Buit., 77 (1898) (with
tessellated surface as in mosaic). Aethalia dark brown, 2 to
10 mm. diam. ; superficial vesicles of the cortex dark, lobed,
flattened, divided into numerous polygonal chambers 20 to
50 » diam., and one or two layers deep.

Pl. 156.—a. eethalia » b. surface of cortex, warted with vesicles ; c. vertical section
of cortex; (1) upper layer containing interwoven thick-walled tubes, and bearing on
the surface simple or compound vesicles ; (2) homogeneous inner layer, perforated by
the pseudo-capillitium ; d. pseudo-capillitium, consisting of empty tubes, rugose with
transverse folds; e. part of pseudo-capillitium tube, and spores.

In small aethalia the cortex is usually thin, the interlacing threads in the
outer layer narrow and sparsely distributed, and the homogeneous inner
layer membranous; in larger aethalia the outer layer is often 40 » thick,

/

200 ENDOSPOREAE [LYCOGALA

and the interlacing threads broad and abundant, with gelatinous outer
walls 5 to 10 » thick, while the homogeneous inner layer sometimes exceeds
50 » in thickness. A form of var. exiguum with smooth pseudo-capillitium,
and spores bright pink in mass was obtained in the province of Kii, Japan,
by Mr. B. Nishino, who observed that the colour of the plasmodium was
deep rose-red. Aethalia similar to those from Kii were gathered near
New Haven, Conn., by Prof. Farlow. The characters distinguishing this
form do not appear to be sufficiently constant to mark a separate species ;
smooth pseudo-capillitium may occur also in the var. tessellatum, and the
spores are often pink in typical aethalia of L. epidendrum.

Hab. On dead wood, rarely on dead leaves: common in the British
Isles in summer and autumn, and frequent in all temperate and tropical
regions ; the vars. exigwum and tessellatum are widely distributed.

3. L.conicum Pers. Syn. Fung., i. 159 (1801) (cone-shaped).
Plasmodium rose-red or scarlet. Aethalia conical, sessile on
a broad base, crowded or scattered, 1-5 to 3 mm. high, 0:8 to
1-5 mm. broad, sometimes subglobose, yellow-brown, marked
with dark branching superficial vesicles which form spots or
a broken reticulation chiefly on the upper part; cortex thin,
of two closely combined layers; the outer traversed by
flattened tubes, 2 to 10m broad, which are either loosely
interlacing or nearly parallel in a single series and separated
by intervals of 2 to 20; the tubes pierce the membranous
inner layer and are continuous with the pseudo-capillitium ;
the latter consisting of simple, rarely branching, olivaceous-
grey tubes, 3» diam., or varying from 2 to 7 p, faintly and
minutely wrinkled, with clavate or obtuse ends. Spores
yellowish-grey or ochraceous, minutely reticulated over the
greater part of the surface, 4 to 5 u diam.—Fr. Syst. Myc.,
ili. 82; Mass. Mon., 123; Macbr. in N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 236; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 361. JL. nitedum Berk.
& Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv. 81 (1873). L. atropurpureum
Berk. & Br. l.c., 82. Dermodium conicum Rost. Mon., 284
(1875).

Pl. 157.—a. aethalia; b. part of cortex; (1) outer membranous layer, bearing on
the surface irregularly shaped vesicles containing dark granular matter, and traversed
by empty flattened tubes having a somewhat parallel-arrangement ; (2) homogeneous
inner layer, perforated by the narrow pseudo-capillitium tubes; c¢. part of pseudo-
capillitium tube, and spores (Ohio).

The aethalia in this species differ from those of L. epidendrum in their
uniformly small size and more or less conical shape, in the scanty seldom
branching somewhat parallel tubes of the outer layer of the cortex, and in
the almost simple threads of the pseudo-capillitium. Very similar structure
is met with in minute thin-walled aethalia of L. epidendrum, but such
small aethalia are usually found associated with larger ones and differ also
in the shape and arrangement of the superficial vesicles.

Hab. On dead wood.—Norway, Sweden, North Germany, Switzerland,
Moldavia, Ceylon, Japan, West Indies, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri.

TRICHIACEAE 201

Suborder II—CALONEMINEAE.
Sporangia simple; capillitium always present, forming a
system of uniform threads ; spores yellow, red, or grey.
Family I.—TRICHIACEAE.

Capillitium consisting of tubular threads that are either
free and are then called ‘elaters’, or combined into an elastic
network ; thickenings in the form of spirals or rings.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF TRICHIACEAE.

Capillitium abundant, consisting of free elaters with spiral
thickenings. (41) 'TRICHIA

Fig. 49.—Trichia affinis de Bary.
a. Group of sporangia. Twice natural size.
b. Elater. Magnified 250 times.
ec. Spore. Magnified 400 times.

Capillitium scanty, consisting of free elaters with imperfect
spiral thickenings ; sporangia minute, closely compacted
or heaped. (42) OLIGONEMA

Fig. 50.—Oligonema nitens Rost.
a, Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 3 times.
b. Elater. Magnified 280 times.
€. Spore. Magnified 400 times.

Fig. 50.
Similar to Oligonema, but the capillitium branching and anas-
tomosing to form a network. (43) CALONEMA

Capillitium combined into a network, with spiral thickenings.
(44) HEMITRICHIA

Fig. 51.—Hemitrichia Vesparium Macbr.
a, Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 24 times.
6. Capillitium. Magnified 280 times.
ec. Spore. Magnified 400 times.

202 ENDOSPOREAE | TRICHIA

Capillitium combined into a network, with thickenings in the
form of rings. (45) CORNUVIA

Vig. 52.—Cornuvia Serpula Rost.
a. Plasmodiocarp. Magnified 7 times.
b. Capillitium. Magnified 250 times.
ec. Spore. Magnified 400 times.

Genus 41.—TRICHIA Haller Hist. Stirp. Helv., ii. 114
(1768) (@p¢é a hair). Sporangia stalked, sessile or forming
plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall membranous or cartila-
ginous ; elaters free, pointed at each end, thickened with two
to five spiral bands; spores reticulated or warted, in the
former case the reticulation may be continuous or broken, and
forms when seen in profile a ‘ border ’ to the spore.

A. Spores more or less completely reticulated :—

Elaters 6 to 8 u wide; spores reticulated ; border
2 uw wide ; sporangia sessile. 1. 7. favoginea
Elaters 4 to 6 uw wide; spores reticulated with
narrow bands; border 1 p wide; sporangia
usually stalked, clustered. | 2. T'. verrucosa
Elaters 4 to 6 » wide; spores reticulated with
broad pitted bands; border 0:5 to 1 p wide;
sporangia sessile. 3. 7. affinis
Elaters 4 to 6 w wide; spores with the reticulation
more or less broken into irregular shallow pitted
warts ; border interrupted, 0-5 » wide ; sporangia
sessile. 4. 7. persimilis
Elaters 4 to 6 » wide; spores very closely reticu-

lated ; border almost none ; sporangia sessile.
5. 7’. scabra

B. Spores minutely warted (sometimes minutely reticulated
in T'. decipiens) :—
a. Spirals of elaters two. 6. 7. varia
b. Spirals of elaters three or more—
a. Klaters shortly tapering at the ends—

Sporangia sessile; wall pale or dark brown, uni-
formly thickened with granular matter; spirals
of elaters distinct or faint. 7. T'. contorta

Sporangia sessile ; wall black, thick. 8. 7’. alpina

TRICHIA | TRICHIACEAE 203

Sporangia sessile; wall thin, without granular
thickening ; spirals of elaters faint.

9. 7’. lutescens

Sporangia stalked; wall membranous, thickened

in rounded areas with brown granular deposits ;

elaters spinose. 10. 7’. erecta

Sporangia stalked ; elaterssmooth. 13. 7. subfusca

B. Elaters smooth, very gradually tapering at the ends ;
sporangia stalked—

Stalk filled with spore-like cells. ll. 7’. decipiens
Stalk brown, opaque, not filled with spore-like cells.
12. 7. Botrytis

Stalk brownish-red or red, translucent when mounted.
14. T. floriformis

1. T. favoginea Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 90 (1794)
(favus honeycomb). Plasmodium white (or yellow, fide
Macbride). Sporangia sessile, globose, ovoid, cylindrical or
clavate, crowded on a membranous hypothallus, 0-6 to 0-7 mm.
broad, 0-7 to 1-9 mm. high, shining ochraceous-yellow ; mass
of spores and capillitium orange-yellow ; sporangium-wall
membranous, thickened with delicate irregular striae. Capil-
litium consisting of long cylindrical elaters 6 to 8» diam.,
smooth or with scattered spines, thickened with four to five
spiral bands 1 » broad, the intervals between them crossed
by slender ridges running parallel with the length of the
elater ; the ends of elaters conical, terminating in a smooth
point 3 to 8p long. Spores yellow, the wall reticulated with
narrow deep bands forming a net with three to five meshes
to the hemisphere, 13 to 15 » diam. including the border of
1-6 to 2 w width—Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell., ii. 207; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 272. Lycoperdon gregarium
Retz. Fasc. Obs. Bot., i. 833 (1779)? JL. favogineum Batsch
Elench. Fung., Cont. 257 (1786)? Stemonitis favoginea Gmel.
Syst. Nat., ii. 1470 (1791)? Sphaerocarpus chrysospermus Bull.
Champ., t. 417, f. 4 (1791)? Trichia nitens Pers. Obs. Myc.,
1, 62 (1796)? 7’. chrysosperma DC. FI. Fr., ii. 250 (1805)? Rost.
Mon., 255 ; Mass. Mon., 189.

Pl. 159.—a. sporangia; b. two spores and part of elater (Freiburg, Germany).

The species of 7'richia with reticulated spores are distinguished by some-
what arbitrary characters. The descriptions under the several names are
taken from specimens named by Rostafinski in the Strasburg Herbarium ;
they represent well marked centres, but in this abundant and widespread
genus intermediate forms are of frequent occurrence. The character of
longitudinal striae connecting the bands on the elaters is met with to
a greater or less extent in each member of the group. In extensive gatherings
of the present species on old pine stumps in the Black Forest, the elaters
are usually 8» diam., but some measure 7 » and some 6°54; the con-

204 ENDOSPOREAE [TRICHIA

necting striae are almost always but not invariably distinct; the spores
have mostly unbroken bands without pits, and show a border 2 » diam.,
but in some parts of several gatherings the bands are broader, broken, and
pitted, and so shallow that the border is reduced to a slight thickening of
the spore-wall; in all these specimens a considerable part retains the
character of 7’. favoginea in the narrow and even bands on the spores and broad
elaters. Between 7’. favoginea and 7’. affinis, 7’. affinis and 7’. persimilis, and
T’. persimilis and 7’. scabra, intermediate forms frequently occur. The
length, branching, and markings of the elaters vary much with different
conditions of development. Abnormal forms sometimes occur with the
capillitium consisting of a dense network of the extreme Hemitrichia type
with no free elaters. 7. affinis and 7’. scabra, when exposed to severe
changes of temperature at the time of their fruiting have the markings of
the elaters chiefly in the form of rings instead of spirals. With such blending
of form, which indicates a close relationship between all these species, the
characters given in the key must be taken as approximate, marking the
main centres around which the numerous varieties group themselves.

Hab. On decayed wood, usually of conifers: not common in the British
Isles ; recorded from Cornwall, Somerset, Warwick, Salop, Buckingham-
shire, Forfarshire, and Co. Derry: widely distributed throughout Europe
and the United States ; recorded also from North West India, Japan, and
South Chili.

2. T. verrucosa Berk. in Hooker FI]. Tasm., ii. 269 (1860)
(warty). Plasmodium white. Total height 2 to 4mm. Spor-
angia stalked, rarely sessile, pyriform or clavate, clustered
or solitary, 1-4 mm. high, 0:8 mm. broad, ochraceous-yellow,
mass of elaters and spores golden-yellow ; sporangium-wall
membranous, minutely and closely papillose on the inner
side, pale yellow, sometimes with an outer layer thickened
by granular deposits. Stalks membranous, 1 to 2 mm. high,
usually combined in clusters of three or four, rugose, yellow-
brown or dark brown. Capillitium of long cylindrical elaters,
4 to 6 » wide, with short conical ends, marked with three to
five narrow spiral bands, smooth, or with a few scattered
spines ; longitudinal striae distinct. Spores reticulated with
narrow, minutely pitted bands, forming a network with about
seven meshes to the hemisphere, 13 to 16 » diam. ; border
1 » wide.—Mass. Mon., 191; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 273; Torrend Fl. Myx., 111. J. swperba Mass. in
Journ. R. Micr. Soc., (1889) 345; Mass. Mon., 194.

Pl. 161.—a. cluster of sporangia ; 0b. elater and spore (Java).

Berkeley’s type from Tasmania (K. 17750) is somewhat immature, but
is sufficiently developed to be clearly identified as the same species as
T. superba Mass. from New Zealand. A fine specimen of the same form
from Chili, in the Strasburg Herbarium, was named by Rostafinski 7’.
chrysosperma (syn. 7’. favoginea). T'. verrucosa is no doubt closely allied to
that species, but the characters of the stalked sporangia with papillose
walls and of the spores marked with a rather close reticulation of narrow
bands are constant.

Hab. On dead wood: recorded in the British Isles from Kent, Surrey,
Essex, Hertfordshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, North-

TRICHIA | TRICHTIACEAE 205

umberland, North and South Wales, Aberdeenshire ; also from Portugal,
Java, Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales, New Zealand, Japan, Dominica,
Washington State, Mexico, Brazil, South Chili.

3. T. affinis de Bary in Fuckel Symb. Myc., 336 (1869)
(akin). Plasmodium watery-white. Sporangia globose or
obovoid, sessile, usually crowded, often seated on a mem-
branous hypothallus, 0-6 to 1 mm. diam., shining golden
or ochraceous-yellow ; mass of elaters and spores bright
ellow ; sporangium-wall membranous, pale yellow, marked
with delicate irregular striae, rarely reticulated in a manner
resembling fan-tracing. Capillitium consisting of long cylin-
drical elaters, 4 to 6 » diam. with conical pointed ends,
marked with four to five spiral bands, smooth, rarely studded
with minute scattered spines; longitudinal striae usually
present. Spores reticulated with broad, rarely narrow, pitted
bands, forming a more or less complete net with three to five
meshes to the hemisphere, 13 to 15 u diam.; border 0-5 to
1 » wide.—Rost. Mon., 257; Mass. Mon., 194. 7’. Kalbreyeri
Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc., (1889) 344; Mass. Mon., 191.
T. intermedia Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc., (1889) 341 ;
Mass. Mon., 188. 7. pulchella Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil., 1893, 366; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 273.
T. persumilis Macbr. l.c., 271, in part.

Pl. 160.—c. sporangia; d. spores and elaters, one elater showing regular, the other
irregular spiral bands (England).

This species is nearly allied to 7’. persimilis, with which it is united by
Prof. Macbride ; in Europe and the British Isles, however, the two centres
are usually well distinguished. The type of 7’. pulchella Rex, from Phila-
delphia (B.M. slide), differs from the usual developments of 7. affinis
only in the more scattered habit of growth of the sporangia; the elaters
are narrow, being 3:5 to 4-5 wu diam.; the spores have a border 1 uw wide
and are reticulated with narrow, minutely pitted raised bands, presenting
from three to four meshes on the hemisphere. The type of 7’. Kalbreyeri
Mass., from New Granada (K. 1196), has elaters 5 diam., with delicate
longitudinal striae, and spores marked with a rather close reticulation of
broad, faintly pitted bands; it does not appear to differ from typical
T. affinis. The type of 7’. intermedia Mass. from Scarborough has elaters
4 to 6 diam., and is almost identical with de Bary’s type of 7’. affinis in
the Strasburg Herbarium both in capillitium and spores. A form with
elaters united to form a network as in Hemitrichia is not unfrequent in
irregular developments ; it has been named H. helvetica by M. Meylan (Bull.
Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., xlvi. 54 (1910) ).

Hab. On decayed wood and moss: common in the British Isles and in
all temperate regions; recorded also from Ceylon and the Philippine
Islands, but, like most members of the genus, rare in the tropics.

4, T. persimilis Karst. in Not. Saellsk. pro Fauna et Flora
Fenn. Forh., ix. 353 (1868) (very like). Plasmodium watery-
white. Sporangia globose, usually crowded and seated on
a common membranous hypothallus, 0-5 to 0-8 mm. diam.,
brown or yellow-brown, shining; capillitium and spores in

206 ENDOSPOREAE [TRICHTA

mass yellow or yellow-brown ; sporangium-wall membranous,
yellow, marked with delicate ‘stippled’ lines or rows of
minute warts. Capillitium of cylindrical elaters 4 to 6 » diam.,
marked with about four closely set spiral bands, usually
studded with numerous short slender spines ; the ends of the
elaters conical, acute, or with the spiral bands produced at
the apex into two or three diverging points; longitudinal
striae inconspicuous. Spores yellow, or yellow-brown, 11 to
14 » diam., with the reticulation broken, or represented by
irregular pitted warts ; border interrupted.—Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 271, in part. 7’. Jacki Rost. Mon., 258
(1875); Mass. Mon., 188. 7. proximella Karst. in Bidr.
Kann. Finl. Nat., iv. 139 (1879) ; Mass. l.c., Me T’. abrwpta
Cooke in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, 404 (1877) ;
Mass. l.c., 187. Z'. Balfowrii Mass. in Journ. oe Micr. Soc.,
(1889) 339 ; Mass. Mon., 186. 7’. sulphurea Mass. in Journ.
R. Micr. Soc., (1889) 339 : Mass. Mon., 186.

Pl. 160.—a. sporangia; 0b. elater and spores (England).

In this abundant species the capillitium, when matured under unfavour-
able conditions, often shows great divergence from the usual type. The
elaters in some cases are very short, measuring only 12 to 15 » in length ;
in others they may be long, branched and combined to form a Hemitrichia-
like network. Dr. Karsten’s type from Finland, agrees essentially with the
examples of 7’. Jacki Rost. in the Strasburg Herbarium. The occurrence
of the long spinous processes on the elaters, noted in the original description
of 7’. persimilis, is not a constant character. A form with the ends of the
elaters obtuse and the spiral bands continued at the apex into widely
diverging spines has been named 7’. abrupta Cooke, but this character
appears occasionally in 7’. favoginea, 7’. affinis, and 7. scabra. T'. proximella
Karsten and 7’. sulphurea Mass. have elaters 4-5 to 5 u diam., and spores
with the bands much broken; 7’. Balfowrii Mass. has the elaters 4 to 5 yu
diam., and the reticulation on the spores consists of wide, broken, and pitted

bands. They present no character by which they can be separated from
T'. persimilis.

Hab. On dead wood: common in the British Isles throughout the year,

and widely distributed i in all temperate regions ; recorded also from Ceylon,
Java, and Peru.

5. T. seabra Rost. Mon., 258 (1875) (rough). Plasmodium
watery-white. Sporangia sessile, globose, usually crowded in
large colonies on a membranous hypothallus, 0-6 to 0-9 mm.
diam., shining orange-yellow, olivaceous or yellow-brown ;
sporangium-wall membranous, yellow, marked with faint
lines of minute warts or with fan-like tracery. Capillitium
and spores in mass bright orange-yellow. Elaters long,
cylindrical, bright yellow, 4 to. 6 diam., marked with four
or five often somewhat irregular spiral bands, studded with
spines or nearly smooth, the ends acutely conical or with the
bands produced at the apex in diverging points ; longitudinal
striae rarely evident. Spores yellow, minutely and closely
reticulated with shallow bands forming a complete or frag-

TRICHIA | TRICHTACEAE 207

mentary net with about forty meshes to the hemisphere,
rarely irregularly warted, 9 to 12 » diam.—Mass. Mon., 192 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 271. Trichia anomala
Karst. in Not. Saellsk. Faun. Fl. Fenn., ix. 354 (1868) ?
T’. minima Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc., (1889) 336; Mass.
Mon., 182. 7. nitens Fries in MS.; Mass. in Journ. R. Micr.
Soc., (1889) 333; Mass. Mon., 179. Arcyria Bucknalli Mass.
l.e., 161. Hemitrichia Bucknalli Mass. in Grev., xviii. 27
(1889). Oligonema aeneum Karst. in Bidr. Kann. Finl. Nat.,
iv. 131 (1879)? Cornuvia anomala Karst. l.c.? Oligonema
fulvum Morg. in Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi. 36 (1893).
Ophiotheca anomala Mass. l.c., 1385? Perichaena annulifera
Boudier in Bull. Soc. Myc., xviii. 144, pl. 8, fig. 3 (1893).

Pl. 159.—e. sporangia (England); d. spores and elaters; one of the latter shows
regular, the other irregular spiral bands.

The type of Arcyria Bucknall Mass., from Bristol (K. 1774), is an irregular
form of the present species ; the capillitium is spinose, and consists of long
sparingly branched free elaters, not combined into a network; the spiral
bands are in many parts entirely modified into rings, a character often seen
in some degree in imperfect developments of this species; the spores are
of the typical form of 7. scabra. Another irregular growth, from Luton
(B.M. slide), has the dense net of a Hemitrichia and no free elaters; the
close and rugged spirals on the threads are in some parts replaced by rings.
The type of 7’. minima Mass., from Oldham (K. 1044), has spinulose elaters
4 to 5u diam.; the spores measure 91; some are delicately reticulated,
in others the net is broken into warts and short bands ; it is not an unusual
form of 7. scabra. The type of 7’. nitens Fr. from Upsala (K. 1104) has
spores 9 to 10» diam., and either closely reticulated, or with the bands
much broken ; it appears to be a typical form of 7’. scabra, except that the
elaters are rather more smooth than usual. The type of Oligonema fulvum
Morgan, from Preston, Ohio (B.M. slide), is also 7’. scabra; the scanty
capillitium consists of short, rather irregularly formed elaters, some of
which have the usual spiral markings, while others are smooth ; the spores
are marked with the characteristic close reticulation, and measure 10 to
13 diam. The type of Oligonema aeneuwm Karst. from Finland, is not
represented in the quoted collections; the description of the crowded
olivaceous sporangia, smooth elaters marked with scattered ring-shaped
thickenings, and warted, yellowish-ochre spores, suggests an irregular
development of the present species. The description of T'richia anomala
Karst. (syn. Cornuvia anomala Karst.) also suggests an abnormal growth
of 7’. scabra. Judging by the careful drawing courteously sent by M. Boudier,
Perichaena annulifera is also an imperfect development of the present
species, with very faint spiral bands on the elaters which often fork or form
loops and rings. The var. lutea Meylan (Bull. Soc. Bot. Genéve, ser. 2, ii.
266 (1910) ) is described as having brighter yellow spores and capillitium
than in the typical form.

Hab. On stumps and dead wood: common in the British Isles from
summer to winter; not unfrequent in North Temperate regions, recorded
also from Ceylon.

6. T. varia Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 90 (1794)
(variable). Plasmodium white. Sporangia globose, ovoid or
turbinate, 0:6 to 0-9 mm. diam., sessile, shortly stalked, or

208 ENDOSPOREAE [TRICHTA

forming short plasmodiocarps, crowded or scattered, ochra-
ceous yellow or olivaceous, often forming very large colonies ;
sporangium-wall membranous, pale yellow, marked with ring-
shaped or crescentic thickenings. Stalks 0-1 to 0-5 mm. high,
0-2 to 0-3 mm. thick, black, furrowed. Capillitium of cylin-
drical ochraceous-yellow elaters, 3 to 5 diam., tapering
shortly at the ends and terminating in a curved point, marked
with two well defined spiral bands which are more prominent
on one side of the elater than on the other. Spores ochraceous-
yellow, minutely warted, 11 to 16 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 251 ;
Mass. Mon., 178; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 270. WSte-
monitis varia Pers. in Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1470 (1791). Stemonitis
vesiculosa Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1468 (1791)? Mucor pyriformis
Scop. Fl. Carn., ed. 2, ii. 492 (1772)? Clathrus turbinatus
Huds. Fl. Angl., 11. 632 (1778) ? Lycoperdon vesiculosum Batsch
Elench. Fung., Cont. i. 283 (1786)? T'richia ovata Pers. Obs.
Myc., i. 61 (1796)? T. olivacea Pers. l.c., 62. TT. vulgaris
Pers. l.c., ii. 32 (1799) ? 1. cordata Pers. l.c., 33. J cylins
drica Pers. l.c. TT. pyriformis Pers. l.c. TT. turbinata Sow.
Engl. Fung., tab. 85 (1799)? Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 187? 7.
nigripes Pers. Syn. Fung., 178 (1801). 7’. craterioides Corda
Icon., ii. 21, t. xii., f. 85 (1838). 7’. aculeata Cel. fil. Myx.
Bohm., 34 (1893).

Pl. 164.—a. sporangia; 0b. elater; c. spore (England).

As in other species of the genus, forms of 7’. varia sometimes occur with
either very long (cf. 7’. varia v. auraia Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat.,
xliv. 299 (1908)), or very short elaters, or the elaters may branch and
combine to form a Hemitrichia-like network. The type of 7. aculeata
Gel. fil., from Bohemia (B.M. 2893), is an irregular form of the present
species ; many of the elaters are very short and are attached to the spor-
angium-wall; they are either marked with the usual spiral bands, or are
smooth and reduced to spine-like processes. 7’. varia var. fimicola Marchal
(Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg., xxxiv. 128 (1895) ) is briefly described as appearing
on hare’s dung and having elaters 3 w wide, and pale ochraceous spores
7 to 9:5 diam. The habitat is unusual for 7’. varia and it seems possible
that the form should be referred to another species.

Hab. On dead wood: common in the British Isles, especially in autumn
and winter; common also throughout Europe and the United States ;
widely distributed in all temperate regions and recorded from Ceylon,
Teneriffe, and North India.

7. T. contorta Rost. Mon., 259 (1875) (twisted). Plas-
modium watery-white. Sporangia clustered or scattered,
subglobose, 0-5 to 0:8 mm. diam., sessile, often forming curved
plasmodiocarps, rarely provided with a very short black stalk,
dull yellow-brown or dark red-brown; sporangium-wall
membranous or cartilaginous, yellow, or reddish-brown,
charged with brown granular matter, rarely with deposits
of angular crystals of lime, when the sporangia are grey,
Capillitium of simple or branched elaters, with four or five

TRICHTA | TRICHIACEAE 209

often indistinct or rugged spiral bands, 3 to 5 » diam., the
tips usually swollen and ending in a curved point, yellow or
yellow-brown. Spores yellow, minutely spinulose, 10 to 14 p
diam.—Mass. Mon., 182; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 269. Lycogala contortum Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. FI.,
Pilze, i. 9, t. 5 (1813). Perichaena contorta Fr. Syst. Myc.,
iii. 192 (1829). Licea contorta Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 345
(1833). Trichia reniformis Peck in Rep. N. York Mus.,
xxvi. 76 (1874). 7’. heterotrichia Balf. in Grev., x. 117 (1881).
T’. pachyderma Gel. fil. Myx. Bohm., 38 (1893). 7’. intermedia
Gel. fil. lc. Z'. ovalispora Hollds in Math. Nat. Wiss. Ber.
Ung., xx. 324 (1905) ? Oligonema fulvum Pav. & Lag. in Bull.
Soc. Myce., Fr., xix. 99, pl. iv, fig. B (1903) (non Morgan).

Var. inconspicua Lister Mycetozoa, 169 (1894): elaters
regular, cylindrical, spiral bands distinct, close and regular.—
T’. inconspicua Rost. Mon., l.c.; Mass. l.c., 180; Macbr. l.c.,
268. T'. advenula Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 1889, 336 ;
Mass. Mon., 181. 7’. Andersoni Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil., 1891, 395. 1. Rostafinskii Gel. fil. l.c., 37.

Var. iowensis Torr. in Broteria, vii. 55 (1908) (the State of
Iowa). laters as in var. inconspicua but marked with
scattered curved spines 6 to 10 uw long.—T’. towensis Macbr.
in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 133 (1892) ; N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 269.

Pl. 162.—a. sporangia; b. fragment of sporangium-wall, spores, and portions of two
elaters, one with irregular spirals, the other, var. inconspicua, with regular spirals.

Intermediate forms connecting var. inconspicua with the typical form are
of frequent occurrence, and the variations of capillitium described above
have on several occasions been found represented in different sporangia of
the same group. The sporangium-wall varies from yellow-brown, rosy
brown to purplish-brown ; occasionally it is whitish-lilac from deposits of
angular crystals of lime, as in forms of some species of Perichaena. T.
rentformis Peck has the granular thickening of the sporangium-wall and the
rugged irregular spirals of typical 7’. contorta. A type specimen of 7’.
Andersoni Rex from Sand Coulee, Montana, has most of the elaters with
regular close spiral bands but in some they are rugged or even absent ; the
brown granules in the sporangium-wall are less abundant than is usual in
T. contorta. The type of 7’. advenula Mass., from Glamis (K. 1748), is var.
inconspicua of the present species. 7’. heterotrichia Balf., from Currey’s
collection (K. 1066), is an immature specimen of 7’. contorta; the spor-
SU eee walls are almost free from granular deposits; the elaters are
4 to 5y diam., marked with one or three rugged or indistinct spiral bands,
and scattered blunt spines ; the spores adhere to one another, and are very
faintly spinulose. The var. iowensis is merely a form with scattered spines
on the elaters, and is hardly worthy of distinction. 7. pachyderma Gel. fil.
is a form of the present species with thick-walled elaters marked with faint
spiral bands. 1. intermedia Cel. fil. combines the characters of typical
T’. contorta and the var. inconspicua. 1. Rostafinskii Gel. fil. is the var.
inconspicua, with both sessile and shortly stalked sporangia. 7’. ovalispora
Hollos, from Hungary, may possibly be a form of the present species ;
oval spores are met with occasionally in many species of the genus T'richia,

P

210 ENDOSPOREAE [TRICHIA

Forms of 7. contorta having the elaters branched and combined into
a network are so frequent that for convenience of reference they are placed
in the genus Hemitrichia under the name H. Karstenii Rost. T'. contorta
var. engadinensis Meylan (Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., liii. 460 (1907) ) is a
form with very long elaters: var. attenuata Meylan (Ann. Cons. Genéve
(1913) 320) has elaters with ends more gradually tapering than usual.

Hab. On dead wood: both the typical form and var. inconspicua are
frequent in the British Isles in autumn and winter, and are widely distri-
buted throughout North Temperate regions.

8. T. alpina Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., liii. 460
(1921). Plasmodium rich orange-red. Sporangia scattered or
clustered, sessile, subglobose or forming long curved plas-
modiocarps, 0:5 to 0-7 mm. diam., purple-black or black ;
sporangium-wall cartilaginous, of two layers, the inner
translucent olive or yellow, the outer chestnut or olive-brown,
thickened externally with granular deposits. Capillitium of
bright yellow elaters, 4 to 6 w wide, marked with two to six
regular or rugged and sometimes spinose spiral bands, and
with shortly tapering ends. Spores bright yellow in mass,
globose or oval, minutely warted, 13 to 20 » diam.—T’. contorta
var. alpina R. E. Fries in Arkiv Bot., vi. 5 (1906); Lister
Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 213.

Pl. 162.—c. sporangia; d. fragment of sporangium-wall, elater, and spore.

This species is abundant and widely distributed in alpine and subalpine
regions in Sweden, Switzerland, and Austria. It has been found also,
developing from orange-red plasmodium, by the Rev. P. J. Alexander on
decaying leaves of Prunus Lauro-cerasus, at Weybridge, Surrey, April 1922,
showing that it is not an exclusively alpine form. The elaters sometimes
form rings or loops and have either pointed or truncate ends.

Hab. On decaying leaves, herbaceous stems and twigs, usually in alpine
regions.—Surrey, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria.

9. T. lutescens Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxv. 216 (1897)
(yellowish). Plasmodium watery-pink. Sporangia sessile,
scattered or in small clusters, globose or bolster-shaped, 0-15
to 0:7 mm. diam., shining bright yellow or olivaceous-yellow ;
sporangium-wall membranous, yellow, entirely free from
granular deposits, often embossed with the impression of the
underlying spores. Capillittum consisting of short or long,
simple or branching pale yellow elaters, 3 to 4:5 diam.,
marked with four to five distinct or often faint spiral bands,
either tapering or blunt and bulbous at the tips. Spores
bright or olivaceous yellow, closely warted or spinulose, 10 to
12» diam.—Torrend Fl. Myx., 116. Oligonema furcatum
Buckn. in Mass. Mon., 173 (1892). Z'richia contorta var.
lutescens Lister Mycetozoa, 169 (1894).

Pl. 161.—c. sporangia (Yorks); d. elaters and fragment of sporangium-wall; e. tip
of elater and spores.

This species is allied to 7’. contorta, from which it is distinguished by the
sporangium-wall being translucent and entirely free from granular deposits.
An abnormal form was found by Dr. R. E. Fries near Upsala (B.M. 2915),

TRICHLIA | TRICHIACEAE 211

having yellowish-brown sporangia varying in size from 0-3 to 0-7 mm. diam. ;
some elaters are short and simple, others branch and anastomose, and show
many spherical or irregular expansions and blunt spine-like processes.
Similar forms were obtained by the Rev. P. J. Alexander on alder sticks
in a ditch at Weybridge, Surrey, and here he observed the colour of the
plasmodium for the first time. Among numerous gatherings of 7’. lutescens
made by Dr. Torrend, near Lisbon, is one with long elaters combined to
form a network; this has been placed by Dr. Torrend under Hemitrichia
Karsteniti as var. lutescens (Bull. Soc. Port. Sc. Nat., ii. 61 (1908) );
while M. Meylan names it Hemitrichia obrussea (Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat.,
lii. 449 (1919) ); to give an entirely new name to what is clearly only an
abnormal form of 7’. lutescens is not very helpful; in most species of Trichia
such *‘ Hemitrichia forms’ are met with after inclement weather. Bucknall’s
earlier specific name is not here revived as the combination T'richia furcata
was previously given by Wigand to what appears to be a small form of
T'. decipiens.

Hab. On dead wood, sticks, &c., also on living elm trunk (Rev. W.
Cran).—Devon, Somerset, Worcestershire, Surrey, Norfolk, Yorkshire,
Aberdeenshire; Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Bohemia,
Portugal.

10. T. erecta Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1890, 193.
Plasmodium white. Total height 1 to 2 mm. Sporangia
scattered, stalked or nearly sessile, globose or turbinate, 0-5
to 0:7 mm. diam., bright yellow, mottled with well-defined
dark brown, purplish-red or rosy-brown patches ; sporangium-
wall membranous, pale yellow, densely charged with brown
granular matter in the dark patches. Stalk cylindrical,
0-1 to 1 mm. high, 0-2 to 0-3 mm. thick, dark brown, opaque.
Capillitium of bright yellow or orange elaters, 3-5 to 4 » diam.,
with short tapering ends, marked with four bands forming
a close spiral, studded with few or many spines. Spores
bright yellow or orange in mass, minutely warted, 11 to 13 p
diam.—Mass. Mon., 184; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2. 276.

Pl. 158.—e. sporangia ; f. elater; g. spore (United States).

Prof. M. Brandza has found this species extremely abundant in some
years in mountain woods of Moldavia ; his observation that the plasmodium
was white convinced him that the sporangia could not belong to any form
of 7’. Botrytis, from which 7’. erecta differs also in the shortly tapering ends
of the elater.

Hab. Ondead wood.—Moldavia, Ceylon, Victoria and New South Wales,
New Zealand, and the States of New York and Tennessee.

11. T. decipiens Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 218 (1899)
(deceiving). Plasmodium rose-coloured or white. Total
height 1-5 to 3 mm. Sporangia stalked, rarely sessile, gre-
garious, turbinate, 0-6 to 0-8 mm. diam., shining olive or
yellow-brown ; sporangium-wall yellow, membranous, of two
layers; the upper part of the wall often forms a cap of
thinner texture which breaks up leaving a circular opening.
Stalk cylindrical, furrowed, 0-1 to 1 mm. long, olive or dark

Pp 2

212 ENDOSPOREAE [TRICHTA

brown, filled to the base with spore-like cells. Capillitium of
simple or branched smooth olive-brown elaters, 4:5 to 5:5 p
diam., marked with four or five spiral bands, 0-5 to 1 » broad,
gradually tapering into long slender points. Spores yellow-
brown in mass, either minutely warted or very closely and
often irregularly reticulated on one side, 9 to 12 » diam.—
Arcyria decipiens Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot., xv. 35 (1795).
Mucor minatus Jacq. Fl. Austr., iii. 54, t. 299 (1775) ?
Sphaerocarpus piriformis Bull. Champ., 129, t. 417, fig. 2
(1791)? Trichta fallax Pers. Obs. Myc., i. 59 (1796); Rost.
Mon., 243; Mass. Mon., 192; Lister Mycetozoa, 170. T.
virescens Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 208 (1803). TT. cerina
Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fl., Pilze, ii. 51, t. 25 (1814). 7.
fulva Purt. Midl. Fl., ii. 290 (1821). 7’. clavata Wigand in
Pringsh. Jahrb. Bot., iii. 28 (1863)? 7. furcata Wigand l.c.,
29, t. 1, fig. 1 to 11. ZT. nana Zukal in Verh. Zool.-Bot.
Gesell. Wien, xxxv. 334, t. xv, f. 8 (1886). Z. Stuhlmann
Eichelb. in Verh. Nat. Ver. Hamb., ser. 3, xiv. 32 (1907).

Pl. 158.—a. sporangia; 0. elater; ¢. spores (England); d. spore, reticulated on
one side, spinulose on the other (United States).

The elaters vary in length in different gatherings ; usually they are long,
sometimes they are short and somewhat fusiform (see R. E. Fries in Svensk
Bot. Tidskr., iv. 261, fig. 3 (1910) ); they are either simple or branched, but
apparently never unite to form a Hemitrichia-like network. The warts on
the spores may be scattered, and number either eight to ten in a line across
the hemisphere, or are more crowded; in some specimens the spores are
minutely reticulated on one side, and spinulose on the other. The white
and rose-coloured plasmodia have not been observed growing together on
the same piece of wood, but the sporangia produced from both appear to be
identical in every respect. The slender stalks filled with spore-like cells
distinguish this species from 7’. Botrytis, its nearest ally. Almost sessile
sporangia sometimes occur, but they are usually accompanied by others
having well-formed stalks. Several varieties have been described, but they
appear to represent forms rather than important varieties. The var.
olivacea Meylan (Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., xliv. 299 (1908) ) has shining
sporangia with thin opaque caps that disappear leaving a clean circular
opening: var. gracilis Meylan (l.c., xlvi. 53) has small sporangia on long
slender stalks : var. rubiformis Meylan (Ann. Cons. Bot. Genéve, 1913, 320)
has almost sessile sporangia: forma nodulosa Brandza (Ann. Se. Univ.
Jassy, vill. 272 (1914) ) has short much-branched elaters, marked with
nodes from which branches spread in all directions: var. hemitrichioides
Brandza (l.c.) has golden yellow sporangia containing yellow spores and
elaters some of which are normal, while others are very long and twisted
on themselves.

Hab. On dead wood: common throughout the year in the British
Isles, and in all temperate regions ; fairly common also in Ceylon at high
altitudes.

12. T. Botrytis Pers. in Roemer, N. Mag. Bot., i. 89 (1794)
(Borpvs bunch of grapes). Plasmodium purple-brown. ‘Total
height 1-5to 5mm. Sporangia stalked, pyriform or turbinate,
simple or combined in clusters, 0-6 to 0-8 mm. diam., yellowish-

TRICHLIA | TRICHIACEAE 213

olive, red-brown or purple, often veined with paler lines. of
dehiscence ; sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer charged
with granular matter and continued into the stalk, the inner
membranous, translucent, enclosing the spores. Stalks cylin-
drical, often combined in clusters of three to eight, furrowed,
red- or purple-brown, consisting within of spongy tissue
enclosing refuse-matter. Capillitium of cylindrical yellowish-
brown elaters, 4 to 5 » diam., sometimes branched, gradually
tapering to long slender points which are smooth at the tips,
marked with three to five flattened or prominent lax and often
rugged spiral bands. Spores ochraceous-yellow, minutely
spinulose, 9 to 11 ~ diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 274. Stemonitis Botrytis Pers. in Gmel. Syst. Nat.,
1468 (1791). Trichia serotina Schrad. in Schrad. Journ. Bot.,
v. 67 (1799). 7. pyriformis Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 184 (1829)
non Pers.? 7’. Lorinzeriana Corda Icon., i. 23, f. 228 D (1837).
T. purpurascens Nyl. in Saellsk. Faun. Fl. Fenn., iv. 126
(1859) ; Mass. Mon., 177. 7. fragilis Rost. Mon., 246 (1875) ;
Mass. l.c., 175. 7’. Carlyleana Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc.,
1889, 329; Mass. Mon., 174. Sphaerocarpus fragilis Sow.
Engl. Fung., t. 279 (1803).

Var. munda Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxv. 216 (1897) (neat).
Elaters pale brown or yellowish-brown, marked with close
and regular spiral bands, with long tapering points ; spores
yellow or brownish-yellow.

Var. flavicoma Lister Mycetozoa, 172 (1894) (yellow-
haired). Sporangia minute, solitary, purplish-brown with
yellow lines of dehiscence ; elaters and spores bright yellow.

Var. cerifera G. Lister in Journ. Bot., lili. 211 (1915) (wax-
bearing). Sporangia red-brown spotted with patches of
yellow wax.

Pl. 163.—a. sporangia (England) ; b. elater, var. munda; c. elater of typical form ;
d. spore; j, k. sporangia and elater of var. flavicoma.

The sporangia of this abundant species may vary in colour in a single
colony from nut-brown to rosy brown veined with yellow lines of dehiscence,
or to almost uniform black. The varieties munda and flavicoma are well-
marked and constant ; var. cerifera may possibly be a form resulting from
weather conditions. 7’. Carlyleana Mass., from Carlisle, is the typical form
with minutely spinulose spores perhaps more nearly smooth than usual.
The type of 7’. purpurascens Nyl. from Finland, is the same form, and has
dull purple sporangia; the spores average 10 u diam., and are minutely
spinulose.

Hab. On dead wood: the typical form is common in the British Isles
especially in autumn and winter; it is widely distributed throughout
Europe and also in the United States and Canada, but is not common there ;
recorded also from Ceylon, Australia, and New Zealand: var. munda is
fairly abundant in the British Isles, and has been recorded from Portugal,
Austria, South Chili, and Washington Territory: var. flavicoma, on dead
leaves of holly, rhododendron, &c. ; recorded from Devon, Dorset, Somerset,
Hampshire, Wiltshire, Sussex, Surrey, Norfolk, Aberdeenshire, and Portugal ;

214 ENDOSPOREAE [TRICHIA

var. cerifera on dead wood ; recorded from Somerset, Dorset, Surrey, Kent,
Bedfordshire, Derbyshire, Dumfriesshire, Aberdeenshire, New South Wales,
and New Zealand.

13. T. floriformis G. Lister in Journ. Bot., lii. 110 (1919)
(flos flower, forma shape). Plasmodium purple-brown.
Sporangia stalked, free or usually adhering in clusters of two
to twenty, obovoid or cylindrical, rosy brown often mottled
with darker shades, purple-red or nearly black ; sporangium-
wall as in 7’. Botrytis. Stalks furrowed, bright or dark red,
translucent and free from refuse-matter, 1 to 2 mm. or more
long, usually adhering in clusters and arising from a red
hypothallus. Capillitium of pale brownish-red elaters, marked
with four to six spiral bands, ending in tapering points from
20 to 40 » long. Spores brick-red in mass, pale orange-red
by transmitted light, minutely warted, 10 to 11 p diam.—
Craterium floriforme Schwein. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.,
n.s. iv. 258 (1832). Lycoperdon bombacinum Batsch Elench.
Fung., 153 (1783)? TJ. lateritia Lév. in Ann. Sci. Nat.,
ser. 3, v. 167 (1846); Rost. Mon., 250; G. Lister in Journ.
Bot., liii. 211; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 277.
T. Decaisneana de Bary in Rost. Mon. l.c. 7’. Botrytis var.
lateritia Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 217 (1911).

Pl. 163.—e. sporangia; f, g, h. elaters ; 7. spore.

Dr. W. C. Sturgis, having examined the type of Crateriwm floriforme in
the Schweinitzian Herbarium, finds that it is undoubtedly the present
species which has long been known under the specific or varietal name
‘lateritia’. T. floriformis is closely allied to 7’. Botrytis, from which it
differs in the brick-red colour of the spores, and in the stalks being trans-
lucent when seen by transmitted light, and not enclosing refuse-matter ;
sometimes, however, a little refuse-matter or small masses of spore-like cells
occur within the folds of the stalk near the base. It seems possible that
Fries had this abundant and widely distributed species in mind when
describing 7’. pyriformis G. F. Hoffm. (see Syst. Myc., iii. 184), but Hoff-
mann’s original description and figure (Veg. Crypt., ii. 1, t. 1, fig. 1 (1790) )
unquestionably refer to Hemitrichia Vesparium, a species which in the field
bears a close resemblance to 7’. floriformis.

Hab. On decayed wood, especially of coniferous trees: not common
but widely distributed in the British Isles: widely distributed in all tem-
perate regions ; recorded also from Ceylon.

14. T. subfusca Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1890,
192 (somewhat dark). Plasmodium? Sporangia stalked,
gregarious, solitary or united in pairs, subglobose or pyriform,
0:5 to 0-9 mm. diam., dull brown, yellowish- or reddish-brown ;
sporangium-wall membranous with more or less evenly dis-
tributed dark granular deposits. Stalk brown or purple-
brown, stout and furrowed, separated from the cavity of the
sporangium by the inner layer of the sporangium-wall.
Capillitium consisting of bright yellow elaters, 4 to 6 « wide,
marked with three to four prominent spiral bands, ending in

OLIGONEMA | TRICHIACEAE 215

short slender often curved tips. Spores yellow, minutely
spinulose, 11 to 13 4 diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 275. J. Botrytis var. subfusca Lister Mycetozoa, 172.
Pl. 163.—1. sporangium ; m. elater ; . spore (Adirondack Mountains, New York).
This species is closely allied to 7’. Botrytis, from which it is distinguished
by the yellow elaters having short, not long and tapering ends.
Hab. On dead wood: recorded from Sweden, the Jura Mountains ?,
Ceylon, and the States of New York and Washington.

Genus 42.—OLIGONEMA Rostafinski Mon., 291 (1875)
(6A¢yos few, vyjya thread). Sporangia minute, densely
clustered or heaped ; capillitium usually scanty, of short or
long threads, with spiral markings obscure or wanting ; spores
reticulated.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF OLIGONEMA.

Sporangium-wall smooth ; spores irregularly reticulated.

1. O. nitens
Sporangium-wall with minute granular thickenings ; spores
regularly reticulated. 2. O. flavidum

1. O. nitens Rost. l.c., f. 198 (shining). Plasmodium watery-
white. Sporangia subglobose, sessile, heaped together for the
most part in large clusters, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. diam., shining
yellow or olivaceous-yellow ; sporangium-wall membranous,
yellow, smooth except for scattered curved thickenings
enclosing a thinner membrane. Capillitium usually of short,
cylindrical simple branched or ring-shaped yellow elaters,
3 to 5 w diam., with rounded or abruptly pointed ends, either
smooth or marked with one to four irregular and indistinct
sinistral spiral bands passing from the right above to the left
below when the thread is viewed horizontally, occasionally
marked with ring-shaped thickenings and scattered spines.
Spores yellow, 11 to 16 diam., reticulated with broad and
pitted bands, or with narrow bands forming an irregular net,
border 0-5 to 1:5 » wide—Mass. Mon., 170; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 280. Trichia nitens Libert Pl. Crypt.
Ard., Fasc. iii, no. 277 (1834) (non Pers.). J. bavarica de
Thuemen Myc. Univ., no. 1497 (1879). 7. Kickait Rost. L.c.,
App. 40 (1876). Z. pusilla Schroet. in Cohn Krypt. FI.
Schles., iti. 1, 114 (1885). Physarum Schweinitzit Berk. in
Grev., ii. 66 (1873). Cornuvia nitens Rost. Versuch, 15
(1873). Oligonema bavaricum Balf. & Berl., in Sacc. Syll., vii.
437 (1888).

Pl. 164.—d. sporangia; e. elaters; f. spore (Ardennes ; Mme. Libert’s type).

This species varies in the markings on the elaters and the reticulation of
the spores, and great variety is often seen in a single sporangium ; the
length of the elaters in some specimens is only about 50 yu, while others are
very much longer. QO. nitens is allied to T'richia affinis, in which species

216 ENDOSPOREAE [| OLIGONEMA

similar variations in spores and elaters are sometimes found in sporangia
which have been exposed to unusual conditions of development. A variety
appeared i in the Botanic Gardens at Leipsic (B.M. 2960, ex Herb. Celakovsky)
in which many of the elaters branch and anastomose while others remain
free ; the threads are expanded into irregular vesicles at the axils of the
branches, and are marked with ring-shaped thickenings and about four
faint spiral bands. O. bavaricum Balf. & Berl. is described as differing from
the present species in the more distinct spirals on the elaters, but the spirals
are quite as distinct in Libert’s type ; the spores of the Bavarian gathering
vary in size from 12 to 16 p, and the reticulation also varies so as to present
from four to sixteen meshes on the surface of the hemisphere. The type
specimen of Physarum Schweinitzii Berk., from Bethlehem, U.S.A. (K. 1738),
is typical O. nitens. The descriptions of Trichia Kickxvi Rost. and 7’. pusilla
Schroet. agree so perfectly with the characters of O. nitens that they are here
placed as synonyms of this species.

Hab. On old tan, dead wood, sticks, &c., especially on those periodically
submerged in ditches: recorded from Cornwall, Sussex, Surrey, Stafford-
shire, Salop, Yorks, Cumberland, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Bohe-
mia; widely distributed in the United States and Canada.

2. O. flavidum Peck in Rep. N. York Mus., xxxi. 42 (1879)
(golden yellow).. Plasmodium watery-white ? Sporangia
crowded, heaped and scattered, ovoid or subglobose, 0-3 to
0-6 mm. diam., shining yellow ; sporangium-wall membranous,
translucent yellow, marked with a close reticulation or with
minute close-set thickenings arranged in wavy or fan-like
lines, which give the effect of delicate stippling. Capillitium
scanty or fairly abundant, of short or long, simple or branched
threads, varying from 3 to 5 p» diam., often showing irregular
swellings, without distinct spiral bands, but marked with
close lines of minute warts that usually form irregular dextral
spirals passing from the left above to the right below when
the thread is viewed horizontally—that is in the reverse
direction to the spirals of T'vrichia elaters. Spores yellow,
12 to 13 diam., regularly reticulated with narrow bands,
which give a border of 1 », and form a net showing three to
five meshes across the hemisphere.—Mass. Mon., 171 ; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 279; Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii.
137; Torrend Fl. Myx., 119. Perichaena flavida Peck l.c.,
xxvl. 76 (1874). O. brevifilum Peck l.c., xxxi. 42 (1879) ;
Macbr. l.c., 280. O. minutulwm Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soce.,
1889, 348. O. nitens Lister Mycetozoa, 173 (1894), in part.

Pl, 165.—a. sporangia; b. elaters and spores with fragment of sporangium-wall ;
c. part of elater, and two. spores (Sussex).

This species is nearly allied to the preceding, and is distinguished by the
granular thickenings of the sporangium-wall, the minutely warted capil-
litium and by the regular reticulation of the spores. Among the numerous
gatherings made by Mr. Hugo Bilgram in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia,
is one (B.M. 2966) having the capillitium threads long and repeatedly
branched and anastomosing ; the spore-net is closer than usual, showing
about five meshes across the hemisphere. This gathering serves to prove
how close is the connexion between O, flavidum and Calonema aureum.

HEMITRICHIA | TRICHIACEAE 217

The type of O. brevifilum Peck appears to differ from that of O. flavidum
only in having fewer and shorter elaters. An unusual form with dull
ochraceous sporangia scattered over decaying leaves was found by Mrs.
J. Drake at Serampore near Calcutta in September 1918: the sporangium-
walls are pale buff and are thickened with granular deposits of yellowish-
brown refuse-matter ; the yellow spores are beautifully reticulated as in
typical O. flavidum; no capillitium is developed in the sporangium ex-
amined. *

Hab. On dead wood, sticks and leaves, in ditches and by ponds.—
Sussex, Salop, North Germany, Portugal, and North Africa; widely dis-
tributed in the United States ; recorded also from Ontario.

Genus 43.—CALONEMA Morgan in Journ. Cine. Soe.
Nat. Hist., xvi. 27 (1893) (xadds beautiful, vaya thread).
Resembling Oligonema, except that the threads of the capil-
litium are combined to form a network.

1. C. aureum Morgan l.c. (golden). Plasmodium ?
Sporangia sessile, clustered, subglobose, 0:3 to 0-6 mm.
diam., shining yellow ; sporangium-wall membranous, yellow,
translucent, marked with delicate branched lines of thickening
forming an irregular net resembling fan-tracery with thinner
spots whence the lines of tracery radiate. Capillitium con-
sisting of branching yellow threads, 3 to 5 » diam., more or
less united to form a network, and marked with raised lines,
or rows of minute warts, arranged to form either an irregular
reticulation or spirals like those on the elaters of Oligonema
flavidum, or with incomplete ‘ 7'richia’ spirals ; ring-shaped
thickenings and scattered spines usually present. Spores
yellow, 13 to 15 py diam., regularly reticulated with narrow
raised bands, which give a border of 1 to 1:5 » to the margin,
and form a net showing five to six meshes across the hemi-
sphere.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 266. Oligonema
flavidum var., Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 138 (1904).

Pl. 165.—d. sporangia; e. capillitium and fragment of sporangium-wall; ff. capil-
litium and two spores (Ohio).

This species has been found repeatedly, maar aiaing its distinctive
characters, in various States of North America. It is closely allied to
Oligonema flavidum, with which it is connected by intermediate forms, and
of which it appears to be hardly more than a variety. Morgan’s genus
Calonema is here retained for convenience of classification.

Hab. On dead wood.—South Carolina, Maryland, Illinois, Alabama,
Ohio, Minnesota.

Genus 44.—HEMITRICHIA Rostafinski Versuch, 14
(1873) (jyu- half, and Trichia). Sporangia stalked or sessile ;
capillitium a more or less elastic network of branching threads,
thickened with two to six spiral bands; spores minutely
warted or reticulated. HHMIARCYRIA Rost. Mon., 261
(1875).

* Further specimens show this to be Cornuvia Serpula.

218 ENDOSPOREAE [ HEMITRICHIA

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HEMITRICHIA.
A. Spores nearly smooth or minutely warted :—

a. Capillitium red, spinose. 1. H. Vesparium

b. Capillitium yellow, yellow-brown or yellow-grey—
a. Sporangia usually stalked—

Stalk solid ; sporangia orange ; capillitium spinose,

with distinct spiral markings. 2. H. intorta

Stalk solid; sporangia olive-yellow; capillitium

smooth, spiral markings often faint.

3. H. leiotricha

Stalk solid or absent; sporangia minute, buff ;

capillitium smooth or spinose, spiral markings

faint. 4. H. minor
Stalk hollow, filled with spore-like cells—

Cup papillose. 5. H. clavata

Cup smooth. 6. H. levocarpa

B. Sporangia usually sessile—

Spirals of capillitium one to three, prominent ;
sporangium-wall translucent. 7. H. abietina

Spirals of capillitium three or more, often indistinct ;
sporangium-wall thickened with granular deposits.

8. H. Karsten

B. Spores reticulated :— as
Capillitium threads spinose. 9. H. Serpula
Capillitium threads smooth. 10. H. chrysospora

1. H. Vesparium Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 203 (1899)
(wasp’s nest). Plasmodium purple-red. Total height 1-3 to
2°55 mm. Sporangia clavate or sub-cylindrical, stalked or
sessile, combined in clusters or crowded, 1 to 1-3 mm. high,
0-5 to 0-7 mm. broad, glossy or shining, dark red, red-brown,
or olive-black ; sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer
continued into the stalk, the inner enclosing the spores,
orange-red. Stalks membranous, 0:2 to 1 mm. high, usually
combined in clusters of from six to twelve, furrowed and
rugose, red, not enclosing spore-like cells. Capillitium red or
orange-red in mass, consisting of twisting sparingly branched
orange-red threads 5 to 6 » diam., with few pointed free ends,
marked with three to five regular spiral bands, and studded
with numerous scattered spines 2 to 5 w long, rarely nearly
smooth. Spores pale orange-red, warted, 10 to 11 » diam.—
Lycoperdon Vesparium Batsch Elench. Fung., 253, fig. 172
(1786). Stemonitis connabarina Roth Fl. Germ., 547 (1788) ?
Trichia pyriformis Hofim. Veg. Crypt., ii. 1, t. 1, fig. 1 (1790).

HEMITRICHIA | TRICHIACEAE 219

T. rubiformis Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 89 (1794) ;
Fr. Syst. Myc., i. 183. 7. fragiformis Wither. Br. Pl., ed. 2,
iii. 480 (1792). 7’. chalybea Chev. Fl. Paris, i. 323 (1826).
T’. Neesiana Corda Icon., i. 23 (1837). JT. Ayresit Berk. &
Br. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, v. 8367 (1850). Stemonitis
Vesparia Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1470 (1791). Crateriwm por-
phyrium Schw. l.c. Hemiarcyria rubiformis Rost. Mon., 262
(1875). Arcyria rubiformis Mass. Mon., 158 (1892). Hemitrichia
rubiformis Lister Mycetozoa, 175 (1894).

Pl. 166.—a. cluster of sporangia; 0b. capillitium and spores with fragment of spor-
angium-wall; ec. capillitium and spore (England).

Sporangia are occasionally found with a few free elaters pointed at each
end in addition to the continuous network of threads of the usual type.

Hab. On dead wood: not uncommon in the British Isles, and recorded
from most temperate and tropical regions ; abundant in the United States.

2. H. intorta Lister Mycetozoa, 176 (1894) (twisted). Plas-
modium watery-white. Total height 1 to 15mm. Sporangia
stalked, gregarious or scattered, turbinate, 0-3 to 0-7 mm.
diam., shining orange-yellow ; sporangium-wall membranous
above, thickened with granular deposits towards the base,
papillose on the inner side. Stalk thickened above and below,
furrowed, 0-5 to 0:7 mm. long, 0:15 mm. thick in the middle,
glossy purplish-brown, opaque. Capillitium a twisted tangle
of sparingly branched orange-yellow threads, 4p diam.,
marked with four to five closely set spiral bands sometimes
connected with longitudinal striae, densely spinulose. Spores
yellow, minutely warted, 9 to 10» diam.—Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 264. Hemiarcyria intoria Lister in Journ.
Bot., xxix. 268, tab. 312, fig. 3 (1891). H. longifila Rex in
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891, 396.

Pl. 172.—a. sporangia; 0b. capillitium and spores (England).

This species appeared in considerable abundance on an old elm log, near
Hitchin, Herts, in March 1889, and January 1890, and was described in
the Journal of Botany, l.c. A few months later it was independently recorded
by Dr. Rex l.c., under the name of H. longifila. Specimens received from
‘America are similar to the English gatherings.

Hab. On dead wood.—Hertfordshire, Staffordshire, Yorkshire ; Penn-
sylvania, Ohio, Iowa.

3. H. leiotricha Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 224 (1911) (Actos
smooth, 6p¢é thread). Plasmodium watery-white. Sporangia
stalked, rarely sessile, scattered, subglobose, 0-5 to 0-9 mm.
diam., shining dull yellow or olivaceous ; sporangium-wall
usually of two layers, the outer composed of scattered deposits
of dark brown refuse-matter, the inner translucent, marked
with scattered ring-shaped or crescentic thickenings. Stalk
dark brown or black, stout, 0-1 to 0-3 mm. high. Capillitium
a twisted tangle of sparingly branched smooth yellow threads,
3 to 4 uw wide, with few or many rounded or pointed free ends,

220 ENDOSPOREAE [ HEMITRICHIA

marked with 3 to 6 often faint spiral bands. Spores yellow
or olivaceous, minutely warted, 9 to 13 » diam.—H. intorta
var. leiotricha Lister Mycetozoa, 176 (1894); R. E. Fries in
Arkiv. Bot., iv. no. 7, 5; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 363?

Pl. 172.—c. sporangia; d. capillitium and spores (England).

In this species the capillitium may vary considerably in a single group
of sporangia, consisting either of long free elaters, or of the typical Hemz-
trichia network. In a cold weather development obtained by the late
W. B. Allen on bramble stems near Broseley, Salop (B.M. 2982), some of
the nearly sessile sporangia have normal yellow capillitium, while in others
it consists of both short and long, simple or branching threads which are
almost colourless, 2 1 wide, without spiral markings, and provided with many
broad ring-like thickenings. In a puzzling specimen from Mr. Petch on the
leaf of a Talipot palm (Corypha) in Ceylon (B.M. 2985), the sporangia were
rose-pink when immature, and are nearly or quite sessile; the capillitium
differs from typical H. intorta in being marked with five to six close spiral
bands, and the sporangium-wall has scanty deposits of refuse-matter. A
single sporangium found on a chip of spruce wood, Arosa, Graubunden,
August 1913, is remarkable in having all the spirals of the capillitium
dextral instead of sinistral.

Hab. On dead leaves, sticks, &c.: not uncommon in Britain from
autumn to spring: recorded from Devon, Dorset, Worcestershire, Salop,
Surrey, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Essex, Northumberland, Wales,.
Aberdeenshire ; Norway, Sweden, North Germany, Switzerland.

4. H. minor G. Lister in Journ. Bot., xlix. 62 (1911) (less).
Plasmodium watery-cinnamon. Sporangia stalked or sessile,
scattered or united in pairs, subglobose or forming curved
plasmodiocarps, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. diam., glossy, pale yellowish-
buff; sporangium-wall membranous, pale yellow, minutely
papillose or marked with faint curved lines of thickening, and
having scanty superficial deposits of refuse-matter. Stalk
black, cylindrical, enclosing dark refuse matter, 0-1 to 0-2 mm.
high. Capillitium a loose network of flaccid yellowish threads
3 to 4 » diam., with few or many free ends, marked with three
or four faint sinistral spiral bands, either almost smooth or
rather closely studded with slender spines 1 to 4 uw long, often
showing ovoid vesicular expansions. Spores pale yellow,
closely and. minutely warted, 9 to 10 » diam.

Var. pardina Minakata in litt. ex G. Lister in Trans. Br. Myc.
Soc., v. 82 (1914), pl. 1, figs. 3, 3 a—c (from pardus leopard).
Sporangia and plasmodiocarps buff, thickly spotted with
prominent blackish-brown warts composed of refuse-matter ;
spirals of capillitium usually dextral.

Pl. 187.—d. sporangia; e. capillitium; f. capillitium and spore with fragment of
sporangium-wall (Japan).

This minute and inconspicuous species has been gathered many times
on the bark of fallen branches and of living trees by Mr. K. Minakata, in
the province of Kii, Japan; it has been found repeatedly on living tree-
trunks in Somerset by Mr. N. G. Hadden, in Norfolk by Mr. H. J. Howard,
and in Aberdeenshire by the Rev. W. Cran. It somewhat resembles Peri-
chaena vermicularis Rost., but differs in the capillitium being marked with

HEMITRICHIA | TRICHIACEAE 221

spiral bands; the threads vary in roughness in the different gatherings ;
in one specimen they are almost smooth, in another they are closely marked
with warts and short spines, while in a third they are studded with both
short and long spines. Sometimes the course of the threads is interrupted
by a series of large vesicular swellings containing oily matter. The var.
pardina has a remarkable appearance, and, although it is connected with
the typical form by intermediate gatherings, it seems worthy of varietal
distinction.

Hab. On bark of dead and living trees, and on moss and dead leaves.—
Somerset, Norfolk, Aberdeenshire, Japan: var. pardina recorded from
Somerset, Dorset, Surrey, Aberdeenshire, and Japan.

5. H. elavata Rost. Versuch, 14 (1873) (clava club). Plas-
modium watery-white or rose-red. Total height 1 to 3 mm.
Sporangia stalked, gregarious or crowded, clavate or turbinate,
0-7 to 1-5 mm. high, shining ochraceous or olivaceous-yellow,
globose and nearly sessile in irregular developments ;_ spor-
angium-wall membranous, minutely papillose on the inner
side, rarely reticulated, yellow, evanescent above, persistent
below to form a more or less definite cup. Stalk cylindrical,
0-1 to 1-5 mm. long, furrowed or nearly even, olive, red-brown,
or nearly black, filled with spore-like cells. Capillitium a net-
work of yellowish-olive branched threads 5 to 6 w diam., with
or without rounded free ends, marked with five to six well-
defined close or lax spiral bands 1 w wide, usually velvety in
profile, sometimes spinose in imperfect developments. Spores
ochraceous, minutely warted, 8 to 10 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 264. T'richia clavata Pers. in Roemer
N. Mag. Bot., i. 90 (1794). 7. citrina Schum. Enum. PI. Saell.,
ii. 209 (1803)? 7’. obtusa Wigand in Pringsh. Jahrb. Wissensch.
Bot., iii. 30, t. 2, f. 4 (1863). Arcyria decipiens Berk. in Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, ix. 447 (1842). A. clavata Mass. Mon.,
165 (1892). A. calyculata Mass. l.c., 162. A. stipitata Mass.
l.c., 163. A. leocarpoides Mass. |.c., 167. Hemiarcyria clavata
Rost. Mon., 264 (1875). H. calyculata Speg. in Ann. Soc.
Cient. Argent., x. 152 (1880). H. stipitata Mass. in Journ.
R. Micr. Soc., 1889, 354. H. Varneyi Rex in Proc. Acad.
N. Se. Phil., 1891, 396. H. ablata Morgan in Journ. Cine. Soc.
Nat. Hist., xvi. 24 (1893). HAH. funalis Morg. l.c., 32. 4H.
plumosa Morg. l.c., 29. Cornuvia leocarpoides Speg. l|.c., xii.
256 (1881). Hemitrichia stipitata Macbr. l.c., 265. H. montana
Morgan l.c., xviii. 40 (1895); Macbr. l.c., 266. H. clavata
var. montana Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., hii. 461
(1921).

Pl. 167.—a. sporangia ; b. capillitium ; ¢. spores (England) ; d. sporangia developed
in cold weather (Philadelphia); e. capillitium of same showing spines, appearing
among threads of the usual form, also fragment of sporangium-wall; /. sporangium
with expanded capillitium.

This abundant and widely distributed species, although remarkably
constant in its main characters, is subject to some variation depending on
climate, the season of the year, and on altitude, The late Dr, Rex wrote

222 ENDOSPOREAE [HEMITRICHIA

(Bot. Gaz., xv. 315): ‘ Hemiarcyria clavata developed in the hot days of
July and August will erect quickly into scattered, globose, long-stiped
sporangia which rupture immediately as they dry, leaving scarcely a vestige
of a receptacle, while the same species late in October will develop closely
aggregated, obovate, almost clavate sporangia, nearly sessile or with quite
short stipes, which rupture slowly several days after maturity, leaving
a very deep funnel-shaped receptacle.’ The presence of free ends to the
capillitium-threads is not an unusual character, although in the most
perfect developments they are usually absent. A gathering made by Dr.
Sturgis in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, in September 1901,
shows many free ends amongst the tangle of capillitium and also a number
of short free elaters. A specimen of H. montana Morgan from the San Ber-
nadino Mountains, California, at an altitude of 7,400 ft. is an irregular
stunted form of the present species; the sporangia are shortly stalked or
sessile, the capillitium is much branched and has many free ends, in some
parts the spirals are regular, in others they are loose and rugged; the
sporangium-wall is not papillose as in normal growths, but is marked with
a delicate network resembling fan-tracery; similar markings associated
with papillae appear in a specimen from Chili gathered by Prof. Thaxter
(B.M. slide). The type of Arcyria stipitata Mass. from Java is a perfectly
formed long-stalked specimen of H. clavata, with no free ends to the capil-
litium. The type of Arcyria decipiens Berk., collected by Charles Darwin
at Rio Janeiro (K. 1766), is also a typical form of the present species.

Hab. On dead wood: frequent in the British Isles in autumn and
winter ; widely distributed and apparently common in all temperate and
tropical regions.

6. H. leiocarpa Lister Mycetozoa, 177 (1894) (Actos smooth,
xap7os fruit). Plasmodium? Total height 1-5 mm. Spor-
angia scattered, stalked, obovoid, rarely subglobose, pale grey
or ochraceous-grey, 0-7 mm. diam.; sporangium-wall evan-
escent above, persistent below as a cup, smooth or marked
on the inside with short scattered ridges forming a broken
reticulation, colourless, longitudinally plicate, minutely
wrinkled transversely. Stalk 0-7 to 1 mm. long, 0-05 mm.
thick, furrowed, ochraceous-grey, containing spore-like cells.
Capillitium a network of frequently branching, pale grey
threads, 2 to 5 w thick, marked with three to five often pro-
minent dextral spiral bands, either smooth, or studded in
many parts with numerous spines about 2 uw long; free ends
subclavate, usually spinulose. Spores smooth, pale grey in
mass, 6 to 8 » diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 263.
Hemiarcyria leiocarpa Cooke in Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York,
xi. 405 (1877), and Myx. Brit., 88, figs. 252, 255. Lachnobolus
Rostafinskii Racib. in Rozpr. Mat. Przyr. Ak. Krak., xii. 80
(1884).

Pl. 168.—a, sporangia; 0. capillitium and spore with fragment of sporangium-wall
(Potts Point, Harpsell, Maine, U.S.A.).

This species outwardly resembles a slender form of Arcyria cinerea.
The capillitium differs from that of most species of Hemitrichia in having
dextral spiral bands, that is, they wind in a direction the reverse of what
is usual in 7'richia elaters. This feature is well marked in the type from

HEMITRICHIA | TRICHIACEAE 223

Potts Point, Maine, in a specimen obtained by Mr. H. Bilgram near Phila-
delphia in 1914, and in a growth which appeared on Sphagnum in a glass-
house in the Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh ; it is probably also present in
the type of Lachnobolus Rostafinski, a mounting of which was lent us many
years ago; but the direction of the spirals was not properly noted in
a drawing made at the time. The type of H. Varneyi Rex, from Kansas,
which was included under the present species in the previous editions of
this book, has sinistral spirals on the elaters, and is probably a weak form
of H. clavata.

Hab. On decayed wood, and moss.—Edinburgh (glass-house), Bohemia,
Maine, Pennsylvania.

7. H. abietina Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 227 (1911) (abies
fir tree). Plasmodium rose-red. Sporangia crowded or
gregarious, shortly stalked or sessile, subglobose or turbinate,
rarely shortly cylindrical, 0-3 to 0-7 mm., opaque or shining,
yellow, ochraceous, or apricot-coloured ; sporangium-wall
membranous, yellow, almost smooth, usually evanescent
above and forming a persistent cup below. Stalks slender,
ochraceous, 0-1 to 0:3 mm. long, filled with spore-like cells.
Capillitium a tangle of flaccid, sparingly branched, ochraceous-
yellow threads, 3 to 5y diam., marked with one to three
slender prominent bands forming an irregular loose spiral,
with few rounded or bulbous free ends. Spores yellow,
minutely warted, 9 to 12 » diam.—T'richia abietina Wigand in
Pringsh. Jahrb. Bot., iii. 33, t. ii, fig. 11 (1863). 7’. nana
Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 1889, 336; Mass. Mon., 181.
Hemiarcyria Wigandiw Rost. Mon., 267 (1875). Arcyria
Wigandi Mass. l.c., 163 (1892). Hemitrichia ovata Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 261.

Pl. 168.—ec. sporangia; d. capillitium and spore (Germany); e. sporangia (United
States).

This species somewhat resembles the occasional Hemitrichia forms of
Trichia varia, but is distinguished by the stalks when present being filled
with spore-like cells, by the often well defined cup-like base of the spor-
angium-wall, and by the flaccid capillitium marked with slender spiral
bands which are not more prominent on one side of the thread. The type of
Trichia nana Mass. from Westbrook, Maine (K. 1164) is a sessile form of
H. abietina. Rostafinski refers to having seen a specimen of this species in
Persoon’s herbarium named T'richia ovata, but he did not adopt that name
as there were many other specimens in that collection named T'richia ovata
which were species of J'richia. M. Meylan has published two varieties of the
present species which appear to differ little from the typical form, var.
lutea, and var. aurantiaca, described as being yellow and orange respectively
(Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., xliv. 53 (1910) ).

Hab. On dead wood or on the trunks of living trees: not common ;
recorded from Cornwall, Devon, Hampshire, Surrey; Norway, Sweden,
France, Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, Portugal, Japan, Ontario, New
England, Ohio, and Colorado.

8. H. Karstenii Lister Mycetozoa, 178 (1894) (P. A. Karsten,
a Finnish botanist, 1834 to 1917). Plasmodium watery-white.

224 ENDOSPOREAE [HEMITRICHIA

Sporangia sessile, scattered, subglobose or forming elongated
curved plasmodiocarps, 0-25 to 0-5 mm. broad, pale yellowish-
brown, red- or purplish-brown; sporangium-wall of two
layers, membranous or cartilaginous, the outer layer thickened
with deposits of granular matter. Capillitium a loose network
of branching yellowish or reddish-brown threads, 3 to 5 yu
diam., marked with three to five more or less distinct spiral
bands, rarely smooth, often with scattered ring-shaped
thickenings and irregular expansions ; free ends pointed or
blunt. Spores yellow, minutely warted, 9 to 15 diam.—
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 261; Torrend Fl. Myx.,
105. Hemiarcyria Karstenit Rost. Mon., App. 41 (1876).
H. paradoxa Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 1889, 356. A.
obscura Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891, 395. Arcyria
Karstent Mass. Mon., 168 (1892). A. paradoxa Mass. lL.c.,
160. Perichaena cornuvioides Cel. fil. Myx. Bohm., 26, Be i,
figs. 6, 7 (1893).

Pl. 171.—a. plasmodiocarp ; 0. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-
wall; c. capillitium ; d. spore.

H. Karstenii appears to be a Hemitrichia form of T'richia contorta, and its
frequent occurrence is the only excuse for giving it specific rank as a Hemi-
trichia ; it presents the same variety in the shape and colour of the spor-
angia, and in the markings and colour of the capillitium. Rostafinski’s type
from Ceylon (K. 1773) has pale yellow-brown sporangia, and rugged capil-
litium with faint spirals and many large rounded expansions; the spores
are yellow, minutely warted, and measure 10 to lly diam. Specimens
from near Dudley, found by A. Camm, have both globose and bolster-
shaped purple-brown sporangia and orange-brown capillitium, strongly
contrasting with the yellow spores. The type of Arcyria paradoxa Mass.,
from Weybridge (K. 132), closely resembles the Ceylon gathering of H.
Karstenii, only differing in the more regular, less branched capillitium, with
fewer expansions ; it is therefore included under the present species. The
type of Hemiarcyria obscura Rex, from Montana, U.S.A. (B.M. slide),
shows a dull yellowish-red capillitium ; the threads are 2-5 to 3» diam.,
and are marked with close faint spirals; the spores are similar to those of
the type of H. Karstenzi at Kew, and there appears to be no specific char-
acter by which to separate H. obscura from this species. The type of
Perichaena cornuvioides Gel. fil. from Bohemia appears to be an abnormal
form of H. Karstenit, in which the capillitium shows no trace of spirals, and
is marked with many small bladder-like or cup-shaped expansions ; a some-
what similar specimen has been gathered near Birmingham, but having
part of the capillitium marked also with distinct spiral bands. Such a form
may closely resemble Perichaena corticalis.

Hab. On dead wood: widely distributed in Britain and Europe ;
recorded also from Ceylon, Japan, and the States of Colorado, Montana,
and Washington.

9. H. Serpula Rost. Versuch, 14 (1873) (a genus of marine
worms with coiled shells). Plasmodium yellow (fide Macbride).
Sporangia forming elongated winding branched plasmodio-
carps, 0-4 to 0-6 mm. wide, usually uniting into a close net,
golden-yellow or brownish-yellow, often seated on a red-

HEMITRICHIA | TRICHIACEAE 225

brown hypothallus ; sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer
membranous or cartilaginous, yellow, or brownish-yellow from
deposits of refuse-matter, the inner membranous, delicately
reticulated with a network resembling fan-tracery. Capillitium
an elastic tangle of twisting sparingly branched yellow or orange
threads, 5 to 6 » diam., marked with three to four, rarely five
to six, well-defined regular spiral bands, spinose, rarely smooth ;
longitudinal striae often distinct ; free ends pointed. Spores
yellow, reticulated with narrow bands forming a net with
from nine to twelve meshes to the hemisphere, 10 to 12 p
diam. ; border 0-5 to 1 » wide.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime- Moulds,
ed. 2, 260; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 364. Mucor Serpula
Scop. Fl. Carn., ed. 2, ii. 493 (1772). Lycoperdon lumbricale
Batsch Elench. Fung., Cont. i. 259, t. 30, fig. 174 (1786).
Trichia spongioides Vill. Pl. Dauph., 1061 (1789). 7’. Serpula
Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 90 (1794). 7’. reticulata Pers.
le. 7. venosa Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 207 (1803). Stemo-
nitis lumbricalis Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1470 (1791). Hemiarcyria
Serpula Rost. Mon., 266 (1875). Arcyria Serpula Mass. Mon.,
164 (1892).

Pl. 170.—a. plasmodiocarp; b. spore and spinose capillitium with fragment of
(Gauls sporangium-wall (Botanic Gardens, Glasgow) ; ¢. spore and smooth capillitium
eylon).

This handsome species is widely distributed but has not yet been recorded
in the open air in Britain. Prof. Brandza describes it as occurring almost
everywhere under bark in the forests of Moldavia. Mr. Petch writes that
it is common in Ceylon, where ‘the netted plasmodiocarps sometimes
extend over an area 4 or 5 cm. long and 2 or 3 cm. broad’. A gathering
made by him at Hakgala differs from the usual form in the smooth capillitium
being marked with five to six close spiral bands, and in the spores being
closely reticulated with shallow bands and showing about eighteen meshes
to the hemisphere. Where the conditions of development have not been
entirely favourable it is not unusual to find the capillitium consisting in
part of short free elaters.

Hab. On dead wood.—Glasgow (glass-house) ; recorded from France,
Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, and Moldavia; abundant in
Japan, the United States and in the tropics ; recorded also from Australia,
New Zealand, and the Cape Province.

10. H. ehrysospora Lister Mycetozoa, 180 (1894) (ypvads
gold, orépya seed). Plasmodium ? Sporangia sessile, crowded
or scattered, subglobose, or forming bolster-shaped plasmodio-
carps, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., glossy, bright yellow ; sporangium-
wall membranous, with granular thickenings. Capillitium
a tangle or network of branching yellow threads, 4 to 5 uw
diam., marked with four to five narrow bands arranged in
a close, regular spiral, and connected by longitudinal striae ;
the threads with many shortly pointed free ends, often
attached to various parts of the sporangium-wall. Spores
yellow, reticulated with narrow, sharply defined bands,
forming a regular net with six to nine meshes to the hemi-

Q

226 ENDOSPOREAE [CORNUVIA

sphere, 14 to 18 u diam.; border 1-5 to 2 » broad.—Hemi-
arcyria chrysospora Lister in Grev., xv. 126 (1887) ; Mass. in
Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 1889, 357. Arcyria chrysospora Mass.
Mon., 164 (1892).

Pl. 169.—a, sporangia; 0. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-wall ;
c, capillitium and spore (England).

This species was first found on fallen twigs and moss in a larch plantation
near Lyme Regis, November 1886. It has been obtained twice since, also
in larch plantations, in Dorset and Devon; in both these gatherings the
capillitium consists in part at least of very long free elaters. H. chrysospora
appears to be closely allied to the sessile form of J'richia verrucosa.

Hab. On dead wood and leaves.—Dorset, Devon, Holstein.

The type of Hemiarcyria pusilla Speg. (in Ann. Soc. Cient. Argent.,
xii. 257 (1881) ), from the Argentine Republic, is not met with in the quoted
collections ; it is described as being an exceedingly minute species, with
nearly sessile, gregarious, rose-coloured and elliptical sporangia, 0-4 to
0-5 mm. high, 0-15 to 0:25 mm. diam. ; capillitium forming a rather dense
network of threads, 3 to 4 4 thick, marked with three or four spiral bands
and furnished with minute spinules; spores smooth, 7 to 9, diam. The
species occurred on bark, and appears to have been found only once.

Genus 45.—CORNUVIA Rostafinski Versuch, 15 (1873)
(Maxime Cornu, a French botanist, 1843-1901). Sporangia
sessile ; capillitium a network of threads with thickenings in
the form of rings ; spores reticulated.

1. C. Serpula Rost. l.c. (a genus of marine worms with
coiled shells). Plasmodium creamy-white. Sporangia sessile,
subglobose, about 0:3 mm. diam. or forming small branched
or net-like plasmodiocarps, shining golden-yellow; spor-
angium-wall membranous, delicate, smooth, pale yellow.
Capillitium a flaccid loose network of freely branching yellow
threads, 3 to 5 w diam., marked with well-defined prominent
ring-shaped thickenings, arranged at intervals of about 2 pw
or irregularly scattered ; junctions of the branches smooth.
Spores yellow, reticulated with narrow bands forming a net
with from eight to twelve meshes to the hemisphere, 10 to
12 4 diam.; border 0:5 to 1 yw broad.—Rost. Mon., 289 ;
Coon in Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 1907, 142, tt. x, xi. Arcyria
Serpula Wigand in Pringsh. Jahrb. Bot., ii. 44 (1863).
Ophiotheca Serpula Mass. Mon., 135 (1892). _

Pl. 170.—d. sporangia; e. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-wall
(Germany).

This minute species frequents tan heaps. The first British gathering
was made in the spring of 1906 by Mr. J. M. Coon, who found the shining
mature sporangia in abundance on bark in a tanyard at Grampound near
St. Austell, Cornwall; he also observed the young sporangia developing
from cream-white plasmodium.

Hab. On tanning bark and dead leaves.—Cornwall, Germany, Denmark,
Usambara, East Africa, and North India (see p. 217).

ARCYRIACEAE 2.

Family IT.—ARcYRIACEAE.

Sporangia simple, stalked or sessile ; capillitium a network
of tubular threads branching at wide angles, smooth or thick-
ened with spines, warts, cog-like prominences or half rings
(rings in Arcyria annulifera), usually abundant (sometimes
scanty and of free threads in Perichaena corticalis).

KEY TO THE GENERA OF ARCYRIACEAE.

A. Capillitium elastic :—
Sporangia stalked; sporangium-wall evanescent above,
persistent as a cup below. (46) ARCYRIA

Fig. 53.—Arcyria denudata Wettstein.
a. Group of sporangia. Twice natural size.
b. Capillitium. Magnified 250 times.
ec. Spore. Magnified 560 times.

B. Capillitium not elastic :—
Sporangia sessile, heaped ; sporangium-wall single, persis-
tent, papillose ; capillitium closely warted.
(47) LACHNOBOLUS

Fig. 54.—Lachnobolus congestus Lister.
a, Cluster of sporangia. Twice natural size.
b. Capillitium and spore. Magnified 300 times,

Sporangia sessile or stalked ; sporangium-wall usually of
two layers, at least at the base, the outer layer thickened
with angular granules. (48) PERICHAENA

Fig. 55.—Perichaena corticalis Rost.
a, Group of sporangia, Magnified 7 times.
b, Capillitium and spore. Magnified 280 times.

Q 2

228 ENDOSPOREAE ~ [ARCYRIA

Sporangia sessile, heaped; capillitium’ smooth; spores
clustered. (49) MINAKATELLA

Fig. 56.—Minakatella longifila G. Lister.
a, Group of sporangia. Magnified 7 times.
b. Capillitium. Magnified 70 times.

c. Cluster of spores and fragment of capillitium.
Magnified 170 times.

Genus 46.—ARCYRIA Wiggers Fl. Holsat., 109 (1780)
(apxvs net). Sporangia stalked (sometimes: sessile in A.
occidentalis) ; sporangium-wall evanescent above, persistent
below as a membranous cup; stalk filled with spore-like
cells ; capillitium a more or less elastic network with thicken-
ings in the form of half-rings,* cog-like prominences or spines,
or marked with a broken reticulation, sometimes with three
to five faint spiral lines in addition.

This genus is allied to Hemitrichia by those species in which the capil-
litium is marked with faint spiral bands; but. the spirals never constitute
the most conspicuous markings of the threads as in Hemitrichia,

KEY TO THE GENERA OF ARCYRIA.

A. Spores 9 to 11 p diam. ; sporangia orange-red or buff :—

Sporangia ovoid ; wall reticulated. 1. A. ferruginea
Sporangia clavate ; wall papillose. 2. A. versicolor

B. Spores 6 to 8 » diam. :—
A. Cup entire—
a. Capillitium attached to the cup—
Sporangia clavate, grey or yellowish; capillitium
closely spinulose or warted. 3. A. cinerea
Sporangia clavate, flesh-coloured ; capillitium marked

with a loose spiral of flat-topped cogs or spines.
4. A. carnea

Sporangia globose, yellow; capillitium with spines
arranged in an open spiral. 5. A. pomiformis
Sporangia globose, whitish, on slender stalks ; capil-
litium closely spinulose or warted, the warts

usually arranged more or less in close spiral lines.
6. A. globosa

* The thickenings are in the form of minute rings in A. annulifera,

ARCYRIA | ARCYRIACEAE 229

Sporangia globose, ochraceous ;_ capillitium very
slender, marked with complete rings.

: 7. A. annulifera

Sporangia red, ovoid or subcylindrical ; capillitium

marked with cogs and half-rings. 8. A. denudata

Sporangia rose-coloured, cylindrical or ovoid, small ;

capillitium threads slender, marked with transverse

bands and minute spines. 9. A. insignis
Sporangia glaucous ; capillitium marked with trans-
verse bands and spines. 10. A. glauca

b. Capillitium almost or quite free from the cup—
a. Network of mature capillitium expanding, not
drooping—
Capillitium marked with cogs and spines only.
ll. A. wncarnata
Capillitium marked with cogs, spines, and three to
four indistinct spiral bands in addition.
12. A. stipata
B. Network of mature capillitium becoming much
elongated, drooping—
Sporangia buff; wall evanescent above.

13. A. nutans

Sporangia red; wall persistent above in a few
shield-like fragments. . 14. A. Oerstedtir
Sporangia yellowish-green. 15. A. virescens

B. Cup at length dividing nearly to the base in rounded
lobes. 16. A. occidentalis

1. A. ferruginea Sauter in Flora, xxiv. 316 (1841) (rust-
coloured). Plasmodium rose-red or cream-coloured. Total
height 1 to 2mm. Sporangia stalked, crowded, ovoid, 0-7 to
1-3 mm. high, 0-5 to 1 mm. broad, orange-red or red, more
rarely ochraceous or yellow, fading to greenish-red on weather-
ing; cup of sporangium even, shining, funnel-shaped, or at
length nearly flat, marked with round-meshed reticulation
on the inner side. Stalk cylindrical, 0-3 to 0:8 mm. long,
0-05 to 0:15 mm. thick, red, rarely white, arising from a mem-
branous hypothallus, filled with spore-like cells. Capillitium
an elastic network of freely branching reddish-yellow or
yellow threads, 5 to 6 » diam., diminishing to 2 to 3 w diam.
towards the base, triangular or oval in section, usually thicker
on one side and marked with transverse bars or reticulations
arranged in a lax spiral, on the other two sides marked with
a broken reticulation or with warts, often spinulose through-
out ; a few sparingly branched, more slender and smoother

230 ENDOSPOREAE [| ARCYRIA

threads penetrate the tube of the stalk, but are not attached
to the cup; free ends with rounded or pointed tips are not
unfrequent. Spores pale red or ochraceous, faintly and closely
warted, 8 to 11 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 279 ; Mass. Mon., 144;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 253; Petch in Ann.
Perad., iv. 365. A. coccinea Duby Bot. Gall., 11. 857 (1830) ?
A. dictyonema Rost. l.c.; Mass. l.c., 154. A. intricata Rost.
l.c., App. 37 (1876). A. cinnamonea Hazsl. in Oester. Bot.
Zeitschr., xxvii. 84 (1877). A. bonariensis Speg. in Ann. Soc.
Cient. Argent., x. 151 (1880) ? A. macrospora Peck in Rep. N.
York State Mus., xxxiv. 43 (1881). A. aurantiaca Raunk. in
Bot. Tidssk., 1888, 61, t. 3, figs. 4, 9 to 11. A. Raciborskir
Berl. in Sace. Syll., vii. 480 (1888)? A. clavata Cel. fil. Myx.
Bohm., 29 (1893). A. nodulosa Macbr. l.c., 252? A. ornata
Widder in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, Ixxiii. 160 (1923).
Sphaerocarpus coccineus Bull. Champ., 126, t. 368, fig. 1
(1791)? Stemonitis coccinea Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1468 (1791) ?
Trichia fulva Wither. Brit. Pl., ed. 2, iv. 479 (1792)? T.
polymorpha Sow. Engl. Fung., t. 180 (1799) nomen. T'. expansa
Martius in K. Baier. Ak. Wiss., 1853, 224 ? Arcyrella inermis
Racib. in Rozpr. Mat. Przyr. Ak. Krak., xii. 82 (1884).
A. decipiens Racib.1|.c.,84? A. cornuvioides Racib. in Hedw.,
xxviii. 123 (1889)? Hemiarcyria expansa Sacc. Syll. Fung.,
Xvili. 212 (1906).

Var. Heterotrichia Torrend Fl. Myx., 98 (1909) (érepos
different, and J'richia). Capillitium a dense network with
many pointed free ends, threads closely reticulated and
spinulose all over, 5 to 8 yw diam.—Heterotrichia Gabriellae
Mass. Mon., 140 (1892); Macbr. l.c., 198. Arcyria ferruginea
var. Gabriellae Grove in Birm. Nat. Hist. Phil. Soc., xii. 20
(1910).

Pl. 173.—a. sporangia; 06, c. threads from upper part of capillitium; d. thread
from basal part of capillitium; e. capillitium of form named A. dictyonema Rost.
(Germany) ; f. capillitium of var. Heterotrichia (South Carolina) ; g. portion of spor-
angium-wall; h. spores.

The sporangia of this species vary much in colour; large developments
are often met with in which the more central sporangia are brick- or orange-
red, while the outer are yellow or buff. The markings on the capillitium
also vary considerably ; the threads of a single sporangium may be in some
parts conspicuously thickened on one side while in other parts they are not
thickened, and are spinulose all over. In the type of A. dictyonema Rost.,
from Freiburg, the capillitium is spinose, principally on one side of the
thread, and marked with broken reticulation and spinules on the other
part; there are numerous free branches with clavate or pointed ends ;
except that the spines are more developed than usual, the markings do not
differ from those frequently seen in typical A. ferruginea, of which it is
clearly a form. The type of Heterotrichia Gabriellae Mass., from South
Carolina (K. 838), has numerous pointed free ends in the upper part of the
net of the capillitium; the threads are flattened, very closely reticulate
and spinulose, and in many places thickened on one side; the spores
measure 10 to lly. <A similar form is often met with in the British Isles

- ARCYRIA | ARCYRIACEAE 231

when the conditions of development have not been entirely favourable ;
free ends are usually abundant in sporangia that have matured in cold
weather. As this variety is not unfrequent, for convenience of reference we
follow Dr. Torrend in distinguishing it as var. Heterotrichia. An abnormal
form of A. ferruginea was found by Prof. Schinz near Goldau, Switzerland,
in September 1902 (B.M. slide); the sporangia are very shortly stalked
or sessile, the slender capillitium threads measure 2-5 to 3 uw diam., and are
beaded at short intervals with globular or ovoid swellings, 10 thick,
which are marked with a close reticulation of raised bands; the threads
between the swellings are nearly smooth; the spores average 10 to 12 p,
but there are also many monstrous and irregular spores. It is not unusual
to find globular expansions in the threads of more normal developments, but
this gathering has them in great abundance. From the description and
illustration of A. nodulosa Macbr., with capillitium showing swollen nodes
and spores 10 to 12 yw diam., it is possible that it may be a similar irregular
form of the present species.

Hab. On dead wood; abundant in the British Isles in autumn and
winter ; widely distributed in temperate regions, and recorded also from
Ceylon.

2. A. versicolor Phillips in Grev., v. 115 (1877) (parti-
coloured). Plasmodium ? Total height 2-5 to 3mm. Spor-
angia shortly stalked or sessile, gregarious or clustered,
pyriform or clavate, 1 to 2 mm. diam., more or less shining,
yellow or olivaceous-yellow ; sporangium-wall membranous,
persistent except at the apex, yellow, papillose on the inner
side. Stalk 0-2 mm. long, yellow-brown, filled with spore-like
cells, arising from a well-developed hypothallus. Capillitium
an elastic network of freely branching yellow threads, 4 to
6 diam., triangular or oval in section, either uniformly
spinulose and marked with broken reticulation, or with one
side thickened and marked with transverse bars ; the threads
arise from the tube of the stalk, and are not attached to the
sporangium-wall ; free ends shortly pointed. Spores yellow,
smooth, 8 to 10 » diam.—Mass. Mon., 149. <Arcyria witellina
Phill., l.c.; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 250.

Pl. 175.—a. sporangia; 0b. portion of sporangium-wall; c¢. capillitium and spore
(California).

This species is allied to A. ferruginea, from the yellow form of which it
differs in shape, in the papillose thickenings of the sporangium-wall, and in
the smoother spores. A. vitellina Phill. from California is the same species.

Hab. Ondead wood: recorded from Canton Vallais, Switzerland, Styria,
Moldavia, and the western United States.

3. A. cinerea Pers. Syn. Fung., 184 (1801) (ashy). Plas-
modium greyish-white. Total height 0-8 to 4 mm. Sporangia
stalked, gregarious or solitary, single or united in clusters of
two to six, ovoid or cylindrical, more rarely globose, 0-5 to
0-8 mm. diam., pale grey, greenish- or bluish-grey, or greyish
flesh-colour, fading to dull yellow; cup of the sporangium-
wall membranous, nearly smooth, minutely papillose or
reticulated, plaited at the base, pale grey or yellowish. Stalk

232 ENDOSPOREAE ~ | ARCYRIA

cylindrical, furrowed, 0-2 to 2 mm. long, 0-05 to 0:15 mm.
thick, white, grey or brown, filled with spore-like cells. Caypil-
litium a close network of grey or yellowish-grey threads ;
the upper and middle threads 2 to 4 » diam., closely warted,
transversely banded, or spinulose, the spines often stouter
and larger on one side; the threads composing the basal
part of the network 4 to 6 diam., either smooth, faintly
warted, or reticulated, with numerous attachments to the cup.
Spores almost colourless, marked with a few scattered warts,
6 to 8 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 272; Mass. Mon., 151; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 254. Trichia cinerea Bull.
Champ., 120 (1791). Stemonitis cinerea Gmel. Syst. Nat.,
1467 (1791). S. glauca Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 221
(1797). Arcyria albida Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 90
(1794) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 186. A. straminea Wallr. Fl. Crypt.
Germ., ii. 383 (1833)? A. trichtoides Corda Icon., ii. 23,
t. 12, fig. 86 (1838). A. Friesia Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 4, xvii. 140 (1876). A. Cooker Mass. l.c., 154 (1892).
A. tenuis Schroet. in Hedw., xxxv. 207 (1896). Lachnobolus
Arcyrella Rost. l.c., 481 (1875) ? Comatricha alba Schulzer in
Just Bot. Jahresb., 155 (1877).

Var. digitata G. Lister (having fingers). Sporangia cylin-
drical, on long dark stalks adhering in clusters of three to
seven or more.—Stemonitis digitata Schwein. in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc., n.s. iv. 260 (1832). S. grisea Opiz in Lotos, 1855,
215. Arcyria Leprieurt Mont. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot., ser. iv,
ili. 141 (1855). A. bicolor Berk. & Curt. in Journ. Linn, Soc.,
x. 349 (1869). A. pallida Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ii. 67 (1873).
A. digitata Rost. l.c., 274; Macbr. l.c., 255. <A. stricta Rost.
l.c., App. 36 (1876).

Pl. 176.—a, b. sporangia; c. globose sporangium on bramble stalk; d, d'. outer
threads of capillitium ; e. spore (England).

In this species the shape of the sporangium is very variable. An extensive
growth of the common grey form arising from one development of plas-
modium will often exhibit much diversity ; subglobose sporangia with short
stalks and subcylindrical sporangia with long stalks are found in company
with the more usual ovoid form; they are either single, or are combined in
clusters. Developments are met with on dead bramble stems and holly
leaves in which the nearly white sporangia are shortly stalked and perfectly
globose, 0°5 to 0-7 mm. diam. (=A. digitata var. subglobosa Meyl. in Ann.
Cons. Bot. Genéve, 1913, 321), associated with other groups of sporangia
varying from subglobose to ovoid. Sporangia formed on dead leaves are
usually scattered or solitary. The markings of the capillitium are also
variable ; usually they consist of minute spines closely and uniformly
distributed, but sometimes a band of larger spines is present. In cold
weather developments the capillitium-threads may be broad (5 y diam.),
flat and papillose all over. The type specimen of A. Friesit Berk. & Br.
from Glamis, N.B. (K. 896), is a bluish-grey ovoid form of the present
species, with typical capillitium and spores. The type of A. Cookei Mass.,
from Brazil (K. 865), is a tall grey form of A. cinerea: the sporangia measure

AROYRIA ] ARCYRIACEAE 233

2 mm. in length, 0:5 mm. in breadth ; the stalks are 2 mm. long, 0-1 mm.
thick.

Hab. On dead wood, twigs, or on dead leaves: common and widely
distributed ; var. digitata is especially abundant in the tropics.

4, A. earnea G. Lister in Journ. Bot., lix. 92, pl. 558,
figs. 2, 2a,b (1921) (flesh-coloured). Plasmodium? Spor-
angia stalked, loosely clustered, ovoid or shortly cylindrical,
flesh-coloured, 1:5 mm. high; cup marked with papillae or
with a broken reticulation, giving attachment to the capil-
litium. Stalks short, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. high. Capillitium
a compact network of pale flesh-coloured threads about
3-5 » diam., marked with close-set prominences arranged in
a loose spiral and appearing square-ended, notched or hammer-
shaped in profile ; the remainder of the thread either spinulose
or marked with a broken reticulation or occasionally with
three or four faint irregular spiral bands; basal threads
smoother. Spores 6 to 8 » diam., nearly smooth.—A. cinerea
var. carnea Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 236 (1911).

It is quite possible that A. carnea Schum. (Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 213 (1803) )
may have been the present species, but the description is too brief for any
certainty. It is distinguished from A. cinerea by the compact flesh-coloured
sporangia, which sometimes form large colonies, and by the square-topped
‘cogs’ of the capillitium. Prof. Brandza writes that he has found it at
least twenty times in Roumania.

Hab. On dead wood; recorded from Sussex, Surrey, Essex, Hertford-
shire, France, North and Central Germany, Bohemia, Roumania, and Japan.

5. A. pomiformis Rost. Mon., 271 (1875) (apple-shaped).
Plasmodium white. Sporangia scattered, stalked, subglobose
or ovoid, 0-3 to 0-7 mm. diam., ochraceous-yellow ; cup of
sporangium-wall plaited at the base, nearly smooth, faintly
reticulated or papillose. Stalk slender, buff, 0-2 to 0-4 mm.
high, filled with spore-like cells. Capillitium a loose elastic
network of yellowish threads, about 3 » diam., marked with
transverse bands and spines arranged in an open spiral, nearly
smooth elsewhere. Spores nearly colourless, 7 to 8 u diam.,
marked with a few scattered warts.——Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2,255. Mucor pomiformis Leers Fl. Herborn,
218 (1775)? Stemonitis pomiformis Roth Fl. Germ., 548
(1788). S. ochroleuca Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 221
(1797). 8S. lutea Trentep. le. Arcyria umbrina Schum.
Enum. Pl. Saell., ii. 213 (1803)? A. stlacea Ditm. in Sturm
Deutsch. Fl., Pilze, i. 15, t. 8 (1813). A. lutea Schwein. Syn.
Fung. Carol., 37 (1822). A. ochroleuca Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 181
(1829). A. Wintert Wettst. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr., xxxv.
ae (1885). A. albida var. pomiformis Lister Mycetozoa, 186

894).

Pl. 176.—f, f. outer threads of capillitium-net (England).

Distinguished from A. cinerea by the scattered buff sporangia with looser

234 ENDOSPOREAE [ARCYRIA

capillitium. The basal threads are sometimes marked with three or four
faint spiral bands.

Hab. On dead wood, especially on fallen branches of oak, sometimes on
bark of living trees: frequent in England ; recorded from Ulster, France,
Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Moldavia, Portugal, Cape
Province, Japan; widely distributed in the United States.

6. A. globosa Schwein. Syn. Fung. Carol., 38 (1822).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered or gregarious, stalked,
globose, 0:3 to 0-6 mm. diam., white or pale yellow, or
brownish with age; cup of sporangium shallow or rather
deep, membranous, smooth or papillose, often minutely and
transversely wrinkled. Stalk pale yellow or brown, slender,
0-2 to 0-5 mm. high, filled with spore-like cells. Capillitium
a close and only slightly elastic network of colourless threads,
2 to 4. diam., marked with warts or spines usually arranged
along three or four spiral lines which run from the left above
to the right below when the thread is viewed horizontally
(in the reverse direction to the sinistral spirals of T'richia
elaters) ; sometimes the threads are irregularly reticulated
between the spines. Spores colourless, 6 to 8 » diam., marked
with a few scattered warts.—Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 365.
Craterium globosum Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 154 (1829). Lachno-
bolus globosus Rost. Mon., 283 (1875); Mass. Mon., 137;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 245. Arcyria albida var.
globosa Lister Mycetozoa, 186 (1894).

Pl. 176.—g. sporangium on chestnut-bur (Alleghany Mountains); h. capillitium ;
z. sporangia on male flower of chestnut.

This species was transferred by Rostafinski to the genus Lachnobolus,
but its chief features—the stalked sporangia, the persistent cup of the
sporangium-wall and the somewhat elastic capillitium, are characteristic
rather of Arcyria. A. globosa is distinguished from A. cinerea, its nearest
ally, by the globose shape of the sporangia, the less elastic capillitium, and
usually by the spiral arrangement of the markings on the threads. An
indication of spiral markings sometimes occurs in some of the threads of
A. cinerea, but less definitely than in the present species and in the reverse
direction. In North America A. globosa appears frequently on the burs
and male catkins of the ‘ Chinquapin’ (Castanea dentata Borkh.), and also
on dead leaves. Mr. Petch has extended our knowledge of its range by
discovering a group of about a dozen typical sporangia on a dead leaf at
Peradeniya, Ceylon.

Hab. On dead leaves, and the burs and male flowers of Castanea dentata
Borkh.—Ceylon, and the Eastern United States.

7. A. annulifera Torrend Fl. Myx., 102 (1909) (annulus
ring, fero I bear). Plasmodium? Sporangia scattered,
stalked, subglobose or ovoid, 0:5 to 0-6 mm. diam., buffish-
yellow ; cup of sporangium-wall membranous, papillose, buff,
rather deep, with an irregular margin, plicate below. Stalk
buff, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. high, filled with spore-like cells. Capil-
litium a somewhat flaccid network of slender yellowish
threads, 1 to 1-5 » diam., marked at intervals of 1 to 2 » with

ARCYRIA | ARCYRIACEAE 235

prominent ring-shaped thickenings 1 » diam., basal threads
2 diam., marked with a series of moniliform swellings 2 to
3 long. Spores pale yellow, marked with a few scattered
warts, 6 to 7 » diam.—Torrend in Bull. Soc. Port. Sci. Nat.,
ii. 73 (1908) (nomen).

Pl. 185.—e. sporangia; d. spores and capillitium with fragment of sporangium-wall
(Portugal).

This species closely resembles A. pomiformis in outward appearance ;
it is distinguished by the more slender capillitium marked with complete
annular thickenings. The only example hitherto obtained is the type
gathered by Dr. C. Torrend, near Cintra, in the spring of 1908.

Hab. On pine needles.—Portugal.

8. A. denudata Wettstein in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien,
585 (1885-6) (naked). Plasmodium white. Total height
2to3mm. Sporangia stalked, crowded or gregarious, ovoid
or sub-cylindrical, 0-9 to 1-8 mm. high, 0-8 to 1 mm. broad,
crimson, weathering to reddish-brown or brown, rarely pale
red; cup of sporangium-wall membranous, firm, shining,
plaited, smooth or marked with scattered papillae and faint
broken reticulations on the inner side. Stalk cylindrical,
0-5 to 1 mm. high, 0-1 mm. thick, furrowed, red-brown, filled
with spore-like cells. Capillitium a rather close elastic net-
work of flattened or terete pale red threads, 2 to 5 » diam.,
with thickenings in the form of prominent cogs or spines and
half-rings arranged in a loose spiral ; with many attachments
to the cup, and usually without free ends. Spores pale red,
nearly smooth, marked with a few scattered warts, 6 to 8 uw
diam.—Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 253. Clathrus
denudatus L. Syst. Nat., 1179 (1753). Mucor clathroides
Scop. Fl. Carn., ed. 2, ii. 493 (1772). M. pyriformis Leers
Fl. Herborn, 288 (1775). Stemonitis coccinea Roth Fl. Germ.,
548 (1788). SS. crocea Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1467 (1791). S.
denudata Relh. Fl. Cant., ed. 3, 574 C820): Lycoperdon
rufum Dicks. Pl. Crypt. Brit., i. 25 (1785) ? EHmbolus crocatus
Batsch Elench. Fung., Cont. si 266, fig. 177 (1786). Trichia
denudata Vill. Pl. Dauph.., 1060 (1789). ZT. graniformis
Hofim. Veg. Crypt., i. 3 (1790). Z'. connabarvna Bull. Champ.,
121, t. 502, fig. I, b, c (1791). T. rufa Wither. Br, Pl., ed. 2,
iii. 478 (1792). ZT’. purpurea Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 211
(1803) ? Arcyria punicea Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 90
(1794) ; Rost. Mon., 268; Lister Mycetozoa, 188. A. dentata
Schum. l.c., 2138? A. rufa Schum. l.c., 214? A. melanocephala
Schum. l.c.? <A. conjugata Schum. l.c., 215. A. cylindrica
Schum. l.c. ? A. cincta Schum. l.c. ? A. fusca Fr. Symb. Gast.,
17 (1818)? A. vernicosa Rost. l.c., App. 36 (1876).

Pl. 174.—a, sporangia; 6. capillitium-threads, showing attachment to cup and
spore; ce. spinulose capillitium from another sporangium.

This abundant and widely distributed species shows considerable variety
in the colour and markings of the capillitium and in the thickness of the

236 ENDOSPOREAE [ARCYRIA

threads. In cold weather developments the threads are stout, dark red,
and rough with close-set cogs and spines ;. in more normal growths they are
pale pink and the markings consist only of a loose spiral of smooth cogs
or half-rings. A long-stalked rose-coloured specimen, gathered by Rev.
W. Cran in Antigua (B.M. 1686), shows unusually slender threads 2 » diam.,
marked only with a spiral of prominent transverse bands 1-5 uw in depth ;
the capillitium is firmly attached to the shallow cup. Forms of A. denudata
occur in which some threads of the capillitium show, beside the usual
markings, an irregular reticulation, or an indication of three or four faint
spiral bands, suggesting an approach to A. stvpata.

Hab. On dead wood: common throughout the year in the British Isles,
and abundant in temperate and tropical regions.

9. A. insignis Kalchbr. & Cooke in Grev., x. 143 (1882)
(remarkable). Plasmodium watery-white. Total height 0-5
to 15 mm. Sporangia stalked, gregarious or clustered in
scattered groups, ovoid or cylindrical, 0-3 to 0-4 mm. diam.,
pale rose-coloured ; cup of sporangium-wall delicately mem-
branous, plaited, nearly smooth or reticulated and spinulose.
Stalk thickened upwards, furrowed, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. long, red,
filled with spore-like cells. Capillitium a close elastic network
of pale pink delicate threads, from 2 to 3p diam., usually
with a few bulbous free ends, flattened, marked with trans-
verse bands and short spines arranged in a lax spiral, closely
and minutely spinulose or nearly smooth elsewhere. Spores
when magnified almost colourless, nearly smooth, 6 to 8p
diam.—Mass. Mon., 148; Torrend Fl. Myx., 99; Petch in
Ann. Perad., iv. 366; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2,
256.

Var. major G. Lister (larger). Sporangia cylindrical, bright
rose-red, 1 to 2 mm. high, expanding into a column 2:5 to
3mm. long; capillitium with transverse ridges well developed.

Pl. 181.—a. sporangia; b. spores, and capillitium showing attachment of threads
to the cup.

This widely distributed species somewhat resembles a small form of
A. incarnata, but is distinguished by the pure rosy colour of the sporangia,
and the closer network of the capillitium, the threads of which are extremely
flaccid and almost colourless when mounted in water, and are attached
to the wall of the cup. The var. major is a larger, more brightly coloured
form, with the capillitium-threads less compressed, and with more prominent
markings; in the mountain woods of Moldavia it occurs on oak wood,
where Prof. Brandza writes, the typical form is common. A minute form
with scattered sporangia 0-1 to 0-3 mm. high on long slender stalks was
found by Mr. A. R. Sanderson on dead but unshed leaves at Petaling,
Fed. Malay States.

Hab. On dead wood, &c.: not uncommon in the tropics; recorded
also from Germany, Moldavia, Portugal, S. Africa, Malaya, South Australia,
Japan, and Massachusetts: var. major recorded from Bedfordshire, Mol-
davia, Ceylon, and Brazil.

10. A. glauea Lister ex Minakata in Bot. Mag. Tokyo,
xxli. 322 (1908) (pale or bluish-green). Plasmodium ? Spor-

a

Law f

ARCYRIA | ARCYRIACEAE 237

angia stalked, grouped in clusters of four to twenty, ovoid or
cylindrical, 0-4 to 2-5 mm. high and 0-4 to 0-8 mm. broad
when expanded, pale bluish-green ; cup of sporangium-wall
funnel-shaped, membranous, somewhat plaited, marked with
a faint reticulation. Stalk pale green or greyish-brown,
curved and weak, 0:2 to 0-3 mm. high, filled with spore-like
cells. Capillitium an elastic network of pale threads, 2-5 to
3 pw diam., with many attachments to the cup and few rounded
free ends, marked with a loose spiral of prominent cog-like
transverse bands; elsewhere either nearly smooth or with
thickenings in the form of scattered spinules and an irregular
reticulation, or with three or four faint spiral lines. Spores
pale glaucous, nearly smooth, 7 » diam.

Pl. 182.—a. sporangia; b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporangium-wall
showing attachment of the capillitium-threads (Japan).

This rare and beautiful species has been found twice only, in the summer
of two successive years, by Mr. Kumagusu Minakata. It appeared on
a rotting limb of a Chinese Camphor-tree (Machilus Thunbergii Sieb. &
Zucc.) growing by a shrine of the Shinto monkey-god at Itoda, in the
province of Kii, Japan. The shrine has since been removed and the grove
surrounding it cut down. When freshly gathered, A. glauca is of a pale
glaucous or bluish-green colour; after a time it fades to greenish-drab.
The markings of the capillitium somewhat resemble those of A. insignis.

Hab. On dead wood.—Province of Kii, Japan.

11. A. inearnata Pers. Obs. Myc., i. 58, t. v, figs. 4, 5 (1796)
(flesh-colour). Plasmodium white. Sporangia stalked or
nearly sessile, crowded, subcylindrical or ellipsoid, 1 to 1-5 mm.
high, 0-6 mm. broad, pink; cup of sporangium-wall mem-
branous, even or plicate, spinulose. Stalk weak, 0-1 to 0-3 mm.
long, flesh-coloured, filled with spore-like cells. Capillitium
a very loose elastic network of pale pink threads, 3 to 5 pu
diam., sparingly and somewhat irregularly branched, with
here and there broad perforated or ring-like expansions, often
swollen at the axils of the branches ; thickenings in the form
of sharp cogs, half rings, or spines arranged in a loose spiral,
and of minute scattered spinules; free ends more or less
numerous, clavate or pointed, spinose. Spores pale pink,
marked with a few scattered warts, 6 to 8» diam.—Rost.
Mon., 275; Mass. Mon., 145; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 251. Stemonitis incarnata Pers. in Gmel. Syst. Nat.,
1467 (1791). 8S. Trichia Roth Fl. Germ., i. 549 (1788) ?
S. carnea Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 222 (1797)? S.
globosa Trentep. l.c. ? Clathrus adnatus Batsch Elench. Fung.,
141 (1783)? Trichia flexuosa Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell., ii.
209 (1803). Arcyria lilacina Schum. l.c., 212. A. minor
Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., n.s. iv. 259 (1832) ?
A. adnata Rost. l.c., App. 36 (1876). A. irregularis Racib. in
Rozpr. Mat. Przyr. Ak. Krak., xii. 83 (1884).

238 ENDOSPOREAE [ARCYRIA

Var. fulgens Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 242 (1911) (bright).
Sporangia crimson; stalks firm, dark reddish-brown.—A.
affinis Rost. Mon., 276 (1875)? A. semilis Racib. in Rozpr.
Mat. Prazyr. Ak. Krak., xii. 81 (1884) ?

Pl. 177.—a. sporangia; 0. capillitium and spore, with fragment of sporangium-wall
(England).

This species is closely allied to A. denudata, from which it is chiefly
distinguished by the capillitium having free ends and being free from the
cup, and by the more diffusely expanding net ; intermediate forms are of
not unfrequent occurrence. A. incarnata var. helvetica Meylan (Bull. Soc.
Vaud. Sc. Nat., xlvi. 55 (1910) ) appears to be such an intermediate form ;
M. Meylan describes the capillitium as being free from the cup, but in the
specimens he courteously sent me many attachments are present. A. minor
Schwein. seems to be an intermediate form also; Dr. Sturgis has examined
the type and finds it similar to A. denudata, except that the capillitium is
free from the cup; there are no ‘free ends’ and the threads are marked
with a very open spiral of blunt ridges; the species described by Prof.
Brandza as Arcyria sp. non det (Ann. Sc. Univ. Jassy, viii. 269, fig. 2 (1914) ),
seems to agree well with A. incarnata, except that the plasmodium is said
to have been reddish-brown.

Hab. On dead wood and sticks: common in the British Isles throughout
the year, and widely distributed in all temperate regions; recorded also
from Java: var. fulgens is not uncommon in England and Ireland, and has
been recorded from France, Switzerland, Moldavia, from many parts of
Australia and New Zealand, from Canada, and the State of New York.

12. A. stipata Lister Mycetozoa, 189 (1894) (crowded).
Plasmodium ? Total height 1:5 to 2mm. Sporangia stalked
or nearly sessile, crowded, cylindrical, erect or curved, 1 to
1-5 mm. high, 0-6 mm. broad, either copper-coloured, or deep
brown with a carmine tinge or scarlet; sporangium-wall
irregularly evanescent above, persistent as a plaited or smooth
cup, papillose or faintly reticulated near the rim. Stalk
cylindrical, 0-1 to 1 mm. long, red-brown or brownish-black,
filled with spore-like cells, rismg from a membranous hypo-
thallus. Capillitium a more or less elastic network of freely
branching threads, 2-5 to 3-5 uw diam., marked with an open
spiral of broad-based spines or transverse ridges, and with
three to four faint spiral bands, sometimes with minute
spines in addition; with many free clavate ends and few
attachments to the cup. Spores pale red, smooth with few
scattered warts, 6 to 8 » diam.—Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 367.
Leangium stipatum Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.,
n.s. iv. 258 (1832). Hemiarcyria stipata Rost. Mon., App. 41
(1876). Hemitrichia stipata Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 262 (1922); Torrend Fl. Myx., 107.

Pl. 178.—a. sporangia, with expanded capillitium; 0b. threads of upper part of
capillitium ; c. threads from base of capillitium; d. spore (Ceylon); e. sporangia
(Iowa); f. upper part of capillitium ; g. threads from base of capillitium.

This species is widely distributed, and is not uncommon in the United
States. The faint spirals on the threads are often evident in parts of the
capillitium only, and are most conspicuous on the basal threads; the

de i tei

ARCYRIA | ARCYRIACEAE 239

latter are almost free from spines and transverse bands. The sporangia
vary in colour and in the length of their stalks. Some developments are
nearly sessile, and have closely compacted curved copper-coloured sporangia
with deep ill-defined cups, and a loose network of flaccid capillitium, the
threads of which are sometimes nearly smooth. In other gatherings the
sporangia are deep red, scarlet or coppery, the stalks are long, the cups
well-defined, and the capillitium forms an elastic network of freely branching
threads marked with close-set blunt-ended transverse bands and numerous
spinules.

Hab. On dead wood: recorded in England from Kent, Surrey, and
Yorkshire ; also from Finland, North Germany, Ceylon, Nepaul and from
near Simla (North-West India), Japan, Fiji, the United States, and Canada.

13. A. nutans Grev. Fl. Edin., 455 (1824) (nodding). Plas-
modium watery-white. Sporangia stalked, clustered, cylin-
drical, when unexpanded 1:5 to 2 mm. high, 0-3 to 0-5 mm.
broad ; ochraceous-yellow or pale buff; cup of sporangium-
wall membranous, flaccid, reticulated and often spinulose on
the inner side, interruptedly plicate. Stalk buff, short or
elongated, weak, filled with spore-like cells. Capillitium an
elastic network of pale yellow terete or flattened threads
3 to 4 » diam., expanding into a drooping column 8 to 12 mm.
in length, free from the cup, or with few attachments ;
thickenings on the threads in the form of sharp spines and
half-rings arranged in a loose spiral, and of scattered spinules
and short lines of broken reticulation ; free ends more or less
numerous, clavate. Spores pale yellow, nearly smooth,
marked with a few scattered warts, 6 to 8 uw diam.—Rost.
Mon., 277; Mass. Mon., 150; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
ed. 2, 249. Trichia nutans Bull. Champ., 122, t. 502, fig. 3
(1791). Z. elongata Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 209 (1803).
Stemonitis nutans Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1467 (1791). S. amoena
Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 222 (1797). <Arcyria flava
Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 90 (1794) ; Lister Mycetozoa,
190. A. alutacea Schum. l.c., 212.

Pl. 179.—a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of cup of sporangium-
wall (England).

Hab. On dead wood : frequent in temperate and tropical regions.

14. A. Oerstedtii Rost. Mon., 278 (1875) (Prof. A. Oerstedt,
a Danish botanist, 1816 to 1874). Plasmodium watery-white.
Sporangia forming large colonies, stalked, clustered, cylin-
drical, curved, rising from a colourless membranous hypo-
thallus, when unexpanded 0-6 to 1-5 mm. high, 0-3 to 0-5 mm.
broad, dull crimson ; sporangium-wall evanescent above, or
persistent in the form of a few well-defined rounded plates,
which are papillose on the inner side, smooth on the margin ;
cup membranous, faintly reticulated and marked with
scattered papillae ; rim smooth. Stalks pale red, varying in
length, usually short, weak, filled with spore-like cells. Capil-

240 ENDOSPOREAE [ARCYRIA ,

litium an elastic network of pale red threads 3 to 5 w diam.,
expanding into a long drooping cylindrical column ;_thick-
enings in the form of half rings and sharp spines | to 3 p long,
arranged in a loose spiral, elsewhere marked with scattered
spinules, and often with four or five faint irregular spiral
bands ; some threads attached to the persistent plates of the
sporangium-wall, others to the cup ; free ends with spinulose
tips are sometimes present. Spores pale red, nearly smooth,
marked with few scattered warts, 7 to 8 » diam.—Mass. Mon.,
147; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 249; Petch in
Ann. Perad., iv. 367. A. vermicularis Schum. Enum. PI. Saell.,
ii. 212 (1803) ? A. punicea var. vermicularis Fr. Syst. Myc.,
iii. 178 (1829)? A. incarnaia B flexuosa Fr. 1|.c., 179. A.
flexuosa Rab. Deutsch. Krypt. Fl., 1.258 (1844)? A. fuliginea
Cooke & Mass. in Mass. l.c., 169(1892). A. magna Rex in Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1893, 364; Macbr. l.c., 248. Hemi- ©
arcyria fuliginea Cooke & Mass. in Grev., xvi. 74 (1888).

Pl. 180.—a. sporangia; 6. shield-like persistent portion of sporangium-wall with
capillitium threads attached ; ¢. capillitium with fragment of cup, and spore.

The present species differs from A. nutans in colour, and in the spines
on the capillitium being more slender and closely set and more evenly
distributed, also in the presence of portions of the sporangium-wall adhering
to the capillitium. Prof. Brandza finds this species in prodigious abundance
in the mountain forests of Moldavia, especially on fir and old beech logs
which have lain rotting for the last seventy years; here it spreads, with
interruptions, over several metres in length, making the herbage around
red with its spores. The type of Hemiarcyria fuliginea Cooke & Mass. from
New South Wales (K. 154) resembles typical gatherings of the present
species, except in the colour, which has faded to fuliginous-brown.
Arcyria magna Rex, and A. magna var. rosea Rex (B.M. 1518), are respec-
tively tawny-grey and rosy-red forms of A. Oerstedtii; they were found
twice in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, each time closely associated on the
same log of wood. The capillitium expands into long drooping columns,
to which in var. rosea persistent papillose plates of the sporangium-wall
are attached.

Hab. On dead wood: not uncommon in England, and recorded from
Scotland: widely distributed in Europe, recorded from South Nigeria,
Cape Province, Uganda, Ceylon, Malaya, Java, Australia, Japan; widely
distributed but uncommon in the United States.

15. A. virescens G. Lister in Journ. Bot., lix. 252 (1921)
(becoming green). Plasmodium white. Sporangia crowded
or clustered, often forming large colonies, stalked, cylindrical,
yellowish-green ; cup of sporangium-wall narrowly funnel-
shaped, reticulated and spinose on the inner side. Stalks
slender, straight or flexuose, dark olive-green, free or adhering
in clusters of three to ten, 0-5 to 1-5 mm. long. Capillitium
a loose elastic network of greenish or khaki-coloured threads,
free from the cup, and expanding into a column about 6 mm.
long ; threads 4 to 6 » wide, marked with scattered groups of
close-set. prominent transverse ridges, 3 to 5 w high, arranged

LACHNOBOLUS | ARCYRIACEAE 241

more or less in an open spiral ; the remaining surface irregu-
larly reticulated and roughened with delicate, often broad-
based spines. Spores yellowish-green in mass, 7 to 8 » diam.,
smooth except for a few scattered warts.

Pl. 222.—a. group of sporangia, from all but three the capillitium has gone; b. por-
tions of the cup and capillitium, and a spore.

This species differs from A. glauca, the only other member of the genus
with green spores, in the long dark stalks, the narrow cups and stouter
capillitium marked with groups of prominent bands, as well as in the
yellower colour of both capillitium and spores. The elasticity of the capil-
litium and the ease with which the loose columns separate from the spor-
angial cups cause rapid dispersion of the spores; this probably accounts
for the species having been long overlooked and regarded as a faded form
of A. nutans. Mr. A. R. Sanderson finds it not uncommon and forming
beautiful colonies in the neighbourhood of Johore, Federated Malay States ;
he also saw the opaque white plasmodium emerging from dead wood.

Hab. On dead wood.—Ceylon, Malaya, Queensland.

16. A. occidentalis Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 245 (1911)
(western). Plasmodium white, then rosy. Sporangia scat-
tered or crowded, stalked or sessile, often angled by mutual
pressure, ellipsoid, 0-7 to 0-9 mm. high, 0:4 to 0-5 mm. broad,
rosy copper-coloured fading to yellowish-buff ; sporangium-
wall more or less evanescent above, persistent at the sides
and at length dividing into four to six deep rounded mem-
branous and papillose lobes. Stalk yellowish-brown, straight
or curved, 0:1 to 0-3 mm. high, filled with spore-like cells.
Capillitium a loose network of pinkish-yellow threads, 2-5 to
4y diam., with few attachments to the sporangium-wall,
marked with spines, warts, and low transverse bands, arranged
in an open spiral, otherwise nearly smooth or minutely
papillose ; free ends more or less numerous, clavate, papillose.
Spores in mass flesh-coloured fading to buff, smooth except for
a few scattered warts, 6 to 7 w diam.—Lachnobolus incarnatus
Macbr. in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 126 (1892). LZ. occidentalis
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 246 (1922).

Pl. 192.—a. sporangia; b. capillitium and spores with fragments of sporangium-
wall (Iowa).

This species somewhat resembles the smaller forms of A. stipata, but is
distinguished by the cup of the sporangium dividing into rounded lobes,
and by the absence of spiral bands on the threads of the capillitium. The
flaccid character of the capillitium is not more marked than in many
gatherings of A. stipata, and can hardly be regarded as of sufficient impor-
tance to separate A. occidentalis from the genus Arcyria.

Hab. On dead wood: widely distributed in the United States, being
recorded from Maine, New Hampshire, Missouri, Nebraska, and lowa ;
also from Ottawa and Winnipeg in Canada.

Genus 47.—LACHNOBOLUS Fries FI. Scan., 356 (1835),
emended (Adyvn wool, BddAos a casting). Sporangia sessile,
clustered; sporangium-wall single, membranous, somewhat
persistent, not thickened with angular granules; capillitium

R

242 ENDOSPOREAE [PERICHAENA

a loose inelastic network of cylindrical threads, with thickenings
in the form of closely set warts.

1. L. econgestus Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 246 (1911) (heaped).
Plasmodium white or rosy. Sporangia subglobose, sessile,
clustered and heaped, 0:5 to 0-8 mm. diam., pale copper-
colour fading to ochraceous, shining; sporangium-wall
membranous, firm, papillose, pinkish or ochraceous. Capil-
litium a network of freely-branching flaccid pink or ochraceous-
yellow threads, irregular in width varying from 2 to 8 w diam.,
closely and equally studded with prominent warts and
attached at numerous points to the sporangium-wall. Spores
in mass pale pink, fading to yellow, faintly and minutely
warted, and with a few scattered stronger warts, 6 to 8u
diam.—Physarum congestum Somm. Fl. Lapp., 241 (1826).
Arcyria circinans Fr. Stirp. Femsj., 83 (1827)? A. (Lach-
nobolus) congesta Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.; ser. 45
xvii. 140 (1876). A. Hariotis Mass. Mon., 155 (1892). Peri-
chaena congesta Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 192 (1829). Licea congesta
Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 345 (1833). Lachnobolus circinans
Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., ii. 457 (1849)? Rost. Mon., 282 ;
Lister Mycetozoa, 194. LZ. Sauteri Rost. in Fuckel Symb.
Myc., Nachtr. 76 (1873). L. incarnatus Schroet. in Cohn
Krypt. Fl. Schles., iii. 1, 110 (1885) ; Mass. l.c., 138.

Pl. 183.—a. sporangia; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-wall
(England).

The sporangia of this species are often heaped together to form large
hemispherical clusters 5 to 8 mm. across and 3 to 5 mm. thick; around
the larger groups a few isolated sporangia are usually scattered. When
freshly formed their colour is pale copper-colour, but this soon fades to dull
ochraceous-yellow. The description of Perichaena congesta (Somm.) Fr.
applies fairly well to the present species. Fries’s account of Arcyria (Lach-
nobolus) circinans, with its large rusty-red sporangia, fugacious sporangium-
walls, rust-coloured spores, and compact globose masses of brown capil-
litium, is not so appropriate, and may possibly refer to a stunted form of
A. ferruginea ; but in the absence of the type this must remain conjectural.

Hab. On dead wood: occurring in Britain in summer and autumn, not
common ; recorded from Somerset, Warwickshire, Surrey, Essex, Notting-
hamshire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, Cumberland, and Elginshire ; widely dis-
tributed in Europe but nowhere common.

Genus 48.—PERICHAENA Fries Symb. Gaster., 11 (1817)
(Gr. gaping). Sporangia subglobose, sessile or forming plas-
modiocarps, rarely shortly stalked ; sporangium-wall usually
of two layers, the outer thickened with angular granules which
are exceptionally absent in the upper part, the inner usually
membranous; capillitium of branching or simple, tubular,
inelastic threads, spinose, minutely warted, or nearly smooth,
usually marked with irregular constrictions ; spores yellow
or brown, minutely warted.

PERICHAENA | ARCYRIACEAE 243

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PERICHAENA.

A. Sporangium-wall firm, double :—
A. Sporangia brown or grey—

Sporangia subglobose or forming plasmodiocarps ;
capillitium more or less spinose ; spores 8 to 10 u
diam. 1. P. chrysosperma

Sporangia flattened ; capillitium minutely warted,
abundant ; spores 10 to 11 yu diam.

2. P. depressa

Sporangia flattened, minute, crowded on one pyane.

3. P. quadrata
Sporangia subglobose ; capillitium warted or nearly
smooth, usually scanty ; spores 11 to 14 w diam.
| 4. P. corticalis
B. Sporangia stalked, purple-red or purple-brown.
5. P. pulcherrima
B. Sporangium-wall membranous :—
Sporangia pale umber or buff; spores 10 » diam.
6. P. vermicularis

Sporangia flesh-coloured ; spores 6 » diam.

7. P. microspora

1. P. chrysosperma Lister Mycetozoa, 196 (1894) (ypuads
gold, orépya seed). Plasmodium pale brown, grey or pink.
Sporangia scattered, sessile or stalked, subglobose or forming
curved or ring-shaped plasmodiocarps, 0-2 to 1 mm. diam.,
chestnut, red-brown or blackish-brown, dehiscing irregularly
or with the wall breaking up into areolae ; sporangium-wall
of two layers, the outer thickened with brown granular matter,
which either forms a complete crust, or is more or less obsolete ;
the inner layer subcartilaginous, pale yellowish-olive, trans-
lucent, minutely and faintly papillose. Stalk when present
cylindrical, stout, black, 0-1 to 0-7 mm. high. Capillitium
abundant, forming a loose network of sparingly branched
yellow or buff threads 2 to 4 uw diam., irregularly constricted,
studded with scattered spinules or curved spines, 1 to 6 » long.
Spores citron-yellow or buff in mass, minutely warted, 9 to
10 » diam., rarely 7 to 8 ».—Torrend Fl. Myx., 90; Petch in
Ann. Perad., iv. 368. Ophiotheca chrysosperma Currey in
Quart. Micr. Journ., ii. 240, t. ix, figs. 1-5 (1854); Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 241. O. Wrightii Berk. & Curt.
in Journ. Linn. Soc., x. 349 (1869) ; Mass. Mon., 132; Macbr.
le. O. circumscissa Mass. l.c., 131. Trichia circumscissa
Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 378 (1833)? 7’. Currey Crouan
Fl. Finist., 16 (1867). Arcyria glomerata Fr. Summ. Veg.
Seand., 457 (1849)? Cornuvia circumscissa Rost. Mon., 290

R 2

244 ENDOSPOREAE [PERICHAENA

(1875). C. Wrightit Rost. l.c., App. 36 (1876). Hemiarcyria
melanopeziza Speg. in Ann. Soc. Cient. Argent., x. 257 (1881).
Perichaena corticalis var. affinis Lister l.c., ed. 2, 251 (1911).
P. variabilis var. pedata Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 139 (1904).

Pl. 184.—a. stalked and sessile sporangia; 6. various forms of capillitium from
sporangia on the same piece of bark, with spore and fragment of sporangium-wall.

In Rostafinski’s description of the genus Perichaena the capillitium is
said to be without characteristic thickenings. P. corticalis, to which this
definition most nearly applies, has the capillitium-threads warted and
notched, rarely smooth, while in other species of the genus the threads are
never smooth, but are marked with minute warts, spinules, or spores. In
P. chrysosperma there may be considerable difference in the amount of
roughness of the capillitium in a single development, some of the sporangia
may have almost smooth threads marked only with a few minute scattered
spines, other sporangia have short spines 2:5 long; others have the
threads studded with long curved spines 5 to 6:-5y long. The type of
Ophiotheca chrysosperma Currey (B.M. 308) has the capillitium marked with
spines 1 to 4 long. The type of Cornuvia Wrightiti Rost. from Cuba
(B.M. 699) shows sporangia similar in all respects to Currey’s gathering.
From the original account of Trichia cirewmscissa Wallroth it is probable
that the specimen described was not the present species, in which dehiscence
is never ‘ circumscissile’, but Perichaena depressa ; the specific name given
by Currey is therefore adopted. Among a fine series of gatherings of this
species made by Mr. K. Minakata in Japan, both large and small, stalked
and sessile sporangia occur side by side with plasmodiocarp forms; one
growth on the bark of a living apricot tree (Prunus Armeniaca) is unusual
in having the sporangium-walls rough with prominent clustered deposits
of refuse-matter, similar to those of Hemitrichia minor var. pardina, with
which species it happened to be associated. In the light of these varied
gatherings it is clear that the stalked form named P. vermicularis var.
pedata in the second edition of this book, should be referred to the present
species (Journ. Bot., lvii. 111 (1919)). P. corticalis var. affinis Lister
appears to be a form of the present species with rather firm capillitium
marked with small scattered spines and warts.

Hab. On dead wood, Cycas leaves, &c., or on the trunks of living trees,
or, in Ceylon, on elephant dung: not common in Britain, recorded from
Devon, Dorset, Surrey, Bedfordshire, Norfolk, Yorkshire, and Aberdeen ;
also from Germany, Switzerland, Bohemia, Portugal, Cey lon Japan, West
Indies, and Brazil; abundant in the United States.

2. P. depressa Libert Pl. Crypt. Ard., fasc. iv, no. 378
(1837) (flattened). Plasmodium milky-white. Sporangia
sessile, crowded, polygonal from mutual pressure, flattened,
0-5 to 1 mm. diam., rarely forming short branching plas-
modiocarps, purple-brown, red-brown, buff or grey, dehiscing
with a well-defined flat lid; sporangium-wall of two layers,
the outer cartilaginous, charged with brown granular matter,
often intermixed with angular crystals of oxalate of lime,
more or less combined with the membranous smooth inner
layer. Capillitium an abundant web of branched slender
yellow threads, 1:5 to 2:5 » diam., minutely warted or marked
with regular close-set constrictions at intervals of 0-5 to 1 p,
and with irregular expansions. Spores golden-yellow, minutely

PERICHAENA | ARCYRIACEAE 245

warted, 8 to 12 » diam.—Rost. Mon., 292; Mass. Mon.,
114; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 242. Stegasma
depressum Corda Icon., v. 58, t. iii, fig. 34 (1842). S. australe
Cesati in Hedw., xiii. 186 (1874). Perichaena artocreas Berk. &
Rav. in Grev., ii. 68 (1873). P. irregularis Berk. & Curt.
in Grev., ii. 68. P. marginata Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn.
Soc., xv. 84 (1876) (non Schwein). P. australis Berl. in Sacce.
Syll., vii. 422 (1888); Mass. l.c., 119. P. applanata Mass.
l.c., 116 (1892). Hemiarcyria applanata Cooke & Mass. in
Grev., xvi. 20 (1887). Ophiotheca irregularis Mass. l.c., 132.

Pl. 189.—a. sporangia; 0. capillitium and spores with a fragment of the double
sporangium-wall; ¢. capillitium and spore.

This species is distinguished from P. corticalis by tha flattened sporangia
and smaller spores. The type of P. applanata Mass., from Brisbane (K. 153),
is characterized by the outer layer of the sporangium-wall having a super-
ficial crust of angular crystals of lime, which gives the sporangia a lilac-grey
colour; in all other respects it agrees with the present species in which
deposits of lime on the sporangium-wall are of frequent occurrence. The
type of P. artocreas Berk. & Rav. from South Carolina (K. 1027 and B.M.
697) is also P. depressa; it has abundant capillitium, and spores measuring
8 to 104; the sporangia are polygonal, depressed, and pale brown. The
type of P. irregularis Berk. & Curt. from South Carolina (K. 1706) is typical
P. depressa. The type of Stegasma australe Ces. from Naples (B.M. 1034)
is in imperfect condition, but it appears to be the present species from the
many broken pieces of minutely warted capillitium, and the spores, which
measure 10 to 11 p diam. Stegasma pallida Ces. (in Atti Accad. Sc. Fis. Mat.,
viii. 12, (1879) ) from Borneo may possibly be a form of P. depressa, but the
description is too brief to be instructive.

Perichaena Krupiw Racib. (in Hedw., xxviii. 124 (1889) ) is described as
having solitary chestnut-brown globose depressed sporangia or flat creeping
plasmodiocarps dehiscing by a lid; capillitium forming a dense web of
nearly simple closely warted threads, 0:3 to 1-5 » diam., connected with the
sporangium-wall by many slender attachments; spores brownish-yellow,
minutely warted, 7 to 8-5 1 diam.—In some respects this description applies
to a form of P. depressa with very slender capillitium ; on the other hand,
if the capillitium threads were not tubular but solid, the species might
possibly be referred to the genus Dianema.

Hab. On dead bark and wood, rarely on decaying evergreen leaves :
not uncommon in the British Isles, and widely distributed in temperate
and tropical regions.

3. P. quadrata Macbr. in N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 243
(1922) (square). Plasmodium? Sporangia sessile, crowded,
depressed, polygonal by mutual pressure, reddish-brown or
red with a violet gloss, 0-1 to 0-4 mm. diam. ; sporangium-
wall breaking in a circumscissile way, cartilaginous, orange-
brown with a minutely papillose pale yellow inner layer ;
the flat lid thickened with granular deposits, capillitium none,
or consisting of scanty slender yellow threads sparingly
branched, marked with minute warts and spinules. Spores
yellow, closely and minutely warted, 9 to 11 p.

Pl. 220.—e. group of sporangia; f. piece of Sporangium- -wall; g. spores; h. spore
and fragment of inner sporangium-wall.

246 ENDOSPOREAE [PERICHAENA

A specimen from Havana, Illinois, gathered by Mr. H. C. Beardsley,
consists of a plate of about three hundred minute closely-connected spor-
angia, covering an area of 5:4 square millimetres; the spores are orange-
yellow, 11 diam.; no capillitiam is developed. The description of the
capillitium-threads given above is taken from Prof. Macbride’s book; he
quotes, as a synonym for P. quadrata, P. irregularis Morg. (Journ. Cine.
Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi. 14 (1893) ); but the specimen sent us by Morgan
under that name is typical P. depressa.

Hab. On dead wood.—Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, Missouri.

4, P. corticalis Rost. Mon., 293 (1875) (from cortex bark).
Plasmodium watery-grey. Sporangia crowded or scattered,
subglobose, often depressed, ellipsoid, or forming bolster-
shaped plasmodiocarps, sessile on a broad or narrow base,
rarely shortly stalked, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., dark purple or
purplish-brown, nut-brown, grey or white, dehiscing either
horizontally with a convex lid or in broad sinuous lobes ;
sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer cartilaginous,
yellowish-brown, charged with brown granular matter, often
intermixed with acicular or angular deposits of oxalate of
lime which forms a crystalline covering in grey and white
sporangia ; inner layer membranous, usually closely com-
bined with the outer. Capillitium often scanty or even
wanting, consisting of slender, long or short, branched or
simple weak yellow threads, 1:5 to 4p diam., irregularly
compressed, angled and constricted, minutely warted, or
marked with short spines and prominences, rarely smooth,
either attached to the sporangium-wall or free. Spores
yellow, minutely and closely warted, 10 to 14y diam.—
Mass. Mon., 115; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 245.
Mucor Lycoperdioides Scop. in Ann, Nat. Hist., iv. 151, t. 1,
f. 11 (1772)? Lycoperdon corticale Batsch Elench. Fung.,
155 (1783). Sphaerocarpus sessilis Bull. Champ., 132, t. 417,
fig. 5 (1791). Trichia fusco-atra Sibth. Fl. Oxon., 407 (1794).
ZT’. gymnosperma Pers. Obs. Myc., i. 63, t. vi, figs. 1, 2 (1796).
T’. circumscissa Schrad. Nov. Pl. Gen., 19 (1797). Licea
circumscissa Pers. Syn. Fung., 196 (1801). LZ. nitens Schwein.
in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., n. ser. iv. 259 (1832)? L. quercina
Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 344 (1833)? Physarum luteo-
album Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell., ii. 199 (1803). Zubulina
circumscissa Poir. in Lam. Encyel., viii. 131 (1804). Perichaena
populina Fr. Symb. Gast., 12 (1817); Lister Mycetozoa, 198.
P. quercina Fr. lic. ? P. abietina Fr. l.c., 11. P. marginata
Schwein. l.c., 258 (1832); Macbr. l.c., 244. P. vaporaria
Schwein. l.c.? P. fusco-atra Rost. Mon., 294 (1875). P.
Rostafinskit Karst. in Bidr. Kann. Finl. Nat. (1879) 130.
P. microcarpa Schroet. in Cohn Krypt. Fl. Schles., iii. 1, 108
(1885) ? P. canoflavescens Raunk. in Bot. Tidssk. (1888) 54 ?
P. nitens Raunk. l.c., 55? P. ochrospora Peck in Rep. N.Y.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 156 (1900) ? Cornuvia dictyocarpa Krupa in

.

PERICHAENA | ARCYRIACEAE 247

Cosmos, 377 (1886) ? Oligonema Broomei Mass. in Journ. R.
Micr. Soc. (1889) 346; Mass. Mon., 172. O. nitens Mass. l.c.,
133?

Var. liceoides Lister Mycetozoa, ed. 2, 251 (1911) (Licea).
Sporangia subglobose or bolster-shaped, nut-brown or shining
yellow, minute, 0-1 to 0-5 mm. diam., dehiscing irregularly ;
granular deposits of outer sporangium-wall scanty or wanting ;
capillitium often scanty or none, rarely forming a network
of nearly smooth threads; spores 10 to 15 p diam.—Peri-
chaena liceoides Rost. Mon., 295; Mass. Mon., 118. Licea
pannorum Cienk. (non Wallr.) in Pringsh. Jahrb. Bot., iii,
407 (1863). Lachnobolus pygmaeus Zukal in Oester. Bot.
Zeitschr., xliii. 136 (1893).

Pl. 186.—a. sporangia; 6. capillitium and fragment of sporangium-wall; c¢. capil-
litium and spore (England).

This species shows great variation in the shape and colour of the sporangia,
and in the abundance of the capillitium. In large developments from one
plasmodium every variety of form is sometimes represented from broad
plasmodiocarps to globose and substipitate sporangia, and the colour may
range from deep purple to grey. When the colour is pure white, the spor-
angium-wall has an outer covering of crystalline deposits of lime without the
intermixture of brown granules. The capillitium is subject to much varia-+
tion according to the season of the year and other causes. In a gathering
made at Lyme Regis in the autumn, the capillitium was scanty, forming
a net of rugged coarsely warted threads 2 to 4 » diam. with a few scattered
free threads; in the following spring another growth on the same pieces
of bark had sporangia of a similar shape and colour, but with a more
abundant capillitium forming a freely branching slender network of minutely
warted threads 1 to 1-5 «1 diam., scarcely differing from that of P. depressa,
the larger spores being the chief distinguishing character. The specimens
named P. fusco-atra in the collections differ in no respect from P. corticalis,
and cannot be held as specifically distinct. The type of Oligonema Broome
Mass. from Warleigh (B.M. 364) is typical P. corticalis with characteristic
branching capillitium-threads marked with irregular swellings and spinules,
and with minutely and closely warted spores 14 to 15 yu diam. Dr. Jahn
has courteously sent me part of a growth which he describes under the
name ‘ P. pedata Lister?’ ; it consisted of about 30 sporangia and appeared
on a culture of rabbit dung ; some of the small sporangia which vary from
0-1 to 0-6 mm. diam. have black stalks, others are sessile; the capillitium
is very scanty, the spores measure 11 to.14.; it appears to be a form of
the present species, in which stalked sporangia are sometimes met with
(see Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges., xxxvi. 667, t. xviii, figs: 14-16 (1919) ). The
var. liceoides is a minute form, with translucent sporangium-wall and
capillitium often scanty or absent, usually found on the dung of deer,
rabbits, &c. It is described by Cienkowski as Licea pannorum, |.c., and
is given by Rostafinski as the type of a new species, Perichaena liceoides,
characterized by the scanty capillitium of free threads and the spores
measuring 9 to 104; Zopf, on the other hand, quotes it as a synonym for
P. corticalis ; and this view is confirmed by the not unfrequent occurrence
of forms of the latter species with scanty or no capillitium, and spores
measuring from 10 to 12y. The type of Lachnobolus pygmaeus Zukal,
from Carinthia, is the same variety ; preparations courteously submitted
to us by the late Prof. F. v. Hohnel show minute sporangia, 0-1 to 0:2 mm,

248 ENDOSPOREAE | PERICHAENA

diam., with walls free from angular deposits, and with scanty, irregular
capillitium ; the spores in one sporangium measure 10 to 12y, and in
another 13 to 15y. <A specimen of var. liceoides from Denmark, on the
dung of fallow deer, sent us by Dr. Jahn, has shining orange-yellow spor-
angia, 0-1 to 0-4 mm. diam., with translucent membranous walls, and
capillitium forming a close network with many rounded free ends ; a similar
form was found by Mr. N. G. Hadden, in January 1919, near Porlock,
Somerset, on hedge clippings. The sporangia of P. cortocalis often closely
resemble those of 7'richia contorta and Hemitrichia Karstenw, from which
they may be distinguished by the capillitium being more slender and
showing no trace of spiral markings.

Hab. On dead bark and wood : abundant in the British Isles in autumn*
and winter; widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions, not
common in the United States: var. liceoides on twigs and dung of
rabbits, &c.; Somerset, Germany, Denmark, Austria, and Florida,

5. P. puleherrima Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 305 (1909) (very
beautiful). Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered and stalked,
or clustered and almost sessile on an irregular hypothallus,
globose, 0-5 mm. diam., glossy purple-red or purple-brown ;
sporangium-wall dehiscing irregularly, of two closely adhering
layers, the outer rather stout, purplish-red, with scattered
granular deposits, the inner hyaline. Stalks 0-1 to 0-3 mm.
high, red-brown, furrowed, containing granular refuse-matter.
Capillitium a loose flaccid network of reddish-brown threads,
3 to 4p diam., with few rounded free ends and few attach-
ments to the sporangium-wall; thickenings in the form of
scattered warts and straight or curved spines 1 to 2 p
long. Spores purplish-brown in mass, when magnified pale
reddish-brown, closely spinulose, 15 to 17 yw diam.—Petch
C., O10.

Pl. 188.—a. cluster of sessile sporangia ; 0. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall ; c. spores, and capillitium showing attachment of threads to sporan-
gium-wall; d. spore and capillitium (Ceylon).

This species was found on the branches of 7'heobroma Cacao and Hrythrina
lithosperma by Mr. Petch at Ukuwela, Ceylon, November 1906; he obtained
a further development a few days later from the same branches after
keeping them in a moist chamber. In some cases the sporangium-wall is
marked with a reticulation corresponding to the impression of the spores.
P. pulcherrima is distinguished from other species of the genus by the
colour of the sporangia, which resembles that of Physarum pulcherrimum
Berk. & Rav., and by the comparatively stout brown capillitium-threads.

Hab. On dead wood.—Ceylon.

6. P. vermicularis Rost. Mon., App. 34 (1876) (vermiculus
a little worm). Plasmodium watery-white, yellowish-white,
or rose-red. Sporangia scattered, sessile, globose on a narrow
base, 0-5 mm. diam., or forming slender curved or net-like
plasmodiocarps, ochraceous-yellow, pale umber or greyish ;
sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer more or less charged
with dark granules and occasionally with angular crystals of
lime, closely combined with the membranous papillose inner

PERICHAENA | ARCYRIACEAE 249

layer ; in some cases an outer layer is not distinguishable in
the upper part of the sporangium. Capillitium a profuse
network of sparingly branched yellow threads, 2 to 4 uw diam.,
rough with minute scattered warts and irregular. constrictions.
Spores yellow, minutely warted, 10 to 15 p diam.—Physarum
vermiculare Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., n.s. iv. 257
(1832). Ophiotheca pallida Berk. & Curt. in Journ. Linn. Soc.,
x. 350 (1869). O. wmbrina Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ii. 68
(1873). O. vermicularis Mass. Mon., 134 (1892); Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 240. O. reticulata Mass. 1.c., 133.
Licea reticulata Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv. 86 (1873).
Perichaena variabilis Rost. Mon., 295 (1875); Lister Myce-
tozoa, 199; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 370. P. Friesiana
Rost. l.c., 296. P. reticulata Rost. l.c., App. 35. P. confusa
Mass, 1.c., 117.

Pl. 187.—a. sporangia; 0. capillitium; c. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall.

The yellow form of this species is not uncommon in England and is
widely distributed throughout Europe; it corresponds exactly with the
type of Physarum vermiculare Schwein. from North Carolina (K. 1671).
‘The type of Ophiotheca umbrina Berk. & Curt. from North Carolina, no. 413
(K. 1705), was originally published as Ophiotheca pallida Berk. & Curt.
It is a pale umber plasmodiocarp form, agreeing in the structure of the
sporangium-wall, capillitium, and spores with the English gatherings.
Part of this type was sent by Fries to Rostafinski, who described it as
* Perichaena Friesiana’ (Rost. Mon., 269); in the appendix to his Mono-
graph, however, Ophiotheca wmbrina B. & C. is placed as a synonym for
P. variabilis Rost. ; it was probably by an oversight that Rostafinski still
retained P. Friesiana as a distinct species (Mon., App. 35). A specimen of
P. vermicularis from New Jersey from Ellis, no. 726, N. Am. Fungi (K. 990),
originally named P. Friesiana, and then O. wmbrina, and one from Lyme
Regis represent types of a new species, P. confusa Massee. The type of
Licea reticulata Berk. & Br., from Ceylon (B.M. slide), is also the present
species; the sporangia consist of minute pale umber net-like plasmodio-
carps, some of which have very scanty capillitium, in others it is more
abundant and of the usual minutely warted type; the spores are closely
and minutely warted and measure 11 to 15y. In all these specimens the
inner layer of the sporangium-wall is distinctly papillose, a character by
which this species of Perichaena is distinguished from all others. P. verm-
cularis occurs in some abundance in alpine regions on and within hollow
decayed herbaceous stems, and developing from rose-red plasmodium.
In South Nigeria Mr. C. O. Farquharson found it forming extensive net-like
plasmodiocarps on dead bark and old cotton bolls.

Hab. On dead leaves, twigs, herbaceous stems and bark: widely
distributed in North Temperate regions, recorded also from Ceylon, South
Nigeria, and Malaya.

7. P. microspora Penzig & Lister in Penzig Myx. Buit., 76
(1898) (uixpos small, oréppa seed). Plasmodium ? Sporangia
forming slender, short, long or net-like plasmodiocarps, 0-25
to 0-35 mm. diam., salmon-pink, glossy ; sporangium-wall
membranous, single, yellowish, smooth, thickened with

250 ENDOSPOREAE [MINAKATELLA

deposits of granular matter towards the base only. Capil-
litium a loose network of slender fragile yellowish-pink
threads, 1-5 to 2 u diam., marked with minute spines, regularly
constricted at intervals of 1 to 2 u, more or less attached to
the sporangium-wall. Spores in mass pinkish-yellow, when
magnified pale yellowish, closely and minutely spinulose,
6 to 8 » diam.—Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 369.

Pl. 185.—a. plasmodiocarps ; 0. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-
wall (Java). 3

Hab. On dead leaves and twigs.—Ceylon (B.M. 3142); Java (B.M.
slide).

Genus 49.—MINAKATELLA G. Lister in Journ. Bot.,
lix. 92 (1921) (Kumagusu Minakata, the discoverer of the
species). Sporangia sessile, clustered, more or less united into
an aethalium. Capillitium forming a coil of nearly simple
smooth flattened tubular threads. Spores spinulose.

1. M. longifila G. Lister l.c. (long threads). Plasmodium ?
Sporangia sessile, subglobose, 0-3 to 0-5 mm. diam., forming
small heaped clusters or more or less confluent to form an
aethalium 2 mm. across, dull brick-red, with shining iridescent
membranous walls; where the sporangia are in contact the
walls may be imperfectly developed and reduced to irregular
reddish strands and pouches. Capillitium a coil of smooth
slender compressed pale red threads, 1:5 to 3» diam., spar-
ingly branched and with a few free bulbous ends ; one side of
the thread bordered by a low ridge or wing. Spores in mass
dull venetian red, pale red with transmitted light, 10 to 11 p
diam., adhering in clusters of 8 to 14, more distinctly warted
on the side facing outward as they le in the cluster.

Pl. 208.—a. cluster of sporangia; 06. aethalium; ce. capillitium and spores with
fragment of aethalium wall; d. spores and fragment of capillitium.

This species was found by Mr. K. Minakata on bark and lichen on the
trunk of a living Persimmon tree (Diospyros Kaki) near Tanabe, in the
province of Kii, Japan, August 1917. The specimen consisted of four
clusters of sporangia, two of which were broken and showed a tangle of
capillitium-threads. The genus has some affinity with Perichaena, but
differs in the aethalioid habit and the smooth capillitium.

Hab. On bark.—Japan.

Family [1I.—MARGARITACEAE.

Sporangia usually sessile; sporangium-wall single, rarely
of two layers in Dianema, smooth, usually translucent ;
capillitium consisting of solid threads, either coiled and hair-
like, or nearly straight and attached to the sporangium-walls,
simple or branching at an acute angle.

MARGARITACEAE 251

KEY TO THE GENERA OF MARGARITACEAE.

A. Sporangia dehiscing irregularly :—
Capillitium-threads profuse, coiled. (50) MARGARITA

Fig. 57.—Margarita metallica Lister.
a. Two sporangia. Magnified 6 times.

b. Part of a long capillitium-thread, and a spore.
Magnified 250 times.

Capillitium of nearly straight slender threads attached above
and below to the sporangium-wall. (51) DIANEMA

Fig. 58.—Dianema depressum Lister.
a. Plasmodiocarp. Magnified twice.

b. Capillitium attached above and below to the walls
of.the sporangium. Magnified 50 times.

c, Spore. Magnified 560 times.

Fig. 58.
Capillitium-threads marked with spiral thickenings, stout
below, penicillate and slender above, attached above and
below to the sporangium-wall. (52) PROTOTRICHIA

Fig. 59.—Prototrichia metallica Mass.
a, Group of sporangia, Magnified 4 times.

b. Capillitium attached above to a fragment of the
sporangium-wall, and a spore. Magnified
280 times. -

Fig. 59.
B. Sporangia dehiscing in lobes; capillitium-threads with
moniliform thickenings. (53) LisTERELLA

Fig. 60.—Listerella paradoxa Jahn.
ad. Sporangia. Magnified 50 times.
v. Capillitium-thread and spores. Magnified 460 times.

252 ENDOSPOREAE | MARGARITA

Genus 50.—MARGARITA Lister Mycetozoa, 203 (1894)
(pearl). Sporangia sessile; sporangium-wall translucent ;
capillitium a profuse coil of hair-like nearly simple solid
threads, with indistinct attachments to the sporangium-wall.

1. M. metallica Lister l.c. Plasmodium watery-white.
Sporangia solitary or clustered, globose, sessile on a narrow
base, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., or pulvinate, pearl-grey or copper-
coloured, shining, iridescent ; sporangium-wall membranous,
single, glaucous or yellowish, translucent. Capillitium a pro-
fuse coil of very long elastic flexuose solid grey or yellowish
threads, 0-5 to 1 diam., increasing in some parts to 2 p,
scarcely branching in normal developments, with few attach-
ments to the sporangium-wall or almost free, marked with
a very lax spiral band of minute spinules. Spores in mass
pale pinkish-grey, becoming yellowish-buff in age, when
magnified nearly colourless, minutely warted, 8 to 13 4 diam.—
Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., xlvi. 56 ; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 237. M. pictoviana Moore in Proc. Nova
Scotia Inst. Sci., xii. 96 (1910) 2? Physarum metallicum Berk.
& Br. in Mag. Zool. Bot., i. 49 (1838).. Cornuvia metallica
Rost. Mon., App. 35 (1876).

Var. plasmodiocarpa R. E. Fries in Svensk Bot. Tidskr., vi.
800 (1912). Sporangia forming plasmodiocarps.—Perichaena
plasmodiocarpa Blytt Bidr. K. Norg., Sop. iii. 10 (1892).
P. incarnata Fr, Syst. Myc., iii. 193 (1829) ? Licea incarnata
Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 109 (1805)? Lycogala incar-
natum Swartz in Handl. K. Svenska Vet. Acad., 112 (1815) ?
M. metallica var. intermedia Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc.
Nat., xlvi. 56 (1910).

Pl. 196.—a. two forms of sporangia on wood; b. sporangium on leaf; ¢. capillitium
with fragment of sporangium-wall and spores; d. capillitium and spore.

The sporangia formed on leaves are usually solitary and spherical ; those
on wood are often clustered, and either subglobose or in the form of short
or elongated plasmodiocarps. The beautiful pearly or pinkish-grey of the
freshly gathered spores fades to dull ochraceous-yellow after the specimen
has been kept for some time in the herbarium. If developed under un-
favourable conditions, the capillitium often consists in part of stout irregular
branching threads showing numerous attachments to the sporangium-wall ;
the sporangia then bear considerable resemblance to cold-weather forms of
Prototrichia metallica, to which the present species is undoubtedly allied.
The var. microspora Meyl. (l.c., liii. 462) has rather small spores, 7 to 8 p
diam. The description of Licea incarnata Alb. & Schw., with flesh-coloured
iridescent sporangia, hemispherical, oval, ‘ sub-linear’ or flexuose in shape,
and extremely fragile sporangium-walls, applies to some forms of the present
species ; in the absence of the type this determination must remain con-
jectural.

Hab. On dead wood and decaying evergreen leaves: not uncommon
in the British Isles in autumn and winter; widely distributed throughout
Europe and the western United States; recorded also from the western
Himalayas, Malaya, Japan, South Chili, Nova Scotia, New Hampshire.

DIANEMA | MARGARITACEAE 253

Genus 51.—DIANEMA Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
1891, 397 (Gr. something spun). Sporangia sessile, or forming
plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall membranous or carti-
laginous ; capillitium consisting of nearly straight slender
threads, attached above and below to the sporangium-wall.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIANEMA.

A. Sporangium-wall translucent, membranous ; spores free :—

Capillitium-threads nearly simple, attached to the
sporangium-wall by short branches.
1. D. Harveyr

Capillitium-threads branching freely above.
2. D. nivale
Plasmodiocarps broad; capillitium-threads rigid,
attached by acuminate extremities to the spor-

angium-wall. 3. D. depressum
Plasmodiocarps slender ; capillitium scanty ; spores
clustered. 4. D. repens

B. Plasmodiocarps with cartilaginous walls ; spores clustered.
5. D. corticatum

1. D. Harveyi Rex l.c. (F. L. Harvey, the discoverer of the
species in the State of Maine). Plasmodium white. Sporangia
solitary or in small clusters, sessile, subglobose, hemispherical
or cushion-shaped, flattened above, 0-5 to 2 mm. diam., 0-35
to 1 mm. in height, sometimes elongated and bent into an
irregular horseshoe shape, dull red or gold-bronze, shining ;
sporangium-wall membranous, thin, translucent, pale purplish
or olivaceous, marked with the persistent ends of the capil-
litium when the rest of the threads have broken away. Capil-
litium of numerous slender, brownish-yellow threads, 1:5 to
2 diam., simple or sparingly branched and anastomosing,
often dividing into slender branchlets at their origin or
insertion, nearly parallel, straight or flexuose, running from
the base to the upper wall of the sporangium. Spores in mass
brick-red, at length brownish-yellow, when magnified pale
yellow, minutely warted, 8 to 10 w diam.—Macbride N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 238; Torrend Fl. Myx., 84.

Pl. 191.—a. sporangia; 6. capillitium showing attachment above and below to the
sporangium-walls, with spores ; ¢. spore.

This appears to be distinctly a winter species in Britain; Dr. W. C.
Sturgis has gathered it in August in Colorado; it usually forms rather
small colonies. It has been found repeatedly in Devonshire and Yorkshire,
and the Rev. W. Cran reports it as ‘abundant’ in some seasons near
Aberdeen. The fragile capillitium easily breaks away leaving short branch-
lets attached to the sporangium-wall.

Hab, On dead wood, occurring in Britain from November till March.—

254 . ENDOSPOREAE [DIANEMA

Devonshire, Somerset, Worcestershire, Bedfordshire, Yorkshire, Aberdeen-
shire ; and in the States of Maine and Colorado.

2. D. nivale G. Lister (belonging to snow). Plasmodium ?
Sporangia sessile or shortly stalked, solitary or in small
clusters, subglobose or pulvinate, 1 to 1-5 mm. diam., greyish-
pink, shining with iridescent green or coppery reflections ;
sporangium-wall membranous, thin, translucent, pinkish-grey.
Stalk short, pale, enclosing granular matter 0-1 to 1 mm.? high.
Capillitium of abundant pinkish-grey, straight or flexuose
threads radiating from the thickened floor of the sporangium,
branching and anastomosing, attached by slender branchlets
to the outer walls ; stouter below, becoming very slender in
the upper part. Spores in mass pale greyish-pink, minutely
and closely warted, 8 to 12 uw diam.—Lamprodermopsis nivalis
Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., xlvi. 56 (1910). Dianema
Andersonit Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 239 (1922) ?

This species differs from L. Harveyi, which it closely resembles, in the
more freely branching and abundant capillitium radiating from the thickened
base of the sporangium which may be extended into a short stalk, like that
often present in Prototrichia metallica; the sporangium-wall is not marked
with persistent ends of capillitium when the remainder of the threads have
broken away. It was discovered by M. Ch. Meylan on dead grass stalks,
close to melting snow in May 1909, in two localities, 1,200 and 1,280 m. alt.
respectively, near Ste. Croix in the Swiss Jura. In March 1912 the Rev.
W. Cran found the same forms on ash twigs near Skene, Aberdeenshire.
D. Andersonii Macbr., from British Columbia,.is described as resembling
D. Harveyi but having capillitium branching once or twice and arising
from the thickened base of the sporangium-walls, characters appropriate
to D. nivale.

Hab. On turf in alpine regions and on twigs.—Aberdeenshire, Jura
Mountains.

3. D. depressum Lister Mycetozoa, 204 (1894) (flattened).
Plasmodium white or rosy red. Sporangia solitary or clustered,
forming sessile flattened pulvinate plasmodiocarps, 2 to 10 mm.
wide, about 0-3 mm. thick, shining violet when immature,
glossy and grey-brown when mature; sporangium-wall
membranous, smooth or minutely reticulated, translucent,
yellowish- or lilac-grey, marked on the inner side with the
persistent ends of the capillitium when the rest of the threads
have fallen away. Capillitium profuse, consisting of pale
yellowish-grey straight rigid slender threads, 0-5 to 2 uw thick,
minutely papillose on one side, united into numerous small
pencil-like clusters, anastomosing above and below, the ends
of the pencils attached to the sporangium-wall by suddenly
acuminate tips, at length breaking away in an elastic web.
Spores in mass lilac-grey or drab, when magnified pale
yellowish-grey, closely reticulated over the greater part of
the surface with raised bands, forming a border 0-5 to 1 p
broad, the remaining part marked with broken or very loose

DIANEMA | MARGARITACEAE 250

reticulation, 6 to 9 diam.—Cornuvia depressa Lister in
Journ. Bot., xxix. 264, t. 311, fig. 2 (1891).

Pl. 190.—a. sporangium; 0b. spores and capillitium showing attachment of the
threads to the base and upper wall of the sporangium ; ec. capillitium and spores.

The sporangium-wall is usually single, but sometimes has an outer
purplish granular layer clothing the membranous layer. In some irregular
developments the capillitium-threads are in part united into sheaves by
many short transverse branchlets ; in others the pencil-like tufts of capil-
litium are attached to the lower sporangium-wall by stout expanding
bases, and the threads are marked with irregular thickenings and knots.

Hab. On dead wood and sticks of oak, ash, &c., winter and early spring :
widely distributed in England ; recorded from Elginshire, Sweden, Portugal,
and Japan.

4. D. repens G. Lister & Cran (creeping). Plasmodium
rosy red. Sporangia scattered, forming straight or curved,
simple or branching plasmodiocarps, 0-3 mm. wide or more,
dull purplish-brown, with a wrinkled surface ; sporangium-
wall membranous, almost colourless above, pale purplish-
brown below, with a thin outer layer of dark granular refuse-
matter ; capillitium of rather scanty brown threads, 2 to 3 uw
diam., broader at the base, branching and anastomosing, with
wide membranous expansions, more slender above. Spores
in mass rosy pink, adhering in clusters of 4 to 12, globose or
oval, minutely warted on the outer side, 10 to 11 » diam.

This inconspicuous species has been found on hepatics and lichen on
living trees in two localities : in Aberdeenshire by the Rev. W. Cran in
November 1912, and near Porlock, Somerset, by Mr. N. G. Hadden in
December 1920. It is nearly allied to D. corticatum, differing in the slender
plasmodiocarps, the membranous sporangium-wall, and the coarse capil-
litium-threads ; the irregular character of the latter may be due partly to
weather conditions during development.

Hab. On lichens and hepatics on living trees, in winter.—Somerset,
Aberdeenshire.

5. D. corticatum Lister Mycetozoa, 205 (1894) (having
a bark). Plasmodium pink. Sporangia either hemispherical,
1 mm. diam., or more often forming elongated, ring-shaped
or net-like plasmodiocarps 3 to 30 mm. long, shining or
opaque, chestnut- or purple-brown: sporangium-wall ochra-
ceous-olive, composed of two layers, the outer cartilaginous,
densely granular, the inner membranous. Capillitium some-
what sparse, rarely none, consisting of simple or acutely
branching slender pale brown threads, 0-5 to 1:5 diam.,
nearly smooth or marked with a single prominent spiral band,
or for a short distance with three spiral bands, often with
scattered bead-like thickenings; the threads are attached
above and below by very slender extremities to the spor-
angium-wall. Spores dull pink in mass, nearly colourless
when highly magnified, subelliptical, adhering in clusters of
4 to 6, minutely warted on the outer side, 10 to 15 ux8 to

256 ENDOSPOREAE [PROTOTRICHTA

10 » diam.—Torrend Fl. Myx., 84; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, ed. 2, 239.

Pl. 193.—a. plasmodiocarp; 06. capillitium attached to fragment of sporangium-
wall, and clustered spores; ec. capillitium and spores (Norway).

This species was found first on rotten planks at Sande, Norway, Septem-
ber 1894, associated with Licea flexuosa, to which and also to Enteridium
liceoides it bears a superficial resemblance. It differs from both in the more
glossy plasmodiocarps and the more lilac or pink colour of the spores.

Hab. On dead coniferous wood.—Yorkshire, Northumberland, Inverness-
shire, Aberdeen, Co. Antrim, Scandinavia, Switzerland, Austria, Queensland,
Colorado, Alberta, Quebec.

Genus 52.—PROTOTRICHIA Rostafinski Mon., App. 38
(1876) (apéros first, and T'richia). Sporangia sessile or stalked ;
capillitium-threads rising from the base of the sporangium as
stout strands marked with spiral thickenings, dividing above
into pencils of slender branches attached at the tips to the
upper part of the sporangium-wall.

1. P. metallica Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc. (1889) 350
(metallic). Plasmodium white. Sporangia crowded or
scattered, subglobose, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., sessile on a broad
base, or shortly stalked, rarely forming plasmodiocarps,
brown or copper-coloured, shining iridescent ; sporangium-
wall a substantial pale pinkish-brown or glaucous smooth
translucent membrane, at length marked on the inner side
with the slender persistent ends of the capillitium-threads.
Stalk cylindrical, 0-1 to 0-4 mm. long, 0-15 mm. thick, yellow-
ish-brown, enclosing dense granular matter. Capillitium
rising from the base of the sporangium in the form of numerous
red- or olive-brown stout solid threads marked with two
to four spiral bands, branching repeatedly above to form a
pencil of slender branchlets attached by their extremities to
the sporangium-wall. Spores pink or pale pinkish-brown,
minutely warted, 9 to 11 » diam.—Mass. Mon., 127; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, ed. 2, 258. Trichia metallica Berk. in
Hooker Fl. Tasm., 268 (1859). 7’. flagellifera Berk. & Br. in
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xviii. 56 (1866). Prototrichia
flagellifera Rost. Mon., App. 38 (1876); Mass. l.c.; Lister
Mycetozoa, 206; Macbride l.c., ed. 1, 199. P. elegantula
Rost. l.c., 39, fig. 246. P. cwprea Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soe.,
1889, 351; Mass. Mon., 129. P. chamaeleontina Mass. l.c.,
130, in part. P. Schroeteri Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se.
Nat., lili. 462 (1921).

Pl. 195.—a. sporangia; b. stalked sporangium; ce. capillitium with fragment of
sporangium-wall and spores; d. irregular capillitium with faint spirals; e. spore
(England).

This species is very sensitive to changes of temperature and weather.
In perfect development the strands of the capillitium are deep red-brown,
marked with conspicuous close spiral bands, dividing above into a brush of
more slender straight threads; the spores are pale pinkish-brown, and

LISTERELLA | MARGARITACEAE 257

distinctly warted. Where the development has been checked by cold or
dry weather, the threads are pale olive or almost colourless and divide into
irregular or lax branches marked with indistinct spirals; or the spirals
may be wanting or replaced by broad or narrow rings; associated with
this form the spores are paler, and faintly warted or nearly smooth. In
cultivations where the plasmodium is injured by being brought indoors,
the capillitium often forms very irregularly, the threads anastomosing with
broad and flat expansions and showing no appearance of spirals. Gatherings
of this form obtained by Mr. Camm from Smethwick, Stafford, after cold
weather, are described by Massee as a distinct species Prototrichia chamae-
leontina. Little now remains of the type of T'richia metallica Berk. from
Tasmania (K. 1741); but the specimen is referred to Prototrichia flagellifera
by Rostafinski, who saw it in good condition, and by the rule of priority
Berkeley’s earlier specific name must be retained. The type of T'richia
Jlagellifera Berk. & Br. from Badminton (B.M. 333) is the form of the present
species with olivaceous capillitium marked with faint spirals, and having
nearly smooth spores. The type of P. elegantula Rost., from Sweden
(K. 1743), is a more perfect development with the spirals well marked and
with distinctly warted spores. P. cuprea Mass., from Scarborough and
Carlisle (K. 1744, 1745), is a similar form with minutely warted spores.
P. Schroeteri Meylan, from the Swiss National Park, is the stalked form of
the present species, with rather irregular capillitium.

Hab. On dead sticks, bark, etc., rarely on living trees.—Not uncommon
in the British Isles in the winter months ; recorded from Norway, Sweden,
Germany, Switzerland, Tasmania; not uncommon in the western United
States.

Genus 53.—LISTERELLA Jahn in Ber. Deutsch. Bot.
Gesellsch., xxiv. 540 (1906) (A. Lister, F.R.S., 1830 to 1908).
Sporangia minute, hemispherical, brownish-black, dehiscing
in lobes ; sporangium-wall membranous ; capillitium of very
slender threads marked with moniliform thickenings, attached
to the sporangium-wall ; spores grey.

1. L. paradoxa Jahn l.c., 538, t. xxii, figs. 1-7 (Gr. strange).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered, sessile, hemispherical or
pulvinate on an expanded base, 0-2 to 0-3 mm. diam., dull
blackish-brown, marked with shining ridges along the lines
of dehiscence; sporangium-wall membranous, purplish-
brown, clothed externally with dark granular refuse-matter
except along the margins of the four to six lobes of dehiscence.
Capillitium scanty, consisting of slender flexuose pale purplish-
brown threads, 0:5 » diam., marked at intervals of 1 to 2 u
with bead-like thickenings 1 diam., attached below and
perhaps above also to the sporangium-wall. Spores in mass
blackish-brown ; when magnified faintly spinulose, 7 to 8 u
diam., pale brownish-grey with a thin paler patch of de-
hiscence.

Pl. 191.—d, e. sporangia; f. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-
wall (North Germany).

This minute and inconspicuous species has been found scattered over the
stems of ‘reindeer moss’ (Cladonia gracilis) by Herr O. Jaap near both
Hamburg and Triglitz in North Germany. In size and external appearance

S

258 ENDOSPOREAE [LISTERELLA

Listerella paradoxa resembles Licea minima, but, as Dr. Jahn points out,
the presence of the capillitium completely separates the genus from the
Liceaceae; he suggests that it should be the type of a new family, the
Listerellaceae. It is placed here provisionally among the Margaritaceae, but
its true position is at present uncertain. It may perhaps be allied to Dia-
nema, but is distinguished by the regular moniliform markings of the capil-
litium, and by the dusky colour of the spores.
Hab. On lichen (Cladonia) on moorland.—N. Germany.

ERRATA AND ADDENDA

P. 86. For Diderma arboreum G. Lister & Petch in Journ. Bot., li. 2 (1913)
read D. Chondrioderma G. Lister, nov. comb.

While these pages were in the press, conclusive evidence has been obtained
that D. arboreum is the same species as Chondrioderma Alexandrowiczit
Rost. Mon. 169 (1875), syn. Didymium Chondrioderma de Bary & Rost. in
Alex. Stroj. &c., 89 (1872), the type of which is in the Strasburg collection.
To retain the earliest specific name, a new combination, Diderma Chondrio-
derma, must be adopted, and D. arborewm becomes a synonym.

P. 175. Add to synonyms of Cribraria tenella: C. colossae Speg. in Anal.
Mus. Nac. Buen. Aires (xii) 258 (1909) ?.

Add to notes on C. tenella :—From the description of C. colossae Speg. it
seems possible that this may be an unusually long-stalked form of the
present species.

P. 193. After Hnteridium antarcticum Speg. in Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc.
Cord. xi, for. 363,,read 277.

Plate 206. For Diderma urboreum G. Lister & Petch, read Diderma
Chondrioderma G. Lister.

LIST OF SPECIES TO BE DISCARDED

on account of their either being imperfectly described
or not belonging to the Mycetozoa.

ARCYRIA CARNEA Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 383 (1833), a fungus, Stilbwm
sp. (7)

A. DENUDATA Fr. Nov. Symb. Mycol. 135 (1851), doubtful; possibly
Arcyria incarnata Pers.

A. RAMULOSA Wigand in Pringsh. Jahrb. wissensch. Bot., iii. 43 (1863) =
Trichia ramulosa Rudolphi; probably a fungus.

A. viripis Zollinger in Flora, xxx. 33 (1847), apparently not one of the
Mycetozoa.

BADHAMIA CARNEA Oudemans in Nederl. Kruidk. Arch., ser. 2, i. 166
(1871), a fungus, 7’wbercularia sp. (7)

B. FULVESCENS Cooke in Grev., iv. 69 (1875), is a fungus, probably one of
the Perisporiaceae (teste Cooke).

B. IRREGULARIS Cooke & Ellis in Grev., v. 89 (1876), description insufficient.

CIONIUM CAROLINENSE Spreng. Syst. Veg., iv. 529 (1827), a fungus, Caulo-
glossum transversarium Fr., teste Fries. |

C. SENEGALENSE Spreng. l.c., a fungus, Podaxon calyptratus Fr., teste Fries.

CLATHRUS RECUTITUS L. Sp. PL, ed. 2, 1649 (1763), doubtful.

CRATERIUM DIFFORME Fr. Stirp. Femsj., 83 (1827), undescribed.

CRIBRARIA BADIA Chev. FI. Par., 328 (1826), doubtful.

C. coccInEA Pers. Syn. Fung., 190 (1801), description insufficient.

C. DIDERMOIDES Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 218 (1803), doubtful.

C. ONYGENA Schum. L.c., ii. 219, a fungus, Onygena faginea Fr.

C. STELLATA Schum. l.c., doubtful.

DICTYDIUM DIDERMOIDES Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 165 (1829), doubtful.

D. micropus Fr. l|.c., 167, doubtful.

DIDERMA ACUMINATUM Schum. L.c., 198, doubtful.

D. RamMostm Pers. Syn. Fung., 166 (1801) = Reticularia stipitata Bull.,

doubtful ; probably a fungus.

. STIPITATUM Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 104 (1829), doubtful.

. TRICHODES Fr. l.c., 108, a fungus.

. MuscIcOLA Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., iii. 26 (1809), doubtful.

. NANUM Fr. in Weinm., Hymeno-Gaster. 577 (1886), doubtful.

. OSSICOLUM Patouill. in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr., iv. 91 (1888), doubtful.

. PARIETINUM Schrad. Nov. Pl. Gen., 24 (1797), a fungus, Anixia trunci-

gena Fr.

. PLICATUM Corda Icon. Fung., iii. 17 (1839), doubtful.

RAMOSUM Duby Bot. Gall., ed. 2. ii. 859 (1830) = Reticularia stipitata

Bull., q.v.

. SOWERBEII Berk. in Sm. Engl. Flora, v. pt. 2. 313 (1836), doubtful.

. TRICHODES Link l.c., a fungus, Peziza Lonicerae Alb. & Schw., teste

Rostafinski.

D. WEInMANNI Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 121 (1829), doubtful.

LEANGIUM PHYSAROIDES Link l.c., doubtful.

LICEA BADIA Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 198 (1829), a fungus, perhaps one of the
Perisporiaceae, teste Rostafinski.

$2

by ey besoeY

260 MYCETOZOA

L. BERTEROANA Mont. FI. Chil., viii. 20 (1852), probably a perisporiaceous
fungus, teste Rostafinski.

L. BICOLOR Pers. Syn. Fung., 195 (1801), a fungus, Anixia truncigena Fr.

L. LrnpHEmMERI Morg. in Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., xv. 131 (1893) =
ascomycete, probably a species of Hmericella.

L. MACROSPORA Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 219 (1803), a fungus, Polyangiwm
umbrinum Fr., teste Fries.

L. PANNORUM Wallr. FL. Crypt. Germ., ii. 344 (1833) = Anizia truncigena Fr.

L. EPIPHYLLA Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., n.s. iv. 259, description
inadequate.

L. SPUMARIOIDEA Cooke & Massee in Grev., xvi. 74 (1888), is a fungus,
Sepedonium chrysospermum Link.

L. STROBILINA Alb. & Schwein. Consp. Fung., 109 (1805), a fungus, Aecidiwm
strobilinum Reess.

L. SUBERBA Fr, Syst. Myc., iii. 198 (1829), a fungus, Aecidiwm sp.

L, SULPHUREA Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 344 (1833), a fungus, Aniwia
truncigena Fr.

LYcoGALaA ATRA Pers. Syn. Fung., 159 (1801), a fungus, Apiosporium sp.,
teste Fuckel.

L. eLoposa Schrank Baier. FL, ii. 638 (1789), a fungus.

L. Minuto Sacc. & Paol. in Atti R. Inst. Ven. Sc. &c., Ser. vi. 391 (1888),
doubtful.

L. NIvEUM Hoffm. Veg. Crypt., ii. 9, t. 2, f. 4 (1790), is apparently Lampro-
derma sp., immature.

L. OCHRACEUM Mass. Mon., 125 (1892), is a fungus.

L. PARIETINUM Fr, l.c., 83 = Didymium parietinum Schrad., q.v.

L. RUFO-CINNAMOMEUM Mass. L.c., is a fungus.

L. TERRESTRE Fr. Symb. Gast., 10 (1817), doubtful.

L. TorREnpII Bresadola in Torrend Flor. Myx., 88 (1909), is a fungus, Lyco-
perdella Torrendit Torr.

LERICHAENA DECIPIENS Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, xvii.
140 (1876), a fungus, Aecidium strobilinum Reess.

P, @REGATA Fautr. & Lamb. in Revue Mycol., xvi. 161 (1894), description
insufficient.

P. PHAHOSPERMA Karst. in Revue Mycol., ix. 11 (1887), description
insufficient.

P. prora Berk. & Br. l.c., a pyrenomycetous fungus.

PERICHAENA (?) PSEUDAECIDIUM Speg. in Ann. Soc. Cient. Argent., xxii. 187
(1886), doubtful.

P. STROBILINA Fr. Symb. Gast., ii. 11 (1817), a fungus, Aecidiwm strobilinum
Reess.

PHYSARUM ANTIADES Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 135 (1829), doubtful.

. ATRUM Fr. l.c., 147, doubtful.

. CHLORINUM Cooke in Grev., v. 101, t. 86, f. 10 (1877), doubtful.

. CONNATUM Schum. l.c., 202, doubtful.

. CRUSTIFORME Speg. in Anal. Museo Nac. Buen. Aires, vi. 100 (1899),

doubtful.

. ELEGANS Schwein. in Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., ser. 2, iv. 257 (1832), doubtful.

ELONGATUM Link l.c., 42, doubtful.

FIMETARIUM Schum. l.c., 205, doubtful.

FLAVOVIRENS Alb. & Schw. l.c., 97, doubtful.

HYPNOPHILUM Fr. l.c., 140, doubtful.

. LUTEOVALVE Schwein. I.c., doubtful.

. OXYACANTHE Schum. l.c., 199, doubtful.

. PICEUM Fr. l.c., 143, doubtful.

. POLYAEDRON Schwein. l.c., doubtful.

itt ihH fh

SPECIES TO BE DISCARDED 261

P. PURPURASCENS Link l.c., doubtful.
P. srrprratum Chev. Fl. Paris, i. 339 (1826)= Diderma stipitatum Fr.,
doubtful.
P. TUCUMANENSE Speg. in Rev. Agr. Veter. La Plata, 237 (1896), doubtful ;
possibly P. mellewm.
P. vitLosum Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 199 (1803), doubtful.
RETICULARIA AFFINIS Berk. & Curt. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot., x. 347 (1868),
is a fungus.
R. aprospora Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot., xv. 82 (1876), is a
fungus, T'helephora (?) dendroidea.
. ATRORUFA Berk. & Curt. l.c., x. 347 (1868), is a fungus.
. EPIXYLON Bull. Champ., 90, t. 472, f. 1 (1791), a fungus, Dichosporiwm
sp., teste Fries.
. FULIGINOSA Berk. & Br. l.c., xv. 82 (1876), is apparently a fungus.
. NIGRA Bull. l.c., 88, t. 380, f. 2, probably a fungus.
. POLYPORIFORMIS Berk. l.c., xiv. 352 (1875), is a fungus.
. PYRRHOSPORA Berk. & Curt. l.c., x. 347 (1868), is a fungus.
. RAMOSA Gmel. Syst. Nat., i. 1471 (1791) = R. stipitata Bull., q.v.
. SEGETUM Bull. l.c., 90, t. 472, f. 2, a fungus, Ustilago carbo Tul.
. STIPITATA Bull. l.c., 89, t. 380, f. 3, probably a fungus.
ROSTAFINSKIA AUSTRALIS Spegaz. in Ann. Soc. Cient. Argent., x. 151
(1880), appears to be a fungus from the description.
SPHAEROCARPUS ANTIADES Bull. Lc., 127, t. 368, f. 2, doubtful.
S. FICOIDES Bull. I.c., 129, t. 417, f. 2, doubtful.
SPUMARIA FLAVA Schum. l.c., 195, doubtful.
S. MicHEeneErt Berk. in Grev., 11. 52 (1873), doubtful.
S. PALLIDA Schum. l.c., doubtful.
STEMONITIS ALBA hare Baier. FI., ii. 635 (1789), doubtful.
. CARNEA Schrank l.c., probably a mould.
. COCCINEA Gmel. l.c., 1468, doubtful.
. FitictnA Schrank l.c., 634, doubtful.
. FLAVESCENS Schrank I.c., 19 (1790), doubtful.
. FLUMINENSIS Spegaz. l.c., xii. 255 (1881), doubtful, evidently an ill-
developed specimen.
S. FuLVA Gmel. l.c., 1468, doubtful.
S. FURFURACEA Gmel. l.c., doubtful.
S. GLOBULARIS Gmel. l.c., doubtful.
S
S

poe)

ANADAAA

. GRANIFORMIS Gmel. |.c., doubtful.
S. LILACINA Schrank I.c., 685, doubtful.
S. NIVEA Gmel. l.c., 1467, doubtful.
S. PYRIFORMIS Roth FI. Germ., i. 548 (1788), doubtful.
S. SULPHUREA Roth L.c., a fungus, Hurotiwm herbariorum Link.
S. VIOLACEA Roth |.c., doubtful.
TILMADOCHE CAVIPES Berk. in Grev., xi. 39 (1882), doubtful.
TRICHIA ANGULATA Schwein. lL.c., 259, doubtful.
T. antrapes DC. FI. Fr., ii. 252 (1805) = Sphaerocarpus antiades Bull.,
doubtful.
. ARCYRIAEFORMIS Schum. l.c., 206, doubtful.
. CRASSA Schum. L.c., 208, doubtful.
. DIFFORME Schwein. l.c., 259, doubtful.
FURFURACEA Wither. Brit. Pl. 2, iii. 392 (1793), doubtful.
. LENTICULARIS Hoftm. l.c., 16, t. 4, f. 3, doubtful.
. LICHENOIDES Sibth. Fl. Oxon., 405 (1794), possibly a lichen.
. MINIATA Schwein. I.c., doubtful.
. NIVEA Hoffm. l.c., 15, t. iv., f. 2, doubtful.
. OLIVACEA Wither. l.c., iv. 392, doubtful.

RBRHHARESH

262 MYCETOZOA

, PHYSAROIDES Schum. l.c., 210, doubtful.

. PUNCTULATA Schwein. l|.c., 259, doubtful.

. RAMULOSA Rudolphi in Linnaea, iv. 119 (1829), probably a fungus.

. RECUTITA Wither. l.c., doubtful.

RETICULATA DC. FI. Fr., ii. 256 (1805), doubtful, possibly Dictydium can-
cellatum Macbr.

RUFA Hoftm. l.c., 10, t. 2, f. 5, doubtful.

. SEMICANCELLATA DC. Le., p. 255, doubtful.

. SPHAEROCEPHALA Hoffm. l.c., ii. 15, t. iv., f. 2, doubtful.

. VIOLACEA Hoffm. L.c., i. 5, t. ii. fig. 1, Aeuhtiul!

TUBULINA BICOLOR Poiret l.c. aie fungus, Anixia truncigena Fr.

T. GUARANITICA Mass. Mon., 39 (1892), is a hyphomycetous fungus.

T. SPUMARIOIDEBA, Cke. & Mass in Mass. Le., 42, is the fungus Sepedoniwm

chrysospermum Link.

oe ace Bae hae blll ee igo Mice a ce

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Botanical Gazette, xviii. 186, 187, t. 20 (1893) ; On Stemonitis nigrescens
and related forms, Le., Iv. 400, 401 (1913); Notes on some Type-
Specimens of Myxomycetes in the New York State Museum, in
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts & Sciences, x.
463-90, tt. 60, 61 (1900); the Myxomycetes of Colorado, in Colorado
College Publication, Science Ser., xii, no. 1 (1907), no. 12 (1913); A
Guide to Botanical Literature of the Myxomycetes from 1875 to 1912,
Lc., no. 11 (1912); Myxomycetes from South America, in Mycologia,
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ToRREND, C. Catalogue raisonné des Myxomycétes du Portugal, in
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TRENTEPOHL, K. Observationes botanicae, in Roth, Catalecta Botanica,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 271

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GLOSSARY

AETHALIUM: A compound fructification formed by the union of many
sporangia ; the walls of the inner sporangia are more or less imperfectly
developed.

AMOEBA: Microscopic animalcule perpetually changing shape.

AMOEBOID MOVEMENT: Changing shape like an amoeba.

CAPILLitruM : A system of simple or branched, solid or tubular threads,
developed within the sporangium, and usually assisting in the dispersion
of spores.

CaRTILAGINOUS: A term applied to a stout, uniformly thickened membrane.

COLUMELLA: A supporting structure arising from the base of the sporangium
and giving attachment to the capillitium ; it may be solid or hollow,
and either convex, conical, clavate, or cylindrical ; in stalked sporangia
it is directly continuous with the stalk.

Cortex: An outer covering investing the aethalium.

CytTopLasM: The finely granular and hyaline portion of protoplasm.

Errusep: Flattened and irregularly extended.

Eaters: Free tubular capillitium-threads marked with spiral bands,
characteristic of the genera T'richia and Oligonema.

EpispoRE: The outer layer of the spore-wall.

FusiForM : Spindle-shaped.

FLAGELLUM: The whip-like organ of motion of a swarm-cell.

GREGARIOUS: Arranged in loose clusters.

HYALINE: Glassy clear.

Hyepuat: Threadlike organs of which the vegetative parts of fungi are
composed,

HyatopiasmM: That part of the cytoplasm which is free from granules.

HyporHatius : A membrane or system of strands connecting the bases of
the sporangia or of their stalks.

KARYOKINESIS: Indirect division of a nucleus by a complicated process
resulting in the bipartition of deeply staining nuclear bodies, the
chromosomes.

LACINIATE: Jagged or torn.

Limg-KNots: Expansions in the threads of the capillitium containing
granules of calcium-carbonate.

Macrocyst: The resting condition of a very young plasmodium, consisting
of a mass of cytoplasm with nuclei, enclosed in a double wall.

Mricrocyst: The resting condition of a swarm-cell, consisting of a small
spherical mass of cytoplasm and a nucleus, enclosed by a hyaline wall.

Mrrosts : Indirect division of nucleus, see Karyokinesis.

Muricate: Rough with hooked spines.

Nopes: In the genus Cribraria, the upper half at least of the sporangium
wall persists as a network of slender threads, usually conspicuously
enlarged or thickened at the points of junction or nodes.

PLasMopiocaRP: Sessile sporangia having a vein-like or irregular outline.

PLasMopDIC GRANULES: Minute, strongly refracting, usually coloured
granules, conspicuous in the walls of sporangia of the genera Lind-
bladia, Cribraria, and Dictydium; they dissolve in acid, and are well
preserved in Canada balsam.

PrasMopIuM: A mass of naked protoplasm formed by the union of swarm-
cells, and exhibiting a rhythmic circulation.

GLOSSARY 273

PsEUDO-CAPILLITIUM : The name applied to the imperfectly developed walls
of the component sporangia of an aethalium, that may resemble true
capillitium.

PsEUDO-COLUMELLA: In the Physaraceae, a mass of lime-knots confluent
in the centre of the sporangium, resembling a columella but remaining
free from the stalk.

PsgEuDopopium: A process, constantly changing form, thrown out by an
amoeba.

PULVINATE: Cushion-like.

PyrRirorM: Pear-shaped.

ScLERotTIUM: The resting condition of the plasmodium; it is formed of
numerous, closely compacted cysts, the ‘sclerotium cysts’, each
consisting of a mass of cytoplasm with ten to twenty nuclei, and
enclosed by a wall of cellulose ; the dry horny sclerotium may retain
its vitality for several years.

SPoRANGIUM: A receptacle containing spores.

SporoPpHORE: A _ structure bearing spores on its surface (compare
Ceratiomyxa).

SuBULATE: Awl-shaped.

SWARM-CELL: The protoplasmic body that emerges from the spore on
germination ; it contains a nucleus and contracting vacuole; at first
it is amoeboid, later it becomes pear-shaped with the narrow end
prolonged into a flagellum with which it swims in the water.

TERETE: Having a circular transverse section.

TURBINATE: Top-shaped.

AETHALIOPSIS
stercoriformis Zopt .
AETHALIUM
atrum Preuss . :
candidum Schlecht .
ferrincola Schwein. .
flavum Link
melaenum Chev.
septicum Fr.
violaceum Spreng. .
ALWISIA Berkeley & Br.
bombarda Berk. & Br.
AMAUROCHAETE Rostafinski
atra Rost.
cribrosa Sturgis
fuliginosa Macbr.
minor Sacc. & Ellis.
speciosa Zukal
Tubulina Macbr.
AMPHISPORIUM
versicolor Link
ANCYROPHORUS
crassipes Raunkiaer
ANGIORIDIUM
sinuosum Grev.
ARCYRELLA
cornuvioides Racib. .
decipiens Racib.
inermis Racib.
ARCYRIA Wiggers
adnata Rost.
affinis Rost.
albida Pers.
alutacea Schum.
annulifera Torrend .
atra Schum. E
aurantiaca Raunk. .
bicolor Berk. & Curt.
bonariensis Speg.
Bucknalli Mass.
calyculata Mass.
earnea G. Lister
chrysospora Mass.

INDEX

PAGE

69

. 168

67
67
67

- 168

67
67

_ 189
189

164

. 164
. 164
. 162
nee 43)
yp Meds)
mabe

aL)
. 150

. 230
. 230
. 230
. 228
. 237
. 238
. 232
. 239
. 234
. 150
. 230
. 232
. 230
. 207
. 22)
. 233
. 226

ARCYRIA—continued
cincta Schum.
cinerea Pers. . ;
cunnamonea Hazsl. .
circinans Fr.
clavata Cel. fil.
clavata Mass.
coccinea Duby
congesta Berk. & Br.
conjugata Schum.
Cooker Mass.
cylindrica Schum.
decipiens Berk.
decipiens Pers.
dentata Schum.
denudata Wettstein
dictyonema Rost.
digitata Rost. .
ferruginea Sauter
flawa Pers. .
flexuosa Rab. .
Friesii Berk. & Br. .
fuliginea Cke. & Mass.
fusca Fr. ae
glauca Lister .
globosa Schwein.
glomerata Fr. .
Hariotu Mass.
incarnata Pers.

insignis Kalehbr. & Cooke .
. 230
. 237
. 224
. 221
. 208

intricata Rost.
irregularis Racib.
Karsteni Mass.
leocarpoides Mass.
Leprieurt Mont.
leucocephala Hoffm.
lilacina Schum.
lutea Schwein.
magna Rex .
melanocephala Schum.
minor Schwein.
nodulosa Macbr.
nutans Grey. .

PAGE

» 235
. 231
. 230
. 242
. 230
. 221
. 230
. 242
. 235
. 232
. 235
7) |
‘2le
. 235
. 235
. 230
. 232
. 229
. 239
. 240
. 232
. 240
. 235
. 236
. 234
. 243
. 242

237
236,

78

. 237
. 233
. 240
. 235
. 237
. 230
. 239

ARCY RIA—continued
occidentalis Lister
ochroleuca Fr.
Oerstedtii Rost.
ornata Widder

pallida Berk. & Curt.

paradoxa Mass.
pomiformis Rost.
punicea Pers. .
Raciborskw Berl.
rubiformis Mass.
rufa Schum.
Serpula Mass.
Serpula Wigand
silacea Ditm. .
similis Racib.
stipata Lister .
stipitata Mass.
straminea Wallr.
stricta Rost.
tenuis Schroet.
trichioides Corda
umbrina Schum.
vermicularis Schum.
vernicosa Rost.
versicolor Phillips
virescens G. Lister
vitellina Phill.
Wigandi Mass.
Wintert Wettst.

BADHAMIA
affinis Rost.

Alexandrowiczv Roe.

alpina G. Lister
capsulifera Berk.
capsulifera Berk.
chrysotricha Rost.
citrinella Cel. .
coadnata Rost.
Curtis Rost.
decipiens Berk.
decipiens Lister
dictyospora Rost.
fasciculata Rost.
foliicola Lister
Fuckeliana Rost.

INDEX 275
PAGE PAGE
BADHAMIA—continued
. 241 granulifera Mass. . 126
= 233 hyalina Berk. . 10
. 239 inaurata Currey 14
. 230 iowensis Macbr. 40
aren lilacina Rost. . 18
. 224 macrocarpa Rost. 16
meee microcarpa Schrcet. . 13
. 235 magna Peck 13
. 230 nitens Berk. 14
. 219 nodulosa Mass. 45
. 235 orbiculata Rex 16
. 225 ovispora Racib. 17
. 226 panicea Rost. 17
. 233 papaveracea Berk. & Rav. 1
. 238 penetralis Cke. & Ell. . 143
. 238 populina Lister eye!
. 221 pulcherrima Speg. . 46
. 232 rubiginosa Rost. 18
. 232 subaquila Macbr. 19
. 282 utricularis Berk. ele
oye varia Mass. ohOpel Zale
mod verna Rost. 17, 54
. 240 versicolor Lister 14
5 ae, viridescens Meylan . 20
. 231 BARBEYELLA Meylan 162
. 240 minutissima Meylan . 162
koe L BREFELDIA Rostafinski . 165
o 22d maxima Rost. 4 165
. 233 Byssus
fruticulosus Muell. 4
9
16 CALONEMA Morgan ee valli
14 aureum Morg. ey iyi
13 C'ARCERINA
LO conglomeratum Fr. 61
14 spumarioides Fr. 87
15 valvata Fr. 58
40) CERATIOMYXA 4
69 caesia Jahn 5
19 fruticulosa Macbr. 4
ess mucida Schroet. +
14, 62 porioides Schroet. 5
19 CERATIUM
52 arbuscula Berk. & Br. 5
13 crustosum Berk. & Curt. 5
yal filiforme Berk. & Br. 5

P23

276 MYCETOZOA

PAGE PAGE
CERATIUM—continued CHONDRIODERMA—continued
hydnoides Alb. & Schw. . 4 reticulatum Rost. . OD
porioides Alb. & Schw. . 5 roanense Rex . : LUE
pyxidatum Alb. & Schw. . 4 rugosum Rex . oe
CHONDRIODERMA Saundersii Berk. & Br. . 85
aculeatum Rex : eo) Sautert Rost. . } geht d
affine Rost. . : UE SS similans Rost. : a ste)
albescens Mass. PEERY simplex Schroet. . aa
Alexandrowiczii Rost. Poo spumarioides Rost. . sae ite Vf
anomalum Rost. . pt ae: stromateum Rost. . Moki t. £ |
asteroides Lister : MMOS subdictyospermum Rost. . 83
Berkeleyanum Rost. PL sublateritium Rost. . madi fA
calcareum Rost. ; al) testaceum Rost. oie
Carmichaehianum Cke. . 96 Trevelyani Rost. . . 94
Carmichaehanum Mass. . 99 virgineum Mass. ; ese
Cooket Rost. . : PeLis zeylanicum Rost. . eel
crustaceum Berl. . . 88 CIENKOWSKIA Rostafinski . 7
cubense Rost. . PROT reticulata Rost. 5 ris
dealbatum Mass. : 283 CIONIUM
deplanatum Rost. . . 90 complanatum Link . . 115
difforme Rost. ello farinaceum Link . syle.
exiguum Racib. a floriforme Spreng. . . 95
fallax Rost. . : 80 globosum Spreng. . Bi itets
floriforme Rost. ye aile wridis Ditm. . ; LG
Friesianum Rost. . AAA F055) lepidotum Spreng. . Baths
frustulosum Pat. . Cras lobatum Spreng. : sagt Ba
geasteroides Phill. . . 94 squamulosum Spreng. alg Fs:
globosum Rost. . 88 stellare Spreng. .
hemisphericum Torrend . 85 testaceum Spreng. . etek
Hookeri Lister PRY umbilicatum Spreng. yee
inflatum Rost. soa fs: xanthopus Ditm. . HOA
leptotrichum Racib. . OAL: CLASTODERMA Blytt . godly:
liceoides Rost. mello Debaryanum Blytt . agra tat
lucidum Cke. . 799 CLATHROPTYCHIUM
Lyallii Mass. . 2200 Berkeley: Mass. . 192
Michel Rost. : Sf etal cinnabarinum Sace. . 192
montanum Meylan . . 84 rugulosum Rost. —. e108
Muelleri Rost. ew fal CLATHRUS
mutabile Schroet. . Fey adnatus Batsch by:
niveum Rost. . He atet) denudatus lL. . ; . 235
ochraceum Schroet. . i Rs nudus ML. ; : . 132
Oerstedtii Rost. . 94 turbinatus Huds. . 208
pezizoideum Rost. . vival CLAUSTRIA
physaroides Rost. . . 89 didermoides Fr. ; . 46
Puiggari Speg. ‘ . 92 C'LAVARIA
quitense Pat. . See byssoides Bull. ee

radiatum Rost. ; a0 puccinea Batsch ; ie

COLLODERMA G. Lister

COMATRICHA Preuss

oculatum G. Lister .

aequalis Peck .

affinis Rost. .

alba Schulzer .
caespitosa Sturgis
cornea G. Lister & Cran
crypta Macbr.
cylindrica Macbr.
dictyospora Cel. fil.
elegans Lister .
Ellisiana Ell. & Everh.
Kilisw Morg.
equinoctialis Torrend
jilamentosa Meyl. .
fimbriata G. Lister & Cran
flaccida Morg.
Friesiana Rost.
gracilis Wingate
irregularis Rex
laxa Rost.

longa Peck

lurida Lister
macrosperma Racib.
nigra Schroet.
obtusata Lister
obtusata Preuss
Persoonii Cel. fil.
Persoonit Macbr.
Persoonit Rost.
pulchella Rost.
rubens Lister .
Shimekiana Macbr. .
Sommerfeltai Blytt .
Stemontis Wettst.
subcaespitosa Peck .
Suksdorfii Macbr.
tenerrima G. Lister
typhina Rost. .
typhoides Rost.

CoRNUVIA Rostafinski

anomala Karst.
circumscissa Rost.
depressa Lister
dictyocarpa Krupa
leocarpoides Speg.

INDEX
PAGE

128 CORNUVIA—continued

aot metallica Rost.

. 139 mitens Rost.

. 141 Serpula Rost.

. 146 Wrightit Rost.

. 232 CRATERIACHEA

LOG mutabilis Rost.

. 145 CRATERIUM Trentepohl

. 149 aureum Rost.

LOG citrinellum Lister

. 134 concinnum Rex

. 143 confusum Mass.. -

. 143 convivale Morg.

. 143 Curtis Mass.

. 149 cylindricum Mass.
141 deoperculatum Fr.
144 dictyospermum Mass.

. 135 flavum Fr.

. 141 floriforme Schwein. .

. 147 Friesit Rost. .

. 149 Fuckelit Mass.

. 143 globosum Fr.

. 148 leucocephalum Ditm.

. 145 lilacinum Mass.

. 148 Maydis Morg.

~ 141 minimum Berk. & Curt.

. 142 minutum Fr.

. 141 mutabile Fr.

. 141 nodulosum Morg.

ee LAT nutans Fr. :

. 147 obovatum Peck

. 147 Oerstedtit Rost.

. 148 paraguayense Lister

malo3 pedunculatum 'Trentep.

. 143 pendulum Weinm.

. 146 porphyrium Schw.

. 142 pruinosum Corda

. 142 pyriforme Ditm.

. 147 rubescens Rex

. 146 rubiginosum Mass.

. 145 rubronodum G. Lister
226 turbinatum Fr.

PAU vulgare Ditm. .

. 243 xanthopus Wallr.

. 255 CRIBRARIA Persoon

. 246 argillacea Pers.

eal aurantiaca Schrad. .

277

PAGE

. 252
4 5)
. 226
. 244

533)
74
79
42
76
75
78
19
78
78
19
26

_ 214

75

78

| 934

18
39

75
79
45
75
19
75
77
75
78

219.

78
75
Li
19
76
75
75
78

- 168
- 170
173

278 MYCETOZOA

PAGE PAGE
CRIBRARIA—continued CyTiplIumM—continued
capillaris Fr. . se S| pulcherromum Morg. FBO
cernua Pers. . é ye RY Ravenelit Morg. . 30
colossae Speg. . . 258 rufipes Morg. . reg
cuprea Morg. . y ge
dictydioides Cke. & Balf. . 174 DERMODIUM
dictydioides Macbr. . . 174 conicum Rost. . 200
elata Mass... wwA7O fallax Nees. ; » 135
elegans Berk. & Curt. eel78 inquinans Fr. . b . 166
exilis Macbr. . mLIo inquinans Link . 164
ferruginea Meylan . Pui: DracHEA Fries . ; elo)
fulva Schrad. . cd tep bulbillosa Lister . 102
intermedia Berk. . ‘LEGS: caespitosa Lister. . 106
untermedia Schrad. . TLL cerifera G. Lister. . 104
intricata Schrad.. . 174 confusa Mass. . elO2
languescens Rex paLTG cylindrica Bilgram . . 105
macrocarpa Schrad. nal 2 elegans Fr... . 102
microcarpa Pers. . se ANTE fulgens Fr... . 104
microcarpa Macbr. . dS Hookerv Mass. WOLG
micropus Schrad. . 170 leucopoda Rost. 101
microscopica Berk. & Curt. 171 radiata G. Lister & Petch. 103
minima Berk. & Curt. . 171 splendens Peck . 103
minutissima Schwein. eel splendens Racib. . LS
mirabilis Mass. 7S subsessilis Peck . 104
piriformis Schrad. . . 175 Thomasii Rex. . 105, 106
purpurea Schrad. . heey DIACHEELLA
rubiginosa Fr. ; la0) bulbillosa v. Hohnel. . 103
rufa Rost. : ‘ a yi DIANEMA REX . . Soe
rufescens Pers. aeTL Andersonit Macbr. . . 254
splendens Pers. : . 174 corticatum Lister. . 255
tatrica Racib. . LS depressum Lister. . 254
tenella Schrad. 5 bets: Harveyi Rex . . 253
trichioides Chev... . 179 nivale G. Lister . 254
variabilis Ficin. & Schub. 173 repens G. Lister. 255
venosa Pers. . alio DICTYDIAETHALIUM Rosta-_
violacea Rex . : lS finski . ; ; ~ 194
vulgaris Schrad. wlio applanatum Rost. . Aulg2
CUPULARIA dissiliens Hazsl. » 192
leucocephala Link . Fas plumbeum Rost. . . 191
CYATHUS | Dictypium Schrader . alas
cinereus Purton : 7S ambiguum Schrad. . mee
minutus Hoffm. , eo anomalum Meylan . Rely!
CYTIDIUM cancellatum Macbr. La
citrrnum Morg. pet) cernuum Nees ive
globuliferum Morg. . PUL25 longipes Morg. . 172
melleum Morg. meeD magnum Peck ; ae

penetrale Morg. . 41 microcarpum Schrad. epee

INDEX 279

PAGE PAGE

Dicty piumM—continued DipERMA—continued
splendens Schrad. . . 174 — lucidum Berk. & Br. Od
umbilicatum Schrad. JO ag Ae Lyallii Macbr. : Sy
venosum Schrad. . PeLI9 Mariae-Wilson Clinton . 91
D1IpERMA Persoon . OL minutum Fr. . ; tal
albescens Phill. an SO montanum Meylan . ate
alpinum Meylan LS Neesw Corda . LG
antarctica Sturgis. 98 nitens Klotzsch a
arboreum G. Lister & Petch niveum Macbr. : . 88
86, 258 oblongum Schum. . . 46
asteroides Lister. Pr OF ochraceum G. F. Hoffm. . 93
atrovirens Fr. . : ou ochroleucum Berk. & Curt. 60
brunneolum Phill. . . 43 pallidum Berk. & Curt. . 58
Carmichaelianum Berk. . 96 papaverinum Wallr. alo
chalybeum Weinm. . ald Persoonii Macbr. . A
Chondrioderma G. Lister . 258 radiatum Morg. é; > 196
cinereum Morg. es ramosum Fr. . Stent
citrinum Berk. 1 ai) reticulatum Fr. ; . 74
citrinum Peck . 42 reticulatum Morg. . a) Beth
concinnum Berk. & Curt. . 96 roanense Macbr. . »
conglomeratum Fr. . nO] rugosum Macbr. . aaage
contextum Pers. oe OU) rugulosum Weinm. . ayo
contortum Fuckel . . 58 Sauteri Macbr. 92
contortum Hoffm. . ul teats simplex Lister Sant
cor-rubrum Macbr. . . 84 spumariaeforme Wallr. . 124
crassipes Schum. . an oG spumarioides Hr. . 1.456
crustaceum Peck . tele: spurium Schum. . 95
cubense Berk. & Curt. aol squamulosum Alb. & Schw. 117
cyanescens Fr. SeLULO stellare Pers. . : wa U0
deplanatum Fr. ‘ eeu stromateum Morg. . oO ty
depressum Fr. : oo subdictyospermum Lister. 83
difforme Pers. Pele sublateritium Berk. & Br.. 91
effusum Morg. , By test, terrestre Fr. . : . 48
flavidum Peck. . 60 testaceum Pers. ’ ma Ol
flavum Weinm. : ol Trevelyani Fr. . 94
floriforme Pers. ' > 95 umbilicatum Pers. . 96
geasteroides Phill. . » 94 vaccinum Dur. & Mont. . 113
globosum Pers. : aor valvatum Fr. . ; 21.95
globuliferum Fr... . 28 vernicosum Pers. . ei tell,
granulatum Fr. ae G1 Dipymium Schrader . . 108
hemisphericum Hornem. . 84 ‘affine Raunk. . ig:
Hookeri Berk. ; ae: Alexandrowiczii Mass. . 118
laciniatum Phill. . . 94 anellus Morg. . ; ES
lepidotum Fr. . eo angulatum Peck alls
LIibertianum Fres. . oat LO annulatum Macbr. . als
liceoides Fr. : aeeLU anomalum Sturgis . ele

lobatum Somm. ; . 116 australe Mass. ; = ak

mes0

DipyMiumM—continued
Bartert Mass. .
Bonmanum Pat.
bulbillosum Berk.
candidum Schrad.
chrysopeplum Berk. & Curt.
cinereum Fr.

Clavus Rabenh.
commutabile Berk. & Br. .
complanatum Rost.
complanatum Fckl. .
complanatum Schrad.
confluens Rost.
congestum Berk. & Br.
connatum Peck
Cooker Raunk.
costatum Fr.
croceoflavum Berk. & Bie
crustaceum Fr.
Curtisii Berk.
cyanescens Fr.
daedalium Berk. & Br.
difforme Duby
discoideum Rost.
dubium Rost. .
echinospora Mass.
effusum Link .
elegantissimum Mass.
erythrinum Berk.
excelsum Lister
eximium Peck.
Fairman Sacce.
farinaceum Schrad. .
filamentosum Wallr.
flavicomum Mass.
flavidum Peck.
floriforme Schrad. .
Fuckelianum Rost. .
fulvellum Mass.
fulvipes Fr.
fulvum Sturgis
furfuraceum Fr.
Geaster Link
glaucum Phill.
globosum Chev. 5
granuliferum Phill. .
guarapiense Speg.

‘oad a ee

118,

MYCETOZOA
PAGE PAGE
DiIDYMIuM—continued
2 gyrocephalum Mont. 37
s7ULS hemisphericum Fr. . 85, 114
. 103 herbarum Fr. Vi ly
88 humile Hazsl. . 115
25 intermedium Schroet. ale!
bo wridis Fr. 246
. 114 laterittium Berk. & Rav. 63
114 leoninum Berk. & Br. . 122
AB bs: leucopus Fr. 25, 117
96 Inbertianum de Bary sd gS,
115 Lnstert Mass. Ba i By
121 lobatum Nees . nd ih
46 longipes Mass. 28
be tI luteo-griseum Berk. & Curt. 37
5s AMBS macrospermum Rost. Hs
a EY marginatum Fr. 47
63 Masseeanwm Sace. & Syd. 114
aut P| melanopus Fr. “hb
Wieko melanospermum Macbr. . 114
aL) melleum Berk. & Br. 25
56 Michelv Lib. . . 85
2 ¥LO0 microcarpon Rost. . 116
Tes microcephalum Chev. . 116
eld? minus Morg. . 115
52 nectriaeforme Berk. & Curt. 64
eA neglectum Berk. & Br. . 118
L1G neglectum Mass. . 114
Ae PAS) nigripes Fr. ‘ob16
~y 122 obrusseum Berk. & Curt. 37
FRAG oculatum Lippert . 128
wulap paraguayense Speg. . 77
Fae parasiticum Sace. & Syd. . pa
POLLS pertusum Berk. . 116
38 pezizordeum Mass. Be tp!
4] physaroides Fr. sans
DeyOD platypus Hazsl. wee
UES polycephalum Fr. 37
ELLG polymorphum Mont. Wao?
. 34 porphyropus Dur. & Mont. 116
» 122 praecox de Bary SRBES
47 proximum Berk. & Curt. . 116
96 pusillum Berk. & Curt. 45
50 quitense Torrend . moet Nf
1 388 radiatum Berk. & Curt. . 117
. 126 radiatum Mass. ; . 114
77 Ravenelii Berk. & Curt. 29

DipymMium—continued
reticulatum Berk. & Br.
reticulatum Rost.
rufipes Fr. ;
scrobiculatum Berk.
Serpula Fr.
sinapinum Cke.
spumarioides Fr.
squamulosum Fr.
stellare Schrad.
subroseum Peck :
tenerrimum Berk. & as
tenue Pat.
testaceum Schrad.
ligrinum Schrad.
trachysporum G. Lister
Trochus Lister
lubulatum Jahn
Tussilaginis Mass.
-vaccinum Buchet
versipelle Fr.

Wilczekii Meylan
xanthopus Fr.
zeylanicum Berk.

DIpHTHERIUM
flavo-fuscum Ehrenb.

EcHINOSTELIUM de Bary
minutum de Bary
EMBOLUS
crocatus Batsch
ENDODROMIA
vitrea Berk.
ENERTHENEMA Bowman
Berkeleyana Rost.
elegans Bowman
muscorum Lév.
papillatum Rost.
syncarpon Sturgis
ENTERIDIUM Ehrenberg
antarcticum Speg.
atrum Preuss .
cunereum Schwein.
liceoides G. Lister
macrosperma Raunk.
minutum Sturgis
olivaceum Ehrenb. .

INDEX 281
PAGE PAGE
ENTERIDIUM—continued

14 Rostrupw Raunk. 193
85 Rozeanum Wing. . 194
| Beast simulans Rost. ~ 7193
53 splendens Morg. ¥ 195
113 ERIONEMA Penzig 70
64 aureum Penz. 70
123
7 FULGIA
96 encaustica Chev. . 155
28 Fuuico Haller 66
37 candida Pers. . 67
116 carnea Schum. 67
ie cerebrina Brondeau . 67
rm cinerea Morg. . 69
1] ellupsospora Lister 69
113 flava Pers. 67
110 flavescens Schum. 67
118 gyrosa Jahn 56
ere entermedia Macbr. 69
125 laevis Pers. . Fuck di
120 Lycoperdon Schum. . . 195
116 megaspora Sturgis . 70
a muscorum Alb. & Schwein. 68
198 ochracea Peck 68
ovata Macbr. vP eOW
is plumbea Schum. ad EP
ae rufa Pers. 67
62 septica Gmelin 66
236 simulans Karst. 68
3d stercoriformis Racib. 69
162 tatrica Racib. . 67
a vaporaria Pers. 67
149 varians Somm. 67
oF violacea Pers. . 67
154 Nee
AG GALOPERDON
BAL AO epidendrum Wiggers . 199
. 193
Uo HEIMERLIA
e903 hyalina v. Hohnel . 162
a! HEMIARCYRIA Rost. eek
. 194 ablata Morg. . . 22)
. 193 applanata Cke. & Mass. . 245
. 194 calyculata Speg. . 221
. L93 chrysospora Lister . 226

282 MYCETOZOA

PAGE PAGE
HEMIARCYRIA—continued IocRATERIUM
clavata Rost. . . 221 paraguayense Torrend . 77
expansa Sacc. . 230 rubescens Jahn : SeNbT
fuliginea Cke. & Mass, . 240 ISARIA
funalis Morg.. =». 221 mucida Porsl 1, =
intorta Lister . : . 219 J
Karsten Rost. ; . 224 aa Racib 135
lecocarpa Cke. . 222 ‘ere ;
longifila Rex . . 219 KLEISTOBOLUS
melanopeziza Speg. . . 244 pusillus Lippert , . 182
obscura Rex . . 224 LACHNOBOLUS Fries. » 241.
paradoxa Mass. ; . 224 Arcyrella Rost. ; . 232
plumosa Morg. pol cinereus Schwein. . So th,
pusilla Speg. . : . 226 circinans Fr. . . 242
rubiformis Rost. . Peele congestus Lister. . 242
Serpula Rost. . 225 cribrosus Fr. . . 165
stipata Rost. . : . 238 globosus Rost. : . 234
stipitata Mass. ras . 221 incarnatus Macbr. . . 24]
Varneyi Rex . . 221 incarnatus Schroet. . . 242
Wigandu Rost. . 223 occidentalis Macbr. . . 241
HeEMITRICHIA Rostafinski . 217 pygmaeus Zukal . Sey
abietina Lister : 20 Rostafinski Racib. . . 222
Bucknalli. Mass. . 207 Sautert Rost. . . 242
chrysospora Lister . . 225 LAMPRODERMA Rostafinski . 151
clavata Rost. . . 22) arcyrioides Morg. . LSE
intorta Lister . ak!) arcyrioides Rost. . . 156
helvetica Meylan . 205 arcyrionema Rost. . sib2
Karstenii Lister : pean atrosporum Meylan _. 160
leiocarpa Lister , . 222 columbinum Rost. . . 154
leiotricha Lister ; / 219 cribrarioides R. EK. Fr. . 158
minor G. Lister . 220 cristatum Meylan . . 159
montana Morg. eee. Cruchetit Meylan . . 155
obrussea Meyl. . . pe PA echinulatum Rost. . 152, 158
ovata Macbr. . . 223 Ellisiana Cke. . 143
rubiformis Lister. ak! Fuckelianum Rost. . . 104
Serpula Rost. ; . 224 Gulielmae Meylan . . 158
- stipata Macbr. . 238 Hookeri Rost. onkl®
ap Aila Macbr. . 221 inconspicuum Racib. . 153
esparium Macbr. . lS insessum G. Lister . . 152
HETERODICTYON iridescens Rost. . 155
Bieniaszw Racib. . lie irideum Mass. ; . 154
mirabile Rost. : eULD — leucosporum Rost. . . 156
HETEROTRICHIA Insteri Mass. . . 152
Gabriellae Mass. . 230 Lycopodw Raunk. . . 159
HYMENOBOLINA Zukal . 184 minutum Rost. : . 156
parasitica Zukal . 184 nigrescens Rost. . 156
HY MENOBOLUS physaroides Rost. . . 155

parasiticus Zukal . 184 robustum Ell. & Everh. . 157

LAMPRODERMA—continued
Saccardianum Mass.
Sautert Rost. .
Schimpert Rost.
scintillans Morg.
Staszcit Racib.
subaeneum Mass.
tatricum Racib.
violaceum Rost.

LLAMPRODERMOPSIS
nivalis Meylan

LEANGIUM
atrovirens Fr. .
floriforme Link
lepidotum Ditm.
rubiginosum Fr.
squamulosum Fr.
stellare Link
stipatum Schwein.
Trevelyan Grev.
vernicosum Fr.

LeocarPus Link
atrovirens Fr. .
calcareus Link
contextus Fr.
cyanescens Fr.
deplanatus Fr.
fragilis Rost.
fulvus Macbr.
granulatus Fr.
minutus Fr.
ramosus Fr.
spermoides Link
vernicosus Link

LEPIDODERMA de Bary
Carestianum Rost. .
Chailletii Rost.
fulvum Mass.
granuliferum R. EK. Fr.
Kurz Berk.
obovatum Mass.
reticulatum Mass.
stellatum Mass.
tigrinum Rost.

. tigrinum Rost.

LLEPIDODERMOPSIS
leoninus v. Hohnel .

INDEX

PAGE

. 156
e 157
. 155
. 153
. 155
. 153
. 156
. 156

. 254

80
95
95
63

195

96

- 238

94
80
80
80

- 110

60

- 110

90
80
40
61
61
80
80
80

. 124
. 125
. 126
. 125
el 26

dl
94
14
32

124
1293

. 123

LEPTODERMA G. Lister

iridescens G. Lister .

LDICAETHALIUM

olivaceum Rost.

LicEA Schrader .

alba Nees
alutacea Wallr.
antarctica Speg.
applanata Berk.
biforis Morg. .
brunnea Preuss
caesia Schum.
castanea G. Lister

cinnabarina Berk. & Br.

circumscissa Pers.
clavata Schrad.
congesta Wallr.
contorta Wallr.
cylindrica Fr. .
effusa Ehrenb.
flexuosa Pers.
fragiformis Nees.
incarnata Alb. & Schw.
wricolor Zoll.
Lindheimeri Berk.
macrospora Schwein.

minima Fr.

nitens Schwein.
ochracea Peck
olivacea Fckl. .
pannorum Cienk.
perreptans Berk.
pusilla Schrad.
quercina Wallr.
reticulata Berk. & Br.

rugulosa Wallr.
Schoenleinit Johow .
Serpula Fr.
singularis Jahn

stupitata Berk. & Rav.
stipitata DC.
tenera Jahn
tenuissima Berk. & Br

Any
. 184
PG
Lio
. 182
wrkOE
. 246
. 188
. 242
. 209
n18s
AMG}:
. 183
EL Se
. 252
s ARete

nn190G
. 247
7106
7 182
. 246
. 249
rubiformis Berk. & Curt. .
S192
PALSa
. 183
. 185
spermoides Berk. & Curt. .
. 188
aad by:
. 184
+ 192

283

PAGE

v7
a l2T

2 193
Lol

merle
. 183

98

67

. 110
microsperma Berk. & Curt.
. 182
. 246

188

68

188

168

284 MYCETOZOA
PAGE

Licea—continued LycopERDoN—continued
Tubulina Schrad. . 188 floriforme Wither.
variabilis Schrad. . 183 fragile Dicks. .

Liceopsis Torrend . 196 fuliginosum Sow.
jurana Meylan Ok gregarvum Retz.
lobata Torrend . 196 lumbricale Batsch

LIGNIDIUM luteum Jacq.
griseoflavum Link 68 pineum Batsch
muscicola Fr. . . 68 pisiforme Jacq.
reniforme Fr. . 56, 68 radiatum L.

LINDBLADIA Fries 167 rufum Dicks. .
effusa Rost. Ay ungulinum Schum. .
Tubulina Fr. . pabGes variolosum Huds. .

LISTERELLA Jahn . 207 verrucosum Batsch .
paradoxa Jahn . 257 vesiculosum Batsch .

LycocaLta Adanson MeLOT Vesparium Batsch .
affine Berk. & Br. SS,
argentea Pers. 195 MarGarira Lister
atropurpureum Berk. & Br. 200 metallica Lister
atrum Alb. & Schw. . 164 pictoviana Moore
cinerea Schum. alo MATRUCHOTIELLA
conicum Pers. . 200 splendida Skup.
contortum Ditm. . 209 MINAKATELLA G. Lister
epidendrum Fr. 2189 longifila G. Lister
exiguum Morg. 7aloo Mucitaco Adanson
ferruginea Schum. aLOD spongiosa Morg.
flavo-fuscum Rost. gels Mucor
incarnatum Swartz . : . 252 araneosus Jacq.
lenticulare Dur. et Mont. . 192 cancellatus Batsch
miniatum Pers. ES, clathroides Scop. .
minutum Grev. LL fragiformis Schaeff. .
nitidum Berk. & Br. . 200 Lycogala Scop.

— parasiticum Withering 80 Lycogalus Bolton
platense Speg. neLo9 Lycoperdioides Scop.
plumbea Schum. RE miniatus Jacq.
punctata Pers. 195, 199 Mucilago Scop.
repletum Morg. . 198 pomiformis Leers
Rostafinskii Siemaszko . 198 primus (ovatus) Schaeff.
turbinata Pers. we LOD pyriformis Leers

LYCOPERDON pyriformis Scop.
bombacinum Batsch . . 214 septicus Linn.
chalybeum Batsch 7199 Serpula Scop.
cinereum Batsch 4 O38 spongiosus Leysser .
complanatum Batsch . 113
corticale Batsch . 246 OLIGONEMA Rostafinski
Eyidendrum L. . 199 aeneum Karst.
favaceum Schrank y tleyl bavaricum Balf. & Ber.
favogineum Batsch . . 203 brevifilum Peck

PAGE

95

80

. 162
. 203
. 225

60

- 199
- 199

96

. 235
«193
. 199
. 199
. 208
218

. 252
. 252
. 252

. 165
. 250
. 250
. 123
. 123

. 132
. Ld
. 235
. 199
. 199
; 196
. 246
. 212.

67

233

67

235
- 208 —

67

| 295
- 123

. 215
. 207
. 215
wel

INDEX 285

PAGE PAGE

OLIGONEMA—continued , PERICHAENA—continued
Broomei Mass: : . 247 wrregularis Berk. & Curt. . 245
flavidum Peck ‘ e216 Krupw Racib. ; . 245
fulvum Morg. . OT liceoides Rost. . 247
fulvum Pav. & Lag.. . 209 marginata Berk. & Br. . 245
furcatum Buckn. . . 210 marginata Schwein. . 246
minutulum Mass. . . 216 microcarpa Schroet. . 246
nitens Rost. . . 215 microspora Penzig & Lister 249
nitens Lister . : . 216 mitens Raunk. . 246
OPHIOTHECA ochrospora Peck j . 246
anomala Mass. e207 plasmodiocarpa Blytt . 252
chrysosperma Currey . 243 populina Fr. . . 246
circumscissa Mass. . . 243 pulcherrima Petch . . 248
irregularis Mass. . . 245 quadrata Macbr. . . 245
nitens Mass. . . 247 quercina Fr. . : . 246
pallida Berk. & Curt. . 249 reticulata Rost. . 249
reticulata Mass. . 249 Rostafinskii Karst. . . 246
Serpula Mass. . 226 vaporaria Schwein. . . 246
umbrina Berk. & Curt. . 249 variabilis Rost. . 249
vermicularis Mass. . . 249 vermicularis Rost. . , 248

Wright Berk. & Curt. . 243 PREZIZA

ORCADELLA Wingate . . 185 convivale Batsch . pear t:
operculata Wing. . . 185 minuta Leers . PORTO
Orruorricuia Wingate . 161 PHYSARELLA Peck . vente
microcephala, Wing... 161 |“ iaeanica Torr. . —. 49
Bi dial fil. . ue lusitanica Torr. : ve iS
spadiceum Schwein 192 DUNGY Dae es ne
ees at pat oblonga Morg. : aye
"il 9 PHYSARINA von Hohnel . 100
eee is echinocephala von Héhnel 100
annulifera Boudier . . 207 PHYSARUM : : atc
applanata Mass. : . 245 aeneum R. EK. Fr. . Saye
artocreas Berk. & Rav. . 245 affine Rost. . SOU
australis Berl. . 245 alatum Fr... : eis
caespitosa Peck e168 albescens Macbr. 40
canoflavescens Raunk. . 246 albicans Peck . nes
chrysosperma Lister . 243 albipes de Bary . . 48
confusa Mass. . . 249 albipes Link . . 47
congesta Fr. . :' , 242 albo-punctatum Schum. . 47
contorta Fr. . 209 album Fr. ; . 110
cornuvioides Cel. fil. . 224 alpinum G. Lister . ° 366
corticalis Rost. : . 246 atrorubrum Peck . . 30
depressa Libert . 244 alrum Morg. . . 54
flavida Peck . PANG atrum Schwein. ; . 46
Friesiana Rost. . 249 aurantium Pers. : . . 36
fusco-atra Rost. . 246 aureum Pers. ie 3a0

ancarnata Fr. . : . 252 -auriscalpium Cooke . 39

286

PHysARUM—continued
auriscalpium Macbr.
Berkeleyi Rost.
Bethelit Macbr.
bitectum Lister
bivalve Pers.
bogoriense Racib.
botryoides Fr. .
botrytes Somm.
Braunianum de Bary
Braunianum Lister .
brunneolum Mass.
bryophilum Fr.
bulbiforme Schum.
bullatum Link.
caesium Fr.
caespitosum Peck
caespitosum Schwein.
calidris Lister
cancellatum Wallr.
candidum Rost.
capense Rost. .
capitatum Link
capsuliferum Chev. .
Carlylei Mass.

carneum G. Lister & Sturgis

cerebrinum Mass.
cernuum Fr.

chrysotrichum Berk. & C urt.

chrysotrichum Mass.
cinerascens Schum.
cinereum Pers.
cinereum Link
cinereum Lister
citrinellum Peck

citrinum Schumacher

Clavus Alb. & Schw.
columbinum Sturgis
columbinum Macbr.
columbinum Pers.
compacta Lister
compactum Ehrenb.

compressum Alb. & Schw.
compressum Alb. & Schw.

concinnum Mass.
confertum Macbr.
confluens Link

MYCETOZOA

PAGE

64
38
36
59
58
58
12
12
63
29
42

. 155

47
25

AIO
168

64
45
10
50
53

lis

10
o4
42
56
47
15
63

Waite

53
10
33
4]
30
114
dl
28

. 155

32
dl
49
52
18
53
47

PHysaARuUM—continued
confluens Pers.
congestum Somm.
conglobatum Ditm.
conglobatum Fr.
conglomeratum Rost.
conglomeratum Mass.
connatum Lister
connatum Ditm.
connecum Link
connexum Morg.
contextum Pers. .
Crateriachea Lister .
crateriforme Petch .
crustiforme Speg.

cupripes Berk. & Rav.

decipiens Curt.
delicatissimum Speg.
depressum Schum.
dictyospermum Lister
Diderma Lister
Diderma Macbr.
didermoides Rost.
Didymium Schum. .
difforme Link .

PAGE

waULS
. 242

47
46
60
60
51
47
47
51
60
33
49
85

Peer

15
28
85
35
59
60
45
47

- 110

digitatum Farquh. & Lister 65

discoidale Macbr.
Ditmari Rost.
echinosporum Lister
effusum Schwein.
ellipsosporum Rost.
Famintzini Rost.
farinaceum Pers.
fasciculatum Jungh.
flavicomum Berk.
flavum Fr.

fulgens Pat.
fulvum Lister
fulvum Fr...
furfuraceum Schum.
galbeum Wing.
glaucum Mass.
globosum Schum.
globuliferum Pers.
gracilentum Fr.
granulatum Balf.
gravidum Morg.

47, 115

49
64
57
85
69
57

SiH

52
38
26
63
40
62
47
38
50

27
47
47
45

PuysaRuM—continued
griseum Link .
Gulielmae Penzig
gyrosum Rost.
gyrosum Mass.
gyrosum Rost.
heterosporum Widder
hians Mass. ’
hyalinum Pers.
hypnorum Link
imitans Racib.
inaequale Peck
instratum Macbr.
iridescens Berk.
javanicum Racib.
Kalchbrennert Mass.
lateritium Morg.
lepidodermoides Blytt
leucophaeum Fr.
leucopus Link
leucostictum Chev.
Leveillei Rost.
Incea Fr.
liceoides Duby

lilacinum Baits. & Bilgr.

lilacinum Fr. . ;
luteo-album Lister .
luteo-album Schum. .
luteolum Peck
luteum Pers.
macrocarpon Ces.
macrocarpum Fuckel
maculatum Macbr.
marginatum Schum.
Maydis Torrend
megalosporum Macbr.

melanospermum Sturgis .

melanospermum Pers.
melleum Mass. }
metallicum Berk. & Br.
Michelit Corda
microcarpon Fr.
Mortoni Macbr. ;
mucoroides Schilberszky
Muelleri Berk.
murinum Lister
muscorum Berl.

INDEX 287
PAGE PAGE
PHyYSARUM—continued

50 mutabile Lister 32
57 nephroideum Rost. . 50, 51
56 Newtoni Macbr. 33
61 nicaraguense Macbr. 52
68 nigripes Link . eelt
29 nigrum Fr. elo
73 nitidum Schum. 80
10 nodulosum Cke. & Balf. 45
47 notabile Macbr. 51
47 nucleatum Rex 43
63 nutans Pers. . 46
G.65 oblatum Macbr. 39, 40
. 155 obrusseum Macbr. ad!
48 obrusseum Rost. Oo”
25 ornatum Peck 40
63 ovisporum G. Lister 55
26 ovoideum Schum. 12
47 oxalinum Peck 53
24 pallidum Lister 58
78 paniceum Fr. . 7
31, 36 pedunculatum Schum. 6s
. 183 penetrale Rex 4]
LES Petersw Berk. & Curt. 29
30 pezzoideum Pav. & Lag. . 71
18 Phillipswi Balf. 50
meat Pini Schum. 47
. 246 platense Speg. 46
64 plumbeum Fr. 53
36 polycephalum Schwein. 37
16 polymorphum Rost. By
al polonicum Skup. 51
31 psittacinum Ditm. . . 34
47 pulcherrimum Berk. & Rav. 30
39 pulcherripes Peck 28
51 pulchripes Berl. 28
51 pusillum Lister 44
et Ravenelii Mass. 29
2d Readeri Mass. 47
. 252 relatum Morgan 28
eco reniforme Lister. . 52
ee LG reticulatum Alb. & Schw.. 74
60 reticulatum Berl. 54
45 rigidum G. Lister 36
71 roseum Berk. & Br. 33
29 Rostafinskit Mass, 61
68 rubiginosum Fr. 62

288 MYCETOZOA

PAGE PAGE
PHysaARuUM—continued
rubiginosum Chev. . ers Re) PRoTOTRICHIA Rostafinski . 256
rubropunctatum Pat. Heo Bombarda Mass. ; . 190
rufibasis Berk. & Br. Sa ks: chamaeleontina Mass. . 256
rufipes Macbr. : Shae cuprea Mass. . ; . 256
saliconum Schum. . . 155 elegantula Rost. : . 256
Schroetert Rost. eee 1 flagellifera Rost. . . 256
Schumachert Spreng. eh metallica Mass. . 256
Schweinitzii Berk. . pilD Schroeteri Meylan . . 256
scrobiculatum Mass. i: Puccrnia
scyphoides Cke. & Balf. . 78 byssoides Gmel. ‘ sea
Serpula Morgan . POL
sessile Brandza rhe OD RACIBORSKIA
simile Rost. . . 43 elegans Berl. . . 144
sinuosum Weinm. . . 458 Revicunarta Bulliard . 195
sinuosum Link : melo alba Bull. : : . 123
solutum Schum. . 47 angulata Pers. . 109
sphaeroidale Chev. . ate applanata Berk. & Br. . 198
squamulosum Pers. . paleo argentea Poir. : . 196
straminipes Lister . . 44 atra Fr. . . 164
stromateum Link . als Carestiana Rabenh. . 126
sulcatum Link one carnea Fr. : ; SHAY
sulphureum Alb. & Schw. 26 carnosa Bull. . . ee.
sulphureum Sturgis . . 40 contorta Poir. . : ei 2)
tenerum Rex . ; SOL entoxantha Berk. . . 192
testaceum Sturgis . oe flavo-fusca Fr. ; 198
thejoteum Fr. . . 64 floriformis Poir. ao
thejoteum Morgan . Hee OD, fragilis Poir. . ty)
tigrinum Pers. . 125 globosia Poir. . Bates.
tropicale Macbr. ag at hemispherica Bull. . 85, 114
tucumanense Speg. . . 25 hortensis Bull. Whe
turbinatum Schum. . HD jurana Meylan * 196
Tussilaginis Berk. & Bre ais lobata Lister . . 196
variabile Rex . Fuh lurida Berk. & Br. . i LO2m
vermiculare Schwein. . 249 lutea Bull. ; HDG
vernicosum Schum. . Hs0) Lycoperdon Bull. . . 195
vernum Somm. . 54 maxima Corda ; . 168
violaceum Schum. . wD3 maxima Fr. . . 166
virescens Ditm. . 64 miniata Poir. . . 199
viride Pers. . : . 935 muscorum Fr. ; Os
Wingatense Macbr. . wee, nitens Fr. ‘ . 165
POLY SCHISMIUM nitens More. . : . 136
Trevelyant Corda. . 94 ochracea Poir. shop
PROTODERMA olivacea Fr. . . 193
pusilla Rost. . mess) ovata Wither. . .
PROTODERMIUM plumbea Fr... ele

pusillum Berl. PULS3 punctata Poir. ¢ . 199

RETICULARIA—continued
pusilla Fr.
rosea DC. :
(?) Rozeana Rost.
Rozeana Lister
rufa Schwein.
Schmitzii Debey
septica Wither.
sinuosa Bull. .
sphaeroidalis Buil.
splendens Morg.
Strongylium Schwein.
testacea Wallr.
umbilicata Poir.
umbrina Fr.
ungulina Fr.
vaporaria Chev.
versicolor Fr. .
ROSTAFINSKIA
elegans Racib.

SCYPHIUM
rubiginosum Rost.
STPHOPTYCHIUM
Casparyt Rost.
SPHAEROCARPUS
albus Bull.
aurantius Bull.
capsulifer Bull.
chrysospermus Bull.
coccineus Bull.
cylindricus Bull.
floriformis Bull.
fragiformis Bull.
fragilis Sow. .
globulifer Bull.
luteus Bull.
operculata Schum.
piriformis Bull.
semitrichioides Bull.
sessilis Bull.
turbinatus Bull.
utricularis Bull.
viridis Bull.
SPUMARIA
alba DC.
cornuta Schum,

INDEX 289
PAGE PAGE
| SPuMARIA—continued
witld (?) didermoides Acharius . 46
. 199 granulata Schum. 61
AE: licheniformis Schwein. 46
196 minuta Schum. 61
67 Mucilago Pers. a) bs:
17 physaroides Pers. elt
67 ramosa Schum. . 80
58 solida Jahn e244
87 STEGASMA
195 australe Cesati . 245
164 depressum Corda . 245
198 pallidum Cesati . 245
96 STEMONITIS Gleditsch SORA!
195 acuminata Mass. 135
193 aequalis Mass. . 141
67 affinis Mass. . 146
193 alba Gmel. eee)
amoena Trentep. . 239
144 arcyrioides Somm. . 156
argillacea Pers. LTO
atra Mass. . 146
19 atrofusca Pers. . 141
aurantia Gmel. wes6
aytS9 axifera Macbr. ASE.
Bauerlinii Mass. welsh
47 bicolor Gmel. . PanoG
36 Botrytis Pers. . 13
ee lO cancellata Gmel. : . 179
5203 Carestiae Ces. & de Not. . 157
. 230 Carlylei Mass. . 146
eS 7 carnea 'Trentep. w0237
295 carolinensis Macbr. . . 138
hey castillensis Macbr. we52
mals cinerea Gmel. . Spt Vs
28 cinnabarina Roth wiAks
36 coccinea Gmel. . 230
A fs) coccinea Roth ; S235
weal? confluens Cke. & Ellis . 136
PVE: cribrarioides Fr. . 159
246 crocea Gmel. e285
75 crypta Schwein. . 149
12 cyathiformis Schrank yiT8
35 decoprens T. F. L. Nees . 137
denudata Relh. Ss
Palos dictyospora Rost. ey?
pelo digitata Schwein. . 232

290

STEMONITIS—continued

echinulata Berk.
elegans Trentep.
fasciculata Pers.
fasciculata Schum. .
favoginea Gmel.
fenestrata Macbr.
ferruginea Ehrenb. .
ferruginea Fr. ;
ferruginosa Batsch .
flavogenita Jahn
floriformis Gmel.
Friesiana de Bary .
fusca Roth

glauca Trentep.
globosa Schum.
globosa Trentep.
globulifer Gmel.
grisea Opiz .
herbatica Peck :
hyperopta Meylan .
incarnata Pers.

laxa Mass.
leucocephala Pers.
leucopodia DC.
leucostyla Pers.
longa Mass.
lumbricalis Gmel.
lutea 'Trentep.
mammosa Fr. .
maxima Mass..
maxima Schwein.
microspora Lister
Morgant Peck
Morthiert Fekl.
nigra Pers.
nigrescens Rex
nutans Gmel. .
oblonga Fr.

obtusata Fr. . :
ochroleuca 'Trentep. .
ovata Pers.

pallida Wingate
papillata Pers.

physaroides Alb. & Schw.

platensis Speg.
pomiformis Roth .
porphyra Berk. & Curt.

MYCETOZOA
PAGE PAGE
STEMONITIS—continued

Relay pulchella Church. Bab. . 147
. 102 pumila Corda . . 146
. 132 reticulata 'Trentep. . 141
7 SO rufa Roth : LTE
. 203 scintillans Berk. & Br. . 154
low Smithii Lister : 139
5, Ubte: Smithit Macbr. . 139
g) ists] sphaerocarpa Schrank HELO
my SBS splendens Rost. . 135
. 138 subcaespitosa Mass. . . 142
Sy stl, subclavata Zoll. ~. 139
. 141 Suksdorfii Ell. & Everh. . 142
. 132 tenerrima Curtis : 147
. 232 tenerrima Morg. ks
lat trechispora Macbr. . 132
bd Trichia Roth . . 1237
acs Tubulina Alb. & Schw. . 135
hes V2 typhina Wiggers . 146
LS typhoides DC. . . 146
. 134 uvifera Macbr. oO
ayy varia Pers. . 208
. 143 vesiculosa Gmel. . 208
PS Vesparia Gmel. . 219
. 102 violacea Fr. . 156
. 102 violacea Roth . . 47
. 149 violacea Schum. . 139
. 225 virginiensis Rex . 134
. 233 viridis Gmel. . . 35
. 150 Webbert Rex . prRS
. 135 STRONGYLIUM
4182 atrum Swartz . . 164
pe STD) fuliginoides Ditm. . 195
Al BD majus Fr. . 164
» 157 minus Fr. Raed 9
. 141
133 T'TILMADOCHE
. 239 alba Macbr. 47
. 141 anomala Mass. . 47
. 141 Berkeleyt Mass. ~Hl56
oo cernua Fr. 47
. 141 columbinum Rost. 32
il 87 compacta Wing. 32
. 150 gracilenta Rost. 47
155 gyrocephala Rost. 37.
. 146 hians Rost. 73
woo minuta Berl. . I3

30 mutabilis Rost. 35

T'1LMADOCHE—continued.
nephroidea Cel. fil. .
nutans Rost. .
oblonga Rost. .
Pini Rost.
reniformis Mass.
viridis Sace.

T'REMELLA
hydnoidea Jacq.

TRICHAMPHORA Junghuhn
Fuckeliana.Rost. .
oblonga Berk. & Curt.
pezizoidea Jungh.

Tricu1A Haller .
abietina Wigand
abrupta Cke.
aculeata Cel. fil.
advenula Mass.
affinis de Bary
alata 'Trentep.
alba DC.
alba Sow.
alpina Meylan
Andersont Rex
anomala Karst.
argillacea Poir.
aurantia DC. .
aurea Schum. .
axifera Bull. . ,
Ayresit Berk. & Br.
Balfourit Mass.
bavarica de Thuemen
Botrytis Pers.
capsulifer DC.
Carlyleana Mass.
certna Ditm.
cernua Poir.
cernua Schum.
chalybea Chev.
chrysosperma DC.
cinerea Bull.
cinnabarina Bull.
circumscissa Schrad.
circumscissa Wallr. .
citrina Schum.
clavata Pers.
clavata Wigand
coccinea Poir. .

INDEX
PAGE
TRICHIA—continued
48 coerulea 'Trentep.
47 columbina Poir.
73 compressa ‘Trentep. .
47 contorta Rost.
52 cordata Pers. .
30 cratertoides Corda
Curreyt Crouan
4 cylindrica Pers.
71 Decaisneana de Bary
71 decipiens Macbr.
73 denudata Vill.
iA! depressa 'Trentep.
202 elongata Schum.
223 erecta Rex
206 expansa Martius
208 fallax Pers.
209 farinosa Poir. .
205 favoginea Pers.
47 filamentosa Trentep.
47 flagellifera Berk. & Br.
141 flexuosa Schum.
210 floriformis G. Lister
209 fragiformis Wither. .
207 fragilis Rost. .
170 fulva Purt.
36 fulva Wither. .
9 furcata Wigand
139 fusco-atra Sibth.
219 globosa Vill.
206 globulifera DC. :
215 graniformis Hoffm. .
212 gymnosperma Pers. .
10 hemispherica Trent.
213 heterotrichia Balt.
212 inconspicua, Rost.
179 intermedia Cel. fil.
47 intermedia Mass.
219 intricata Poir.
203 towensis Macbr.
232 Jacki Rost.
235 Kalbreyert Mass.
246 Kickxit Rost. .
243 lateritia Lév. .
221 leucopodia Bull.
221 Lorinzeriana Corda .
212 lutea DC.
179 lutea Trent.

291

PAGE

12

, Od
155

. 115
. 208
. 208
. 208
. 243
. 208
. 214
ral |
. 235
melo
. 239
eA
. 230
TVA Be
ae LlS
. 203

47

. 256
mead
. 214
219

190,

213

PIA.
. 230
Sea b
. 246
an Lip

28

_ 235
- 246

47

. 209
. 209
. 209
. 205
. 174
. 209
. 206
. 205
. 215
. 214
« 102
. 213

36
80

292 MYCETOZOA

PAGE PAGE
TRIcHIA—continued TRICHIA—continued

lutescens Lister : . 210 sphaerocephala Sow. HLS
macrocarpa Poir. . pelts splendens Poir. : . 174
metallica Berk. ; . 256 spongioides Vill. . . 225
microcarpa Poir. . ANT squamulosa Poir. . . 125
minima Mass. OF Stuhlmanni Hichelb. ses
mucoriformis Schum. . 141 subfusca Rex . ; . 214
nana Mass. . oer 223 sulphurea Mass. : . 206
nana Zukal . ; 4 Ve superba Mass. : . 204
Neesiana Corda : . 219 tigrina Poir. . Mee oe bi
nigripes Pers. . . 208 turbinata Sow. ; . 208
nitens Fr. ; j Us typhoides Bull. , . 146
nitens Libert . ‘ . 215 utricularis DC. : By tb
witens Pers. ™% : . 203 varia Pers. . ' es LY
notata Schum. . . 150 variabilis Poir. : . 183
nuda Wither. . : . 132 venosa Schum. L . 225
nutans Bull. . : . 239 verrucosa Berk. ; . 204
nutans Trentep. é ea] virescens Schum. . “ yeala
obtusa Wigand ; 3? | viridis DC... : 3)
olivacea Pers. . : . 208 vulgaris Pers. . : . 208
ovalispora Hollés . eee. T'RIPOTRICHIA
ovata Pers. : . 208 elegans Corda . ; sO
pachyderma Cel. Li es . 209 TUBIFERA Gmelin ; LST
pedicellata Poir. ; sty Casparyi Macbr. . . 189
persimilis Karst. . . 205 cylindrica Gmel. . 187
persumilis Macbr. . + 205 ferruginosa Gmel. . . LST
polymorpha Sow. . 30) fragiformis Gmel. . SELST
wroximella Karst. . . 206 stipitata Macbr. .- . 188
pulchella Rex . : . 205 TUBULIFERA
purpurascens Nyl. . wre arachnoidea Jacq. . head
purpurea Schum. . . 235 ceratum Mull. . : = kT
pusilla Poir. . . . 183 coccinea Trentep. . 187
pusilla Schroet. : . 215 T' UBULINA
pyriformis Fr. : Pel caespitosa Mass. ; . 168
pyriformis Hoffm. . . 218 circumscissa Poir. . . 246
pyriformis Pers. . 208 conglobata Preuss . . 188
reniformis Peck : . 209 cylindrica DC. . aes
reticulata Pers. . 225 effusa Mass. . : . 168
Rostafinskii Cel. fil.. . 209 fallax Pers. . . . 188
rubiformis Pers. : Sr ae flecuosa Poir. . ; . 183
rubiformis Purt. . eS fragifera Poir. ‘ . 188
rufa Wither. . ; weap fragiformis Pers. . . 187
rufescens Poir. ; yal Lindheimerit Mass. . Beats
rugosa 'Trentep. : he minima Mass. ; . 182
scabra Rost. . : . 206 nitidissima Berk. . . 188
serotina Schrad. ; i213 speciosa Speg. . . 188
Serpula Pers. . : . 225 spermoides Mass. . . 168

sphaerica Trentep. . aed 17 stipitata Rost. ‘ . 188

INDEX OF PLATES

Alwisia Bombarda Berk. & Br. 151
Amaurochaete cribrosa
Sturgis : weaec 217
fuliginosa Macbr. . . 136
Arcyria annulifera Tor-
rend . . maeercr cd 18h

cinerea Pers. . a-e 176
denudata Wettstein . 174
ferruginea Sauter. ais
glauca Lister . : . 182
globosa Schwein. . g-t 176
incarnata Pers. 177
insignis Kalchbr. & Cooke 181
nutans Grev. . . 179
occidentalis Lister . . |192
Oerstedtii Rost. ; . 180
pomiformis Rost. . f,f’ 176
stipata Lister . : sais.
versicolor Phill. ! io
virescens G. Lister . . 222
Badhamia affinis Rost. d-f 8
capsulifera Berk. . a-c 3
decipiens Berk.
foliicola Lister. : LL
lilacina Rost. . : Aged Bs
macrocarpa Rost. . a-c 8
magna Peck
nitens Berk. . : aes:
ovispora Racib. : ale
panicea Rost. ; LO
papaveracea Berk. & Rav. d,e3
populina Lister 2
rubiginosa Rost... ya
utricularis Berk. ; eet
versicolor Lister : nO
Barbeyella minutissima
Meylan : . d-g 217

Brefeldia maxima Rost. d-g 136

Calonema aureum Morg. d-f 165
Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa Macbr. 1
Cienkowskia reticulata Rost. 70

Blytt .

Colloderma oculatum

G. Lister

Comatricha cornea
G. Lister & Cran .

elegans Lister .

fimbriata G. Lister

& Cran
irregularis Rex
laxa Rost.
longa Peck
lurida Lister
nigra Schroet. .
pulchella Rost.
rubens Lister .
Suksdorfii Macbr.

tenerrima G. Lister .

a-e,

Clastoderma Debaryanum

135

. 213

ei
d-f
1, k
fh

typhoides Rost. a-c, k-m

Cornuvia Serpula Rost.
Craterium aureum Rost.

concinnum Rex

leucocephalum Ditm.

minutum Fries

paraguayense Lister.
rubronodum G. Lister
Cribraria argillacea Pers.
elegans Berk. & Curt.

ferruginea Meylan
intricata Schrad.
languescens Rex

macrocarpa Schrad.
microcarpa Schrad. .
minutissima Schwein.

purpurea Schrad.
piriformis Schrad.
rubiginosa Fries
rufa Rost.
splendens Pers.
tenella Schrad.
violacea Rex
vulgaris Schrad.

d, e

205

214
124

214
122
124
122
127
123
126
127
123
126
125
170

67

79

82

78

80

. 138

d-f
a-d
a-e
a-C
a-d
d-h
d-h,

a-C

146
219
143
145
14]
145
140
146

. 144
« 139

a-c
e-h

g-k

140
14]
143
146

. 142

294

Diachea bulbillosa Lister d-h 99
caespitosa Lister f-h 103
cerifera G. Lister . 212
cylindrica Bilgr. . a-e 103
leucopoda Rost. a-c 99

radiata G. Lister & Petch . 211
subsessilis Peck . 100
Thomasii Rex . . 1Ol

Dianema corticatum Lister . 193
depressum Lister met
Harveyi Rex . . ac 19i

ee plumbeum

Rost. Si biy-
Dictydium eanvelacire

Macbr. Blk: ig
Diderma antarctica Siete . 209

arboreum G. Lister & Patch 206

asteroides Lister . 97
deplanatum Fries. d 89
effusum Morg. ; f 88
floriforme Pers. : 1922
globosum Pers. 85
hemisphericum Hornem. a-e 83
lucidum Berk. & Br.. ms:
Lyallii Macbr. . : oe SU
montanum Meylan . . 207
niveum Macbr. .. a-c 89
ochraceum Hoffm. . Betas
radiatum Morg. 93, a, b 94
roanense Macbr. c,d 94
rugosum Macbr. : ias6
_ Sauteri Macbr. . 95
simplex Lister : Re Tate:
spumarioides Fries . . 84
subdictyospermum
Lister . d-f 87
testaceum Pers. a-c 87
Trevelyani Fries. a9 |
Didymium anellus Morg. a-c 110
anomalum Sturgis E20
Clavus Rabenh. . 108
complanatum Rost. . el,
crustaceum Fries nL
difforme Duby . 104
dubium Rost. . . 105
fulvum Sturgis 221

intermedium Schroet. d f 110

MYCETOZOA

Didymium—continued

leoninum Berk. & Br. mab! Be
melanospermum Machry me
nigripes Fries . LOS
quitense Torrend f-h 218
squamulosum Fries . ; 109

trachysporum G. Lister a-e 218
vaccinum Buchet . 106

Wilezekii Meyl. . 194
Echinostelium minutum de
Bary . f-t 128
Enerthenema papillatum
OST. R . a-e 128
Enteridium liceoidee
G. Lister ; , d 153
minutum Sturgis a-d 220
olivaceum Ehrenb. . a-c 153
Rozeanum Wing. . e-g 153
Erionema aureum Penz. Ships
Fuligo cinerea Morg. . Mey
megaspora Sturgis . d-f 202
muscorum Alb. & Schw. . 77
septica Gmel. . i

Hemitrichia abietina
Lister . . c-é€ 168

chrysospora Lister . 169
clavata Rost. . Le
intorta Lister . . Gyre
Karstenii Lister Pay Wy |
leiocarpa Lister . a,b 168
leiotricha Lister . Gy
minor G. Lister . dase
Serpula Rost. . . @¢ 170
Vesparium Macbr. . 166
Hymenobolina parasitica
Zukal . h-k 217

Lachnobolus congestus Lister 183
Lamproderma arcyrionema
Rost. . Ry be
atrosporum Meyl. f-7 133
atrosporum Meyl. vars. a-g 216

columbinum Rost. a-g 131
cribrarioides R. E. Fr. a-e 133
cristatum Meyl. h 216 ©

PLATES 295

Lamproderma—continued Physarina echinocephala v.
echinulatum Rost. . . 134 Hohnel : PLoS
Gulielmae Meyl. . a-d 215 | Physarum aeneum R. E. Fries 58
insessum G. Lister . ef 215 alpinum Lister : d-f 62
scintillans Morg. ; . 130 auriscalpium Cooke . . 33
violaceum Rost. : . 182 bitectum Lister ; aol

Leocarpus fragilis Rost. TG L bogoriense Racib. . a o0

Lepidoderma Carestianum brunneolum Phill. . . 69

Rost. . t . 115 carneum G. Lister & Sturgis 204
Chailletii Rost. . VLG cinereum Pers. i 47
tigrinum Rost. : . 114 citrinellum Peck d Os

Leptoderma iridescens G. citrinum Schum. 1 PAN

Lister . h, i131, i-m 218 columbinum Sturgis. a PAS

Licea biforis Morg. g-k 149 compressum Alb. &
castanea G. Lister e-g 219 Schw. . 39, a,b 40
flexuosa Pers. . a-c 148 confertum Macbr. . . 64
minima Fries . . ad-f 148 conglomeratum Rost. . 56
pusilla Schrad. a-c 149 connatum Lister. c-e 40
tenera Jahn . h-k 219 contextum Pers. ; sho

Liceopsis lobata Torrend d -f 154 crateriforme Petch . “et

Lindbladia effusa Rost. RY dictyospermum Lister . 30

Listerella paradoxa Jahn d,e 191 didermoides Rost. . . 45

Lycogala conicum Pers. SBT didermoides Rost. var.
‘epidendrum Fries. . 156 lividum Lister. 46
flavo-fuscum Rost. . ANTSD digitatum G. Lister &

Farquh. : : . 203
echinosporum Lister sens

Margarita metallica Lister . 196 Famintzini Rost. . . 63

Minakatella longifila G. Lister 208 flavicomum Berk. . -a,6 32

Mucilago spongiosa Morg. . 117 fulvum Lister . : . 66

galbeum Wing. . ad-f 199
globuliferum Pers. . et kG

Oligonema flavidum Peck a-c 165 gyrosum Rost.. = oe
nitens Rost. . . a-f 164 javanicum Racib. . 2 194

Orcadella operculata lateritium Morg. . 60, d6l

Wing. ; Meee df 149 leucopus Link . ; ake
luteoalbum Lister. . 24
Maydis Torrend : c-e 32
Perichaena chrysosperma : melanospermum Sturgis . 201
Lister . : : . 184 melleum Mass. :
corticalis Rost. : . 186 murinum Lister 3 Ate:
depressa Libert : . 189 mutabile Lister , . 44
microspora Penz. & Newtoni Macbr. : ras.
Lister . : wn 2,0). 85 nucleatum Rex : ;» 39
pulcherrima Petch . . 188 nutans Pers. . 37
quadrata Macbr. . e-h 220 nutans var. lencophaeum
vermicularis Rost. . a-c 187 Lister . : 38

Physarella oblonga Morg. . 71 ovisporum G. Lister a-c 202

296 MYCETOZOA

Physarum—continued Stemonitis confluens Cooke

penetrale Rex 36 & Ellis k 121
polycephalum Schwein. . 34 ferruginea Ehrenb. . e-g 119
psittacinum Ditm. . ay) v4 flavogenita Jahn a-d 119
pulcherrimum Berk. & Rav. 19 fusca Roth 118 n-p 135
pulcherripes Peck . aml herbatica Peck a-g 120
pusillum Lister ; . 43 hyperopta Meyl. d-1 125
reniforme Lister : 41 pallida Wing. . h-l 120
rigidum G. Lister a-c 199 splendens Rost. a-t 121
roseum Berk. & Br. . 5 as virginiensis Rex q 125
rubiginosum Fries. 21359
Serpula Morg. . ‘ by ede
sessile Brandza (22 | Trichamphora pezizoidea
sinuosum Weinm. . . 49 Jungh. : 72
straminipes Lister . 42 | Trichia affinis de Bary C, d 160
sulphureum Alb. & Schw. 21, 65 alpina Meyl. c, d 162
tenerum Rex . spy ress Botrytis Pers. . a-k 163
testaceum Sturgis. nbd contorta Rost.. a,b 162
vernum Somm. ; . 48 decipiens Macbr. a-d 158
virescens Ditm. a-c 61 erecta Rex e-g 158
virescens var. nitens favoginea Pers. a,b 159
Lister . a-c 62 lutescens Lister c-e 161
virescens var. obscurum persimilis Karst. a,b 160
Lister . : ; e 61 scabra Rost. c,d 159
viride Pers. . : OL subfusca Rex . l-n 163
viride var. Bethelii Lister . 200 varia Pers. a-c 164
Prototrichia metallica Mass. 195 verrucosa Berk. . a. 0aaE
Tubifera Casparyi Macbr. f-h 150
Reticularia Lycoperdon ferruginosa Gmel. a-c 150
Bull. . : . a-c 154 stipitata Macbr. d-e 150

1. CERATIOMYXA FRUTICULOSA Macbride

2. BADHAMIA POPULINA Lister

ina ‘ ee i) ‘ i us a
» A Ad : we ; S - io p oy
i Rae ia keg cn a, es
, . . | “ F >? ?
} : ay (eee o>
Q we —_ 7 Al
a.) P o
a ia i 7 a
ni y -~
F eae
i a a
Ly . »
Pa & i
5 ’
: SN ve .
| ¥ vn 4
‘
fe
a 4
Fi Mae
14
S a Ps “) Ne
LISRAR aay
“SMVERSITY OF ILLIND'S
i iV & (Si
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i e CUS Vg oie Me ve ee LAR OR MN ask tak ae
La
1 ‘
’ x: '
enc
>» ¢
— ¢ ‘
mee
4 74 is is ¢ ¥
Peel
) i)
i, *
’
uf
' ‘
j Fd Doll ! sg
. 7 + a ui ts
’ bat es gens
. . oie. a? te
} a ea
5 Pa a

ang \
Kile ‘ :
2 . a ek)
: rn ’ » # :
; ‘ _ FA BY
; ee Aa ee
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7
id
7 ay see ay
l Wt Bh te ek a ee
‘ J
ot ' : , ie i
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RES
‘ f ‘ al i 4 a" (

ra
; ~

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Pa, tei ive sil ive typ” J

3. a—c, BADHAMIA CAPSULIFERA Berk.
d, e, B. PAPAVERACEA Berk. & Rav.

4, BADHAMIA UTRICULARIS Berk.

lt. .
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5. BADHAMIA NITENS Berk.

BADHAMIA

VERSICOLOR Lister

mm)

LIDDARY
OF: THE See
_USIVERSITY OF ILUING?3-

7. BADHAMIA DECIPIENS Berk.

8. a—c, BADHAMIA MACROCARPA Rost
d—-j, B. AFFINIS Rost. var. ORBICULATA G. Lister.

N . : , PI Ab dil rr "
aa a
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9, 10

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10. BADHAMIA PANICEA Rost.

me ic , ‘ be “e ris,
r PRT Si eee
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LISRARY
OF THE ,
: ~
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=
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BADHAMIA FOLIICOLA Lister

12. BADHAMIA OVISPORA Racib.

LISA
OF THE me tA
stellt: OF ILLIOS

oa]

13. BADHAMIA LILACINA Rost.

14. BADHAMIA RUBIGINOSA Rost.

13, 14

15. PHYSARUM LEUCOPUS Link

16. PHYSARUM GLOBULIFERUM Pers.

: LISRARY
OF THE
WIVERSITY OF ILLINC'S

=
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:
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: iad at ed wie ce ie's :
s ra : wire;

17. PHYSARUM PULCHERRIPES Peck

x 600

18. PHYSARUM MURINUM Lister

1 fae

; 4? ae 7 7 be
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LIDRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINC'S
) f |
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19, 20

19. PHYSARUM PULCHERRIMUM Berk. & Rav.

xX 600

20. PHYSARUM CITRINUM Schum.

> Lif ] 7 j
re Ars ~ en fc AN cr oN
mi an x 1 U J
a Hrs pe as
tr, ‘ho ° ca ic
*é&V¥ 4

- LIBRARY.
OF THE.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINC'S

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21. PHYSARUM SULPHUREUM Alb. & Schw. var. VARIABILE Lister

BA ce eas ccna

22. PHYSARUM SESSILE Brandza

LITRANY
OF THE.
HUIVERSITY, OF Lunes:

23, 24

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< sinias

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23. PHYSARUM MELLEUM Massee

Ror ger seme en 7 pms eon

Te

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die ebsites eet ges,
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24. PHYSARUM LUTEOALBUM Lister

Ls

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OF THE ere
INERSITY OF ILLINO'S

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25, 26

x 20

280

*

25. PHYSARUM TENERUM Rex

x 280

26. PHYSARUM COLUMBINUM Sturgis

ie BRARY.
OF THE | é
IOMVERSITY OF ILLINC’S

27, 28

A” EO

27. PHYSARUM ROSEUM Berk. & Br.

8. PHYSARUM NEWTONI Macbride

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LIDRAR
OF THE

IVERSITY OF ILLINO'?

29, 30

» x 280

29. PHYSARUM PSITTACINUM Ditmar

30. PHYSARUM DICTYOSPERMUM Lister

ee LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINC3

31, 32

31. PHYSARUM VIRIDE Pers.

32. a, b, PHYSARUM FLAVICOMUM Berk

c—e, P. MAYDIS Torrend

eS a an ais

eit itt i A on

- = . ae : 4k '
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33, 34

33. PHYSARUM AURISCALPIUM Cooke

34. PHYSARUM POLYCEPHALUM Schwein.

>
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" :

- LIBRARY
OF THE
+s VERITY OF ILLING:3

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35.

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ae

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37, 38

37. PHYSARUM NUTANS Pers.

ar as Es
res ery

ps
sv

38. PHYSARUM NUTANS subsp. LEUCOPHAEUM Lister

.
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2
3

}
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LIBRARY
_» OF THE Ge
UAIVERSITY OF TLLINC?

,

39, 40

a*
le)

). PHYSARUM COMPRESSUM Alb.& Schw.

40. a, b, PHYSARUM COMPRESSUM Alb. & Schw. ;
, P. CONNATUM Lister

S : ; _ a = ra :
\ er
“pippany 7
; f OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLING’S
7
J j ‘ me eee oe =

*GO6

41. PHYSARUM RENIFORME Lister

42. PHYSARUM STRAMINIPES Lister

e..

‘LIBRARY
OF THE
LAIVERSITY OF ILLINC'3

43, 44

43. PHYSARUM PUSILLUM Lister

44. PHYSARUM MUTABILE Lister

LIBRARY
OF THE
LaiVERSITY OF ILLIN

Fo bre Tw 8

Wid

45, 46

45. PHYSARUM DIDERMOIDES Rost.

46. PHYSARUM DIDERMOIDES Rost. var. LIVIDUM Lister

ithe
rl
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iad
nave
+p tty

LIBRARY
OF THE
LAiVERSITY OF LLIN!

a

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“a

it Raa nSe

47. PHYSARUM ‘CINEREUM Pers.

48. PHYSARUM VERNUM Somm.

47, 48

: : oe LusRaRy
OR THERS oe
L IVERSITY OF une

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49, 50

sess trumer ones mementos

49. PHYSARUM SINUOSUM Weinm.

Ce oe oe ~ ce earn . an he + buen melo ces msi seas ase ene ct ent enka omer et

50. PHYSARUM BOGORIENSE Racib.

sit

_. 2 UBRARY. > a
UNIVERSITY OF ILLING!S

-

51.

52.

PHYSARUM BITECTUM Lister

PHYSARUM GYROSUM Rost.

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LIBRARY
- SORUTHER:
URIVERSITY OF ILLINC'S

53, 54

53. PHYSARUM ECHINOSPORUM Lister

7

ON Ok nt

54. PHYSARUM TESTACEUM Sturgis

ae

] | LIBRARY
OF THE © eae
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINC’S -

Dp ia tone ig yGiAie genae

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55. PHYSARUM CONTEXTUM Pers.

56. PHYSARUM CONGLOMERATUM Ro

LIBRARY.
| _ OF THE .
WIVERSITY OF ILLING’S

ie : aes
7 cs eee

EE Baska 9.
Rit 5 OES
cae a
5 Be

‘ic Bs,
K280 [E550
a igh 2 g'

57. PHYSARUM SERPULA Morgan

58. PHYSARUM AANEUM R. E. Fries

heave a eee a eee
1 =

. 5 vy

LIBRARY
OF THE
VIVERSITY OF ILLINC'S

«600

ORE oa 2 OL SL CO ie SC RSE ee 3 Picts tis

59. PHYSARUM RUBIGINOSUM Fries

60. PHYSARUM LATERITIUM Lister

we , ney j io y
' , Vr") ( \ Pia
a q ' ; aut Kes ein = oz ‘. a. .
; ewer i
} maple
; ‘ tomy MT
a f
P “ft

LISRARY
_ | OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO'S

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61. a—c, PHYSARUM VIRESCENS Ditmar
d, P. LATERITIUM Morgan

62. a—c, PHYSARUM VIRESCENS Ditmar var. N ITENS Lister
d—f, P. ALPINUM Lister

LIDRARY
; | OF THE
WIVERSITY OF ILLING!S

. Lf ’
bite 4 mols Usaeg Ae
7 <<
CaO ae) / ~
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63, 64

ae

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wares

63. PHYSARUM FAMINTZINI Rost.

64. PHYSARUM CONFERTUM Macbride

+

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4
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LIBRARY
OF THE
LiiVERSITY OF iLLiil 3

65, 66

Schwein.

&

65. PHYSARUM SULPHUREUM Alb.

66. PHYSARUM FULVUM Lister

LIBRARY
OF THE
=| LaiVERSITY OF LS

67, 68

CRATERIUM AUREUM Rost.

a
=

68. PHYSARUM CITRINELLUM Peck

‘ a ih
a a a
LIBRARY —
OF THE
; LiiVERSITY OF ILLINC S
ad rile te sd aie

69. PHYSARUM BRUNNEOLUM Massee

70. CIENKOWSKIA RETICULATA Rost.

LIBRARY
_ OF THE be
UNIVERSITY GF ILLNCIS

7
4 a nd
j
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.
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S
¥
” 7
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"-

TL, 12

71. PHYSARELLA OBLONGA Morgan

; \
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Hy
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72. TRICHAMPHORA PEZIZOIDEA Jungh.

_ LIBRARY
OF THE
LAIVERSITY OF ILLING:S

P ' a A vi 7 j J 7 ie
m, ; r Ud ban’) wae
ag ia Sad ad te
> : a é — tu al Jy sy ER = ay i “i (are :

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>

73. ERIONEMA AUREUM Penzig

74. FULIGO SEPTICA Gmelin

73,

~

LIBRARY
., OF THE
UiVERSITY GF ILLINU. 5

‘ 75, 76

75. FULIGO CINEREA Morgan

|

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76. PHYSARUM CRATERIFORME Petch

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Tack : Laie os ; P
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Fa -
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LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINC'S

=

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Pines

77. FULIGO MUSCORUM Alb. & Schwein.

78. CRATERIUM MINUTUM Fries

es , ; hy ove

% , Wy : ‘ Le J Y ' LP F 4 VT
vi * A F Aa es =e

Pah. ca iki

a -
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{
’ LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINC'3
q
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79, 80

79. CRATERIUM CONCINNUM Rex

80. CRATERIUM PARAGUAYENSE Lister

o vw ee tm -
ae a" a ak Ne cio mn nN ar i Ae Pi LP i. i f S LG. eas!
My, A rl A (a oe i 4 a in A ‘ ay Pes!
ast) fi bie oh an se res ’ ?
” 1
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; i

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LIBRARY
c OF THE
UiVERSITY OF ILLINC'S
Pert ivan, ee
frit aia ; Peer ee

81. CRATERIUM LEUCOCEPHALUM Ditmar

82. LEOCARPUS FRAGILIS Rost.

LIBRARY
OF THE |
UNIVERSITY OF ILLING'S

83, 84

83. a—e, DIDERMA HEMISPHERICUM Hornem,

fj, D. EFFUSUM Morgan

possesenet pope

See Sh

DIDERMA SPUMARIOIDES Fries

84,

LIBRARY
OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLUINO'S

ie

85, 86

DIDERMA GLOBOSUM Pers.

85.

86. DIDERMA RUGOSUM Macbride

_Liprary
OF THE
“UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO'S

87, 88

87. a—c, DIDERMA TESTACEUM Pers.

d—f, D. SUBDICTYOSPERMUM Lister

88. DIDERMA SIMPLEX Lister

; LIBRARY
| OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINC’S
ud hb ,

j ee allt inc ap “

, '@ «wa PA tie

89. a—c, DIDERMA NIVEUM Macbride

Fries

d, D. DEPLANATUM

4
|
;
1

90. DIDERMA LYALLII Macbride

LIBRARY
ne OF THE |
UIVERSITY OF GILLING 5

viz ities
+a - : ;

afl _ vy m9 .
ie ‘a wy? i

91, 92

|

A TREVELYANI Fries

91. DIDERN

92. DIDERMA FLORIFORME Pers.

~

LIBRARY
University ‘a ILuNs

93, 94

93. DIDERMA RADIATUM Lister

& Sites ccna

94. a, bs, DIDERMA RADIATUM Lister
ce, d, D. ROANENSE Macbride

YY) iAa i, a ta aa
| 4 hie Rani Ni)
7 . a Ln } ro
| a .
| =
6

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_ LIBRARY
| OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINL 3

f
b
b ; -29
; e if x ro = a"
Fi Be oh op ail alk : ue de eal
; a pal ba AY * @ .

95. DIDERMA OCHRACEUM G. F. Hoffmann

96. DIDERMA SAUTERI Macbride

LIBRARY
igs OF THE
LisiVERSITY OF ILLING'S

, 98

U

9

DIDERMA ASTEROIDES Lister

ae

& Broome

98. DIDERMA LUCIDUM Berk.

Ps Pern yt wae

i" , mow : ht i

' ye f r Me

7 2 ra é

'
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|
Ney

LIBRARY
. OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLING’S

99, 100

a—e, DIACHEA LEUCOPODA Rost.

d—h, D. BULBILLOSA Lister

oo:

DIACHEA SUBSESSILIST Peck

100.

q
‘ “Vi
.
/
owe,
!
nbs

LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO!S

.

'

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y bn we > « S tA a

‘ie wire =h
wre : : :
polalll er : a PPer ~
a Para | ae wo : a

101, 102

101. DIACHEA THOMASII Rex

102. DIDYMIUM NIGRIPES Fries

LIBRARY
OFF TRES
UNIVERSITY OF ILLING'S:

103, 104

103. a—e, DIACHEA CYLINDRICA Bilgram

f—h, D. CASPITOSA Lister

104. DIDYMIUM DIFFORME Duby

LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO'S

105, 106

105. DIDYMIUM DUBIUM Rost.

106. DIDYMIUM VACCINUM Buchet

1
| : = a
ied ) gi
. at
a *
: a 7 ‘
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*v
'
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| LIBRARY
ee OFTHE
| UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
: y i 7 y he ou

107, 108

ad

107. DIDYMIUM COMPLANATUM Rost.

x 280

G:

108. DIDYMIUM CLAVUS Rabenh.

Puri a ae ha Ph ear ee ae die, ist:

eT ie ea ‘

7 LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINGS

o4
4

109, 110

109. DIDYMIUM SQUAMULOSUM Fries

a a a it

110. a—c, DIDYMIUM ANELLUS Morgan ;
d—f, D. INTERMEDIUM Schroeter

ee eee ve es
,,
me aire 8
Oe OF THEL hoe
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

111, 112

s.

gf pa

wow Aly

x GOG

111. DIDYMIUM CRUSTACEUM Fries

112. DIDYMIUM MELANOSPERMUM Macbride

*
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SIONITHT 40 ALISUAINN
“FHL go
Auvuan

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113, 114

113. DIDYMIUM LEONINUM Berk. & Br.

114. LEPIDODERMA TIGRINUM Rost.

, LIBRARY
- OF THE
I IVERSITY OF FLLINe'S

115, 116

[Se

115. LEPIDODERMA CARESTIANUM Rost.

116. LEPIDODERMA CHAILLETII Rost.

LISRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINS'S-

tho
i
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‘ay de
iu i Fi v : > ae a
th ahaa
ee ee! A, 1 _ phat a 2
yet Pee
i i) oy rn ee c-< a j
(5 dase Meal a

117, 118

117. MUCILAGO SPONGIOSA Morgan

rt
SAA
my ry

“

118. STEMONITIS FUSCA Roth

{ : s wiFa y ;
: *
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: :
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—
_LISRARY
OF THE.
¥
PU NUVERSITY OF ILLING'S
_
1
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<f :
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;
me r . |
of a F SRA, TES Ys ; yy io i Ain id
U a =F ~~ =~, 1

119, 7120

119. a—d, STEMONITIS FLAVOGENITA Jahn
e—qg, S. FERRUGINEA Ehrenb.

120.a—g, STEMONITIS HERBATICA Peck
h—l, 8S. PALLIDA Wingate

LISRARY
OF THE
UMIVERSITY OF ILLIM2'S
ayes:
ae pe lis i
> \ : re re aes 7. nn y '

121, 122

121. a—7, STEMONITIS SPLENDENS Rost. ;
k, S. CONFLUENS Cooke & Ellis

122. a—e, COMATRICHA LONGA Peck;
f—i, C. IRREGULARIS Rex

— LIBRAR
1 ROE STHE

UNIVERSITY OF ILL

—
3
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‘
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: ‘
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123, 124

123. COMATRICHA NIGRA Schroeter

124. a—g, COMATRICHA LAXA Rost. ;
h—n, C. ELEGANS Lister

Se nORs THES

'

1
7
fs =
‘ xe -
Sy Sie ty ad
,

~~ prnnany
VERSITY OF ILLINO"

125. a—c, k—m, COMATRICHA TYPHOIDES Rost.
d—f, STEMONITIS HYPEROPTA Meylan
g—t, S. MICROSPORA G. Lister
n—p, 8. FUSCA Roth. gq, S. VIRGINIENSIS Rex

- ere ai sprateacanrnes emcee

126. a—e, i—l, COMATRICHA PULCHELLA Rost.
| f—h, C. TENERRIMA G. Lister

LIBRARY
OF THE
t AIVERSITY OF ILLINO"S

ite

127, 128

<= aa
ot hh
: KD =
es, 0 ya ANAK “4

IP) PACH ES ‘ee
SS iaes (4 XLARAIDS a
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¢

127. a—c, COMATRICHA LURIDA Lister
d—f, C. RUBENS Lister

128. a—e, ENERTHENEMA PAPILLATA Rost. ;
f—i, ECHINOSTELIUM MINUTUM De Bary

LIBRARY
OF THE |
MIVERSITY OF ILL 1
my ee an P
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peer ial i

129, 130

129. LAMPRODERMA ARCYRIONEMA Rost.

f
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130. LAMPRODERMA SCINTILLANS Morgan

Ftd \
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LISRARY
OF THE
CNVERSITY OF ILLIN2"

ie

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ij Tos Sat
a ri | i‘
ome fr) 5 b vgilali dl
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Bk

132.

a—
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g, LAMPRODERMA COLUMBINUM Rost.
7, LEPTODERMA IRIDESCENS G. Lister

LAMPRODERMA VIOLACEUM Rost.

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133, 134

133. a—e, LAMPRODERMA CRIBRARIOIDES R.E.Fries ;

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134. LAMPRODERMA ECHINULATUM Rost.

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LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF PLLINO'S

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135, 136

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136. a—c, AMAUROCHATE FULIGINOSA Macbride,
d—g, BREFELDIA MAXIMA Rost.

LISRARY |
OF THE ae
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137. LINDBLADIA EFFUSA Rost.

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138. CRIBRARIA ARGILLACEA Pers.

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139, 140

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139. CRIBRARIA RUBIGINOSA Fries

140. a—c, CRIBRARIA RUFA Rost.
d—h, C. MINUTISSIMA Schwein.

LISTARY
OF THE
UMIVERSITY OF ELLI0"2°3

141, 142

14]. a—d, CRIBRARIA MACROCARPA Schrad.
e—g, C. SPLENDENS Pers.

142, CRIBRARIA AURANTIACA Schrad.

LINTARY
2 ORs THe a
UNIVERSITY OF ILLIN2'3

\
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143, 144

143. a—e, CRIBRARIA INTRICATA Schrader
f—z, C. TENELLA Schrader

GP rs oii oars Hie
Beasts Sas ths Slahtaaet neiuitess

144. CRIBRARIA PYRIFORMIS Schrader

PC NIVERSITY OF ILLINO"S

Lintany.
Of THE | ae

ia] oi hae. hes y,
£4 pePahae ea
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145, 146

145. a—c, CRIBRARIA LANGUESCENS Rex
d—h, C. MICROCARPA Schrader

146. a—e, CRIBRARIA PURPUREA Schrader
d—i, C. ELEGANS Berk. & Curt.
g—t, C. VIOLACEA Rex

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LISRARY
OF THE |

UNIVERSITY OF ILLIND'S

“

147, 148

4 x600

147. DICTYDIUM CANCELLATUM Macbride

148. a—c, LICEA FLEXUOSA Pers.
d—f, L. MINIMA Fries

: LIBRARY
OF THE
UMIVERSITY OF ILLINS'S
’
:
| +.
| Me De ae daihe se, c- vat
was aa

x GOO"

20
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149. a—c, LICEA PUSILLA Schrader
d—f, ORCADELLA OPERCULATA Wingate
g—k, LICEA BIFORIS Morgan

150. a—c, TUBIFERA FERRUGINOSA Gmelin
d—e, T. STIPITATA Macbride
f—h, T. CASPARYI Macbride

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO'S

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151. ALWISIA BOMBARDA Berk. & Broome

152. DICTYDIATHALIUM PLUMBEUM Rost.

ri i :7 mult o
| aly Le a
4 r '

)

| | LIBRARY
| : OF THE .
SMVERSITY OF ILLINo'S

«

|

153, 154

Ante ee

9

ENTERIDIUM OLIVACEUM Ebrenb.

EK. ROZEANUM Wingate

153. a—d,

e—q,

154. a—c, RETICULARIA LYCOPERDON Bull.

d—f, LICEOPSIS LOBATA Torrend

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LIBRARY.
SOP THE Ia
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO 3

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155, 156

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FLAVOFUSCUM Rost.

LYCOGALA

155.

156. LYCOGALA EPIDENDRUM Fries

pi Na Sell iat ali

LIBRARY
OF THE
| UNIVERSITY OF ILLINC 3

rensnngnnoninic te

x600

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157. LYCOGALA CONICUM Pers.
158. a—d, TRICHIA DECIPIENS Macbride

_

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LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILL

nA
vid

saye nate mba eee

a, b, TRICHIA FAVOGINEA Pers.
Od Lo ab eae Ost.

TRICHIA PERSIMILIS Karsten
T. AFFINIS de Bary

160

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LInRAnY K
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b

161, 162

161. a, b, TRICHIA VERRUCOSA Berk
c—e, T. LUTESCENS Lister

162. a, b, TRICHIA CONTORTA Rost.
ce, d, TRICHIA ALPINA Meylan

iia see Pan

a, ee ae |
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163. a—k, TRICHIA BOTRYTIS Pers.

lI—_n, T. SUBFUSCA Rex

164. a—c, TRICHIA VARIA Pers.

d—f, OLIGONEMA NITENS Rost.

LIBRARY
OF THE
LaIVERSITY OF TLLINL.S

165, 166

165. a—c, OLIGONEMA FLAVIDUM Peck
d—f, CALONEMA AUREUM Morgan

166. HEMITRICHIA VESPARIUM Macbr.

LIBRARY
OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINC.5

167, 168

167. HEMITRICHIA CLAVATA Rost.

168. a, 6, HEMITRICHIA LEIOCARPA Lister
c—e, H. ABIETINA Lister

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LIBRARY > a
| OF THE): occ
—GAIVERSITY OF WILLING. S

169, 170

169." HEMITRICHIA CHRYSOSPORA Lister

170. a—c, HEMITRICHIA SERPULA Rost.
d, e, CORNUVIA SERPULA Rost.

LIBRARY.
OF THE
LWIVERSITY OF ILLING.S

171, 172

172. a, b, HEMITRICHIA INTORTA Lister
c, d, H. LEIOTRICHA Lister

+
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| ae OF THE. |
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO:S

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173, 174

ARCYRIA FERRUGINEA Sauter

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ARCYRIA DENUDATA Wettstein

174.

|

175, 176

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175. ARCYRIA VERSICOLOR Phill.

176. a—c, ARCYRIA CINEREA Pers.

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f, f}, A. POMIFORMIS Rost.
A. GLOBOSA Schwein.

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LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO’S

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177. ARCYRIA INCARNATA Pers.

178. ARCYRIA STIPATA Lister

-

LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINC’S

179, 180

179. ARCYRIA NUTANS Grev.

180, ARCYRIA OERSTEDTII Rost.

LIBRARY
OF THE
aaa UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO S

181, 182

ae.
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182,

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LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLING 3

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183, 184

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183. LACHNOBOLUS CONGESTUS Lister

184. PERICHANA CHRYSOSPERMA Lister

LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO'S

Pia i‘. i a ye a

185. a, b, PERICHA NA MICROSPORA Penzig & Lister
ce, d, ARCYRIA ANNULIFERA Lister & Torrend

186. PERICHASNA CORTICALIS Rost.

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLING

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187. a—c, PERICHANA VERMICULARIS Rost.
d—i, HEMITRICHIA MINOR G. Lister

188. PERICHANA PULCHERRIMA Petch

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLING'S

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189, PERICHAANA DEPRESSA Libert

190. DIANEMA DEPRESSUM Lister

189, 190

ae aa LIBRARY
: OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLING/S

191, 192

191.a—c, DIANEMA HARVEYI Rex
d—f, LISTERELLA PARADOXA Jahn

192. ARCYRIA OCCIDENTALIS Lister

ang . ee om’ fue wet, > OF eee y
ts AAAS § ae. eye ry y 7 - a a i Way
‘pa eu i eh
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7 | LIBRARY
| OF THE fe
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

193, 194

193. DIANEMA CORTICATUM Lister

194. DIDYMIUM WILCZEKII Meylan

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLING!s

————— eee

195, 196

195. PROTOTRICHIA METALLICA Mass.

196. MARGARITA METALLICA Lister

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO!S

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197, 198

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197. PHYSARUM JAVANICUM Racib.

198. PHYSARINA ECHINOCEPHALA v. Hohnel

LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO!S

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199, 200

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a—-c. PHYSARUM RIGIDUM G. Lister

199:
d-—f, P. GALBEUM Wingate

PHYSARUM VIRIDE Pers. van. BETHELII G. Lister

200.

———————

a

LIBRARY
OF THE fees
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

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201. PHYSARUM MELANOSPERMUM Sturgis

202. a—c, PHYSARUM OVISPORUM G. Lister
d—f, FULIGO MEGASPORA Sturgis

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OF THE .
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

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203, 204

PhARa

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203. PHYSARUM DIGITATUM G. Lister & Farquharson

204. PHYSARUM CARNEUM G. Lister & Sturgis

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205. CRATERIUM RUBRONODUM G. Lister

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G. Lister & Petch

206. DIDERMA ARBOREUM

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208. MINAKATELLA LONGIFILA G. Lister

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210. a—e, COMATRICHA CORNEA G. Lister & Cran
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OF THE
wiVERSITY OF ILLING S -

— me,’ > ag 7

r a /. y Ds

211, 212

npeaseee

Sie geome gee con esp oy iment

211. DIACHAEA RADIATA G. Lister & Petch

x 600

. 212. DIACHAEA CERIFERA G. Lister

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F THE
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213, 214

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DIDYMIUM ANOMALUM Sturgis

213.

COLLODERMA OCULATUM (Lippert) G. Lister

214.

LIBRARY
' OF THE
OSIVERSITY OF ILLIA S 5

SSS SSS

2

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215. ato d. LAMPRODERMA GULIELM4 Meylan
e, f. L. INSESSUM G. Lister

216. atoc. LAMPRODERMA ATROSPORUM var. ANGLICUM G. Lister & Howard
dto g. L. ATROSPORUM var. DEBILE G. Lister & Howard
h. L. CRIBRARIOIDES R. E. Fries var. CRISTATUM G. Lister

OF THE

LIBRARY
_ivIVERSITY OF ILLING SG

a

217, 218

217. a—c, AMAUROCHAETE CRIBROSA (Fries) Sturgis
d—g, BARBEYELLA MINUTISSIMA Meylan
h—k, HYMENOBOLINA PARASITICA Zukal

218. a—e, DIDYMIUM TRACHYSPORUM G. Lister
f—h, DIDYMIUM QUITENSE Torrend
k—m, LEPTODERMA IRIDESCENS G. Lister

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219. a—d CRIBRARIA FERRUGINEA pikes
e—q LICEA CASTANEA G. Lister
h—k L. TENERA oe

220. a—d ENTERIDIUM MINUTUM Sturgis
e-—h PERICHE NA QUADRATA Macbride

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OF THE
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222. ARCYRIA VIRESCENS G. Lister

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